PART 1 OF 2
Index
ABA. See American Breeders Association
Abel, Wolfgang, 316
abortion opponents, 127
ACLU. See American Civil Liberties Union
Adkins, Reable, 179
Africa
Jews in, 295
mixed race individuals, 263, 265-66
African-Americans
amount of white blood, 79, 83, 165, 166
death rates, 163
definitions of, 165, 166
"Free Issue" Negroes, 170, 171
intelligence test scores, 79, 81, 83-84
lynchings, 23, 84
multiple birth frequency, 350
music of, 105, 165, 180
segregation, 22, 171, 172-73
six-fingered boys, 97
slaves, 21
soldiers in World War I, 186
stereotypes of, 38, 210
sterilizations, 5, 421
See also race
AGA. See American Genetic Association
Agriculture, Department of, 47, 97-98, 208
Air Force, U.S., 382
Alabama, ban on interracial marriages, 401
Alberta, Canada, sterilization law, 242
Albrecht, Charles, 293
alcoholism, 27, 58, 285, 299
Algonquin Indians, 176
Allan, William, 421
Allen, Bennet, 292
Allport, Frank, 151
Alma College, 75
AMA. See American Medical Association
American Academy of Actuaries, 432-33
American Bar Association Journal, 154
American Birth Control League, 132, 133,
138-40
See also birth control movement
American Breeders Association (ABA), 291
Agriculture Department and, 97-98
establishment, 38-39
Eugenics Committee, 39, 44, 411
Eugenics Section
committee on elimination of defective
germ plasm, 57-61, 69-70, 73, 235
English eugenics and, 210, 224
Eugenics Record Office and, 47-48, 98
formation, 44
meetings, 97
support for euthanasia, 247, 250-5\
meetings, 44, 45, 51, 97
See also American Genetic Association
American Breeders Magazine, 40, 412
See also Journal of Heredity
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 399,
400
American Committee on Sterilization, 217
American eugenics
comparison to English movement, 208,
219
evolution of
decline of, 385, 411, 413-14, 425
defections from, 412-13
development of field, 21-25, 65
postwar changes, 417-18
global ambitions, 61, 185, 235
goals, 7, 21, 29, 88, 107
influence
on American thinkers, 99
American Committee on Sterilization, influence
(continued)
dominance of international meetings,
213, 235, 237, 239, 264
in England, 207, 208-10, 212, 224-26
in Europe, 213, 243, 244, 245
in foreign countries, 240
in Germany, 258-59, 261, 264-65, 277,
312, 408-9
on Hitler, 259, 274-76, 277, 298
on social reform movements, 125
lack of scientific foundation, 99-100,
106-7, 414, 423
organizations, 87, 140, 219
reactions to
criticism of, 99-104
press coverage of plans, 10 1-4
public opposition to proposals, 87
ridicule of, 387
relations with birth control movement,
137-42
relations with German eugenics movement,
270-72, 277
American influence, 258-59, 261,
264-65, 277, 312, 408-9
American support for Nazi eugenics, 7,
27, 297, 300-301, 304-5, 313,
314-16, 317-18, 340-44, 388, 392-93,
414-17
common belief in Nordic supremacy,
266, 297
German dominance, 286, 294, 299
influence of Germans in United States,
281
joint projects, 288, 303-4
opposition to Nazi eugenics, 313, 417,
418
partnership, 280-83, 342
postwar communications, 377-79
reactions to Nazi atrocities, 411, 423-24
during Weimar Republic, 266
research bodies, 89-90, 219
See also Carnegie Institution, Station for
Experimental Evolution (Cold Spring
Harbor); Davenport, Charles;
Laughlin, Harry Hamilton
American Eugenics Society (AES)
finances, 142
founding, 137, 244
goals, 424
leaders, 137-38
members, 163, 377
name change, 425
postwar changes, 417-18, 422-25
presidents, 259, 418, 422-24
proposed alliance with birth control movement, 138-40
publications, 138-40, 174, 394, 424
relations with British organizations,
229-30
relations with Carnegie Institution, 421
relations with German eugenics movement,
313, 377, 378
Ultimate Program, 239
during World War II, 422
American Genetic Association (AGA), 219, 349,
412, 425
See also American Breeders Association
American Hebrew, 306-7
American Indians
bans on interracial marriages, 146
census statistics, 176-77
citizenship, 177
in colonial Virginia, 168, 176
interracial marriages, 146, 165, 168, 176,
177-79
music of, 180
reservations, 156
seen as unfit, 179-80
sterilizations, 5, 400
Virginia racial laws and, 176-81
American Jewish Congress, 129
American Journal of Public Health, 304
American Management Association, 437
American Medical Association (AMA), 72
Section on Ophthalmology, 147-48,
149-51, 153
American Medical Society, 63
American Museum of Natural History, 236,
245, 298
American Ophthalmological Society, 146, 158
American Philosophical Society, 397
American Public Health Association, 174
American Review of Tuberculosis, 241
American Social Hygiene Association (ASHA),
225
American Society of Human Genetics, 379
Amish, 53
Andrews, George Reid, 142
Anglo-Saxon Clubs, 166
Anthropometric Laboratory, 16-17
Anti-Defamation League, 382
anti-Semitism
in Germany, 297, 302
of Hitler, 269-70, 311
of Ploetz, 262
Appalachia, forced sterilizations in, 3-4
Appleget, Thomas, 306, 307
Archiv fur Rassen- und Gesellschaftsbiologie
(Archives of Race Science and Social
Biology), 262, 263, 265, 272, 273, 281,
295, 308, 341
Argentina, eugenicists in, 238
Armed Forces Repository of Specimen Samples,
430
Army, U.S.
African-American soldiers in World War I,
186
intelligence tests, 80-82, 83, 84, 132, 201,
279
Nazi war crimes trials, 404
number of blue-eyed recruits, 273
Arps, George, 148
Aryan superiority
Germanization of Polish children, 331-32,
347, 405
Hitler's belief in, 270, 307
master race as Nazi goal, 299, 370
Nazi breeding program, 405, 406
as point of agreement between American
and German eugenicists, 266, 297
See also Nazi eugenics; super race
ASHA. See American Social Hygiene
Association
Asian Americans, bans on interracial marriages,
146, 175-76
Association of Agricultural Colleges and
Experimental Stations, 38
Association of Medical Officers of American
Institutions for Idiotic and
Feebleminded Persons, 250
Athena Diagnostics, 438
Atwood, Edith, 96
Auschwitz
blood samples taken from prisoners,
363-66, 376
deaths in, 338
gassing, 337
liberation of, 371
medical experiments, 331, 338, 358-59,
361, 362-63, 376, 379
selection of arriving Jews, 337-38
survivors, 355-56, 359
twins camp, 354-61, 362-63, 365-66
See also Mengele, Josef
Austin, O. P., 57
Australia
DNA databanks, 429, 440
eugenicists, 238
Austria
DNA databanks, 429
genetic discrimination legislation, 440
Nazi annexation, 313
Autogen, 439-40
aviation medicine, 367, 381-82
Azores, 292-93
Bach, James, I 50
Baltimore Sun, 200, 202
Banker, Howard, 148
Barker, Lewellys E, 281
Barker, Olin, 150
Bates College, 75
Bateson, William, 26, 27, 28, 411-12
Baur, Erwin, 270-73
articles in American journals, 281
eugenic views, 281-82
Foundation of Human Heredity and Race
Hygiene, 270, 272-73, 296-97, 351
at international meetings, 287
Belgian Eugenics Society (Societe Beige
d'Eugenique), 240-41
Belgium
eugenicists, 195, 235, 238, 240-41, 255
eugenic screening of potential U.S. immigrants,
195, 198, 205
Nazi occupation, 407
occupation of German lands after World
War I, 267, 269, 271
Bell, Alexander Graham
discomfort with eugenics goals, 89-90
distancing from eugenics movement, 104-5
Eugenics Record Office and, 89-90, 94,
101, 159
at international meetings, 71, 213, 237
rejection of charity, 210
work with Davenport, 44
Bell, J. H., 116
Bellamy, Raymond, 291
Beringer, Kurt, 369
Bethnal Green (London), 221, 222
Betts, Jane, 396
Beverly, Pal S., 170-71
Bible, 9-10, 13
Bibliography of Hereditary Eye Defects, 147
Bigelow, Maurice, 422
Biggs, Hermann M., 153
Billings, John, 31, 40-41
Binet, Alfred, 76, 82
Binet-Simon test, 76, 78
bioethics, 44 3
See also genetic discrimination
Biometric Laboratory, 220
biometrics, 72, 345, 430
Birkenau concentration camp, 367
Birkett, H. S., 151
birth control
for all women, 135
compulsory, 60
opponents, 127
See also birth control movement
Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau, 134
Birth Control Federation of America, 134
birth control movement, 125
American Birth Control League, 132, 133,
138-40
conferences, 134, 136-37
current activities, 426
distinction from eugenics, 136
eugenic beliefs, 127, 128-33, 135-37, 138
eugenicists involved in, 133-35, 136-39
name, 128
organizations, 140
origins, 126-27, 128
Planned Parenthood, 127, 144, 426
proposed alliances with eugenics groups,
137-42
support of lethal chambers, 251
See also Sanger, Margaret
Birth Control Review, 132, 138-40, 301
Bismarck, Otto von, 266
Blacker, C. P., 300
Blacks. See African-Americans
The Black Stork, 257-58
Blake, John R., 175
Blakeslee, Albert F., 389
Blakeslee, Alfred, 271
blind individuals
costs of maintaining in institutions, 147,
153
data collected from, 148, 152-54
defective family members, 152-53
eugenic legislation, 149-52, 153, 154, 155
family pedigrees, 148
institutions, 148, 153
Jews, 301
marriage restrictions, 145, 146, 149-52,
154, 155, 157
number in United States, 147, 149, 160
preventing reproduction, 58
segregation of, 145, 146, 149, 153
sterilizations, 145, 146, 148, 149, 299
blindness
hereditary, 145, 147, 149, 301, 341
prevention of hereditary, 145, 147-54, 237
as test case for eugenic legislation, 152, 157
Blitch, J. S., 291
Bliven, Bruce, 306
blood groups of twins, 364, 365
Bluhm, Agnes, 268
Bobbitt, John Franklin, 29
Boeters, Gustav, 261
Bolley, Henry, 292
Bollinger, Allan, 252-54
Bollinger, Anna, 252-54
Bolton, Kate, S
Bradby, William, 179
brains
Hallervorden-Spatz Syndrome, 369,
382-83
Nazi research on, 382-83
remains of Holocaust victims, 383-84
See also Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Brain
Research
Brandeis, Louis, 120
Brandenburg State Hospital, 369
Brazil
eugenicists, 23 8
marriage restrictions, 245
Breeders Associations (Britain), 224
breeding
of animals, 36, 44
feminist view of, 127-28
history of, 13
of humans, 21-22, 28, 367
of plants, 13, 26
See also super race
Brigham, Carl, 82-83, 84, 85, 90
Britain. See England
British Columbia, Canada, sterilization law, 242
British Medical Association, 226, 434
British Medical Journal, 434
Brock, Sir Lawrence, 231, 23 3
Brock Commission, 233-34, 249
Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 132
Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, 34, 36
Brooks Air Force Base, 382
Brower, Daniel R., 63
Brown, Louise, 427
Brunn, James, 398
Brush Mountain, Virginia, 3-4
Bryan, WE., 291
Bryn, Halfdan, 292
Buchenwald concentration camp
ancestral research barrack, 331
cruelty in, 326-27, 329
deaths in, 324, 329
doctors, 325-26
functions, 324
Katzen-Ellenbogen at, 319-21, 325-31,
332-35
Little Camp, 319-21, 326, 327-28, 333
medical experiments, 324, 329-30, 331,
367
work details, 329
Buck, Carrie, 108, 109-10, 112, 113-17,
120-22, 167, 400, 401-2
Buck, Emma, 108-10, 115, 116, 122
Buck, Vivian, 113, 114-15, 122
Buck v. Bell, 113-17, 119, 120-22, 123, 315,
401-2, 409
Buffalo Eye and Ear Infirmary, 145
Bumke, Oswald, 369
Burbank, Luther, 133
Bureau of Vita! Statistics, Virginia, 161, 163,
164-65, 166, 168-69, 173-74, 175, 177,
181
Burlington Santa Fe, 437-38
Bush, Vannevar, 393-94
Butler, Pierce, 120
California
ban on interracial marriages, 146
eugenicists, 277
governor's apology for sterilizations, 400
sterilization law, 68, 122
sterilizations performed, 7, 69, 122, 123,
228, 233, 277, 315, 342, 398
California School for the Deaf and Blind, 147
Cambridge University Eugenics Society, 215
Campbell, Clarence, 314-15
Campbell, E. Taylor, 398
Canada
DNA databank, 429
eugenicists, 238, 241-42
genetic testing issues, 435
immigrants, 241
insurance industry, 435
sterilization laws, 242
cancer, genetic markers, 430, 431
Cannon, W. B., 57
capital punishment, 250, 258
Carnegie, Andrew, 31, 37, 56, 72, 140
Carnegie Endowment, 296
Carnegie Institution
concerns about Laughlin, 191-92, 193-94,
198
criticism of, 101-2, 201, 202
Department of Genetics, 388, 412
endowments, 31, 56
establishment, 31
eugenics research funding, 7, 32, 296, 387
in Europe, 245, 298
in Germany, 258
global goals, 235
international conferences, 238
lessening interest in, 385, 391, 401
genetics research funding, 421
medical education survey, 283
purpose, 31
relations with Pearson, 220
Carnegie Institution, Station for Experimental
Evolution (Cold Spring Harbor)
buildings, 40
corresponding scientists, 43-44, 263, 272
criticism of, 392
Davenport at, 40, 105
Davenport's retirement, 386, 388
early years, 43
establishment, 40, 43
foreign scholars at, 240, 241, 244, 314, 419,
420
merger with Eugenics Record Office, 105
postwar changes, 426
proposal, 36-38
relations with German eugenics movement,
262-63, 268-69, 270-72, 273,
392-93
reviews of activities, 389-90
staff, 43
summer biology courses, 46, 51
Carnegie Steel Company, 72
carpal runnel syndrome, 437-38
Carr, Wilbur, 200
Carrel, Alexis, 57
Castellino, Vittorio, 96
Castle, W. E., 412
Catholic Church
charity, 10
opposition to eugenics, 232-33, 293
opposition to sterilization, 70, 232, 233
Cattell, James, 76
cemeteries, white, 172-73
census, German, 309, 311
Census, U.S.
of 1880, 41
of 1890, 202-3, 204, 205
of 1910, 190
of 1920, 159, 186, 205
information requested by eugenics
researchers, 159, 160-61
use of Hollerith machines, 289
Census Bureau, 159, 203
census of state institution inhabitants,
159-60
data on Indians, 176-77
defective, dependent, and delinquent population,
159, 160
number of blind people, 147
relations with eugenics researchers, 159-61
Chamberlain, George, 67
Chamberlain, J. P., 154, 155
Chamberlain, Neville, 227, 228, 233
Chambers, Robert, 247
charity
dysgenic effects, 251
in England, 10-11, 214, 218
historical background, 9- I0
Hitler's rejection of, 27 5
negative views of, 12, 127, 129-30, 138,
210, 222-23
seen as perpetuating poverty, 12, 29
Cheatham, Mrs. Robert H., 169
Cheever, Ezekiel, 200-202
chemical weapons, 258, 276
Chicago
defective baby killed in, 252-54
Municipal Court, 113, 256
Chicago Ame1'ican, 254
Chicago House of Corrections, 79
Chicago Tribune, 253
Childs, Prescott, 293
China, DNA databanks, 429
Chinese Exclusion Act, 22
Chloupek, Joseph, 106
Chloupek, Mary Sullivan, 106
Church, A. G., 233
Churchill, Winston, 71, 215, 403
Civil War, 117-18, 161, 273
Clark, Frank C, 172
Clark, Mrs. Frank C, 171-72
Clark, W. H., 169-70
Clement VII, Pope, 10
Cleveland
multiple births, 350
public schools, 147
clones, 427, 443
CODIS. See Combined National DNA Index
System
Cold Spring Harbor
Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences
biological station, 34
See also Carnegie Institution, Station for
Experimental Evolution; Eugenics
Record Office
Cole, Leon J., 251
College Board, 83
Collier's, 13 3
Colombia, eugenicists in, 238
colonies, 156, 215, 218
Colony for Epileptics and the Feebleminded
(Lynchburg, Virginia), 4, 5-6, 109-10,
113-14, 122, 400
Columbia, Missouri, twins in, 350
Columbia University, 152, 154, 155
Combined National DNA Index System
(CODIS), 429
Commission for Relief in Belgium Educational
Foundation, 241
Commission on Feeblemindedness (Virginia),
108-9, 111
Committee for Legalising Sterilization
(Britain), 228
Committee on Selective Immigration, 192,
198-99
Committee to Prevent Hereditary Blindness,
151, 153, 157
Communism, 186
Comstock, Ada, 99
concentration camps, 313
international awareness of, 343
medical experiments, 331, 365, 380-81
Ravensbruck, 406
twin studies in, 354-61
See also Auschwitz; Buchenwald; Dachau
conferences
First International Congress on Eugenics,
70-73, 207, 213, 217, 235, 263, 264
Second International Congress on
Eugenics, 236-38, 241, 244, 268, 351,
364, 422
Third International Congress of Eugenics
(New York), 245, 298, 419
Congress
House Committee on Immigration and
Naturalization, 187-88, 192-93, 199,
311-12
Laughlin as "Expert Eugenics Agent,"
188-92, 194
racial origins of senators, 204
Senate Immigration Committee, 393-94
congresses, international. See conferences
Connecticut
Biometric ID project, 430
Department of Social Services, 430
institutions, 67-68, 69
sterilization law, 67-68
sterilizations performed, 69
Constitution, U.S., 107-8
Constitutional Convention, 204
constructive eugenics, 135
See also positive eugenics
consuls. See State Department, U.S.
Conti, Leonardo, 339
contraception. See birth control
Coolidge, Calvin, 202, 203-4
Cox, Earnest S., 165-67
Crick, Francis, 426
criminality
environmental conditions and, 24
hereditary, 23-25, 96
criminals
DNA databanks, 429, 439
executions, 250, 258
family histories, 96
names collected in Virginia, 165
in Nazi concentration camps, 367
preventing reproduction, 58
sterilizations, 59, 63-64, 65-67, 68, 69,
122, 211
See also prisons
Crismond, A. H., 175
Cuba, eugenicists in, 238
Czechoslovakia
Aryan children kidnapped by Germans,
406-7
eugenicists, 23 8
eugenic screening of potential U.S. immigrants,
205
Nazi invasion, 313, 323
persecution of Jews, 323
Dachau concentration camp
medical experiments, 367, 381-82
opening of, 299
war crimes trials held at, 320, 328, 329-30,
332, 333-35
Dallas, John T., 99
Danforth, C. R, 342, 344
Danielson, Florence, 54
Danvers State Hospital (Massachusetts), 321,
327
Dartmouth Medical School, 425
Darwin, Charles, 12, 13, 15, 26, 45, 71, 74, 251
Darwin, Leonard, 71, 213, 215, 216-17
data processing. See Hollerith data processing
machines
Davenport, Amzi Benedict, 32, 33
Davenport, Charles
audience with Mussolini, 293
books, 33, 35, 73-75, 255, 272, 349, 386
career, 33
Cold Spring Harbor laboratory, 36-38, 40,
43, 105
criticism of, 99-101, 102-4
data collected, 44-45, 54, 88
death, 387
English eugenicists and, 212, 230
Eugenical News and, 305
Eugenics Record Office and, 89, 105, 106,
412
eugenic views, 36, 37, 75, 416-17
on carriers of defects, 58
on euthanasia, 254
on germ plasm, 364, 386
on heredity, 105-6
identification of unfit, 78
on immigration restrictions, 187
on marriage restrictions, 147, 216
on segregation of unfit, 39, 60, 75
on skin color, 164
on twins, 349, 350
family, 32-33, 385-86
files, 397
Fisher and, 134
Galton and, 34-35, 37, 43-44
in Germany, 287-88
influence on Hitler, 259
Laughlin and, 51, 193-94, 196, 197, 202,
388, 395
Davenport, Charles (continued)
leadership of American eugenics, 32,
34-38, 48, 385
organizational activities
American Breeders Association, 97
American Eugenics Society, 137
Eugenics Research Association, 90, 91
international cooperation, 240, 243, 244
international meetings, 71, 73, 213, 217,
230, 236, 237-38, 279-80, 287
Permanent International Commission
on Eugenics, 238, 239-40
personality, 32, 34, 385
physical appearance, 34
relations with German eugenics movement,
258, 262-63, 267, 268-69,
270-72, 273, 286, 291, 298, 313, 344,
385
research, 55, 56, 88, 255, 263, 386-87
retirement, 386-87, 388
Rockefeller Foundation and, 93
Sanger and, 136, 139, 140
survey of mixed race individuals, 288-89,
290, 350
tribute to Ploetz, 295
whaling museum, 387
Davenport, Charlie, 385-86
Davenport, Gertrude Crotty, 34
Davenport, Jane, 33
Davis, James J., 193, 194, 195, 199, 200, 203,
239
Davis, J. S., 108, 175
deaf individuals
institutions, 147
marriages, 210
number in United States, 160
preventing reproduction, 58
sterilizations in Germany, 299
Deavin, Sadie, 54-55
deCODE Genetics, 439
DeJarnette, Joseph, 7, 112, 114-15, 277
Delaware, marriage restrictions, 146
Delia (Plecker family servant), 162
Denmark
eugenicists, 235, 238, 243-44, 418-20
eugenic screening of potential U.S. immigrants,
195, 205
genetic discrimination legislation, 440
Institute for Human Genetics, 418, 420-21
marriage restrictions, 243
Nazi occupation, 407
sterilization law, 243
sterilization proposals, 420
Dennis, David, 150-51
Denson, William, 334
designer babies, 442
detention, forcible. See segregation of unfit
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. See German
Research Society
Dickens, Charles, 11
Dight Institute, University of Minnesota, 397
Dina (Auschwitz inmate), 357
Ding-Schuler, Erwin, 329-30
diplomats. See State Department, U.S.
disabilities, people with
preventing reproduction, 58
See also blind individuals; deaf individuals;
unfit
DNA
analysis in criminal investigations, 429-30,
439
databanks, 429-30, 439-40
double helix, 426
fingerprints of soldiers, 430
uses of information, 429-32, 439
See also genetics
Dobbs, J. T., 109, 113, 122
Dodge, Cleveland H., 31, 238
Dodge Foundation, 422
Dolly (cloned sheep), 427
Donald, Mary, 6
Dora works, 329
Dow Chemical, 437
Drange-Graebe, Mary, 53
Draper, John, 351-52
Draper, Wickliffe, 288-89
Draper Fund, 422
Dugdale, Richard, 24, 25, 64, 272
Dumbock (SS lieutenant), 326-27
Dunn, L. c., 391-92, 412, 412-13
Duvall, John c., 138
East, Edward, 138, 228
Eaton, Amey, 53
Eberhard-Karls University, Tubingen, 383-84
Eliot, Thomas D., 102-3
Elizabeth City County, Virginia, 162-63
Ellinger, Tage U.H., 354, 414-16
Ellis Island, 23, 78
Emergency Fund for German Science
(Notgemeinchaft der Deutschen
Wissenschaften), 295, 307, 364, 365
See also German Research Society
employers, genetic testing by, 437-38, 440
Energy, Department of, 437
England
charitable institutions for poor, 10-11, 218
costs of maintaining unfit, 226
DNA analysis, 430
DNA databanks, 429, 440
eugenic screening of potential U.S. immigrants,
196, 198, 205, 222
genetic testing and discrimination, 433-35
geographic distribution of pretty women,
442
illegal sterilizations, 211, 230-32
immigrants, 22, 207
insurance industry, 433-35, 436
intelligence testing, 76, 226
Jews in, 196
laws
Defective and Epileptic Children Act,
214
Idiots Act, 2 14
inheritance, 212
Lunacy Act, 214
Mental Deficiency Act, 214, 215,
216-18, 227
poor laws, 10-11, 214, 220-21, 222
lethal chambers in, 247-49
Ministry of Health, 211, 227, 228, 230,
231, 232, 233
National DNA Database, 429
number of feebleminded, 132
number of unfit, 226-27
primogeniture, 212
social problems, 207, 209
England, eugenics in
American influence, 207, 208-10, 212,
224-26
comparison to American movement, 208,
219
debate on murder of unfit, 248-49
family investigations, 211-12, 216, 220,
221
international cooperation, 238
lack of public support, 211-12, 226, 234
lack of scientific foundation, 28-29
marriage restriction proposals, 211, 216,
217, 218
postwar changes, 425
preventing reproduction of unfit, 210-11
research, 212-13, 219-22
segregation proposals, 210, 211, 214,
215-18, 226
sterilization proposals, 210, 214-15,
233-34
debates on, 226
illegality, 211, 230
lack of public support, 232, 300
lobbying for law, 227-29
opposition to, 211, 226, 227, 232, 233,
234
successors of Galton, 207, 209
view of American eugenics, 99-100
See also Eugenics Education Society;
Eugenics Society; Galton, Francis].
epilepsy
causes, 55
definitions, 56
hereditary, 55, 322
Katzen-Ellenbogen's research, 91, 321-22
link to feeblemindedness, 55
Nazi research, 367-68
epileptics
data collected on, 54-56
deaths in institutions, 256
efforts to identify and prevent reproduction,
56
institutions, 4, 54-55, 91, 98, 108, 256,
322, 327
Laughlin as, 395
marriage restrictions, 146
names collected in Virginia, 165
preventing reproduction, 58
seen as feebleminded, 55, 108
sterilizations, 5, 231, 299, 322
equality, 237, 238
ERA. See Eugenics Research Association
Der Erbarzt (The Genetic Doctor), 339, 346, 347,
362
Erbkrank (The Hereditarily Diseased), 315-16,
393
ERO. See Eugenics Record Office
Estabrook, A. H., 53, 238
Estonia Genome Project, 439
ethnic groups
conflicts, 22, 186-87
eugenic ratings, 282
immigration quotas, 202-5
melting pot concept, 22, 134
ethnic groups (continued)
seen as inferior, 29-30, 35, 44-45, 134
stereotypes of, 35
See also race
Eugenical News
advisory committee, 344
articles, 105, 180, 256-57, 267
book reviews, 166
on eyes, 361
by German eugenicists, 282
German sterilization law, 300
on hereditary blindness, 147
on Hitler, 298
on interstate deportation, 157
on marriage restriction laws, 155
on Nazi eugenics, 304-6, 314-15,
341-42, 352-53, 388, 389, 392-93
news from Germany, 281, 282-83, 286,
295, 297, 304-6, 364
news from other countries, 240-41, 243,
244, 266
on racial integrity laws, 174, 175, 178
reviews of German books, 273, 282, 297,
302, 343
on sterilization, 211
on twin research, 349, 350-51, 365
criticism of Nazis, 418
distancing of Carnegie Institution, 391,
394
editorial committee, 305
editorial on Sanger, 135
focus on race science, 280-81
foreign readership, 305-6
on future of eugenics, 416-17
Howe obituary, 158
Laughlin as editor, 98, 280-81, 305, 389
Laughlin's obituary, 395
launching of, 98
name change, 425
postwar changes, 417-18
publication by American Eugenics Society,
394, 424
racial references to Jews, 282-83
subtitles, 280-81, 300, 412
topics covered, 98-99
during World War II, 422
eugenics
definitions, 18
distinction from genetics, 391-92
Galton's contributions, 15-17
goals, 7
historical background, 9-13
international cooperation, 70, 23 5-40
lack of scientific foundation, 27, 99-100,
296, 391, 414, 423
term, 16
transition to genetics, 411-14, 417-18,
422-26
See also American eugenics; England,
eugenics in; Nazi eugenics; negative
eugenics
Eugenics (journal), 138-40, 174
eugenics curriculum, 75-76
Eugenics Education Society (EES)
activities, 212, 214-18, 219, 220-22, 226
debate on murder of unfit, 248-49
focus on negative eugenics, 70
founding, 210
invitations to international congresses, 71
lack of funds, 212, 223-24
Laughlin's visit, 196
leaders, 213
lobbying by, 214-15, 226, 227-29
mission, 212
publications, 223
relations with American organizations,
224-25
research, 223-24
warning on illegality of sterilizations, 211
See also England, eugenics in; Eugenics
Society
Eugenics Laboratory, 27, 60
Eugenics Quarterly, 425
Eugenics Record Office (ERO)
Board of Scientific Directors, 89-90,
93-94, 104-5
buildings, 51, 396
Carnegie Institution and, 47-48
closing of, 395-96, 413
criticism of, 99-101, 388, 390-91
data collected, 76, 388, 390-91, 396-97,
425
data collection process, 52-55, 56, 106-7,
165, 289, 291
Davenport's office, 386
draft laws on people with vision problems,
149-50
establishment, 45
estimated number of unfit, 216
family pedigrees
of blind people, 148
collection of, 105, 106, 290, 396-97, 398
family folders, 106
family trait booklets, 106
forms, 44, 239-40, 398
field investigators, 52-55, 80, 96-97,
179-80
foreign scholars at, 419, 420
funding, 46-47
global goals, 61
Harriman funding, 47, 48, 51, 56-57,
94-95, 96, 105, 238
hereditary tuberculosis data, 255
identification of unfit Americans, 52-55, 56
influence abroad, 213
Laughlin as superintendent, 51, 52, 390
letters received after closing, 396, 397-98
marriage restriction laws, 147, 156
political advocacy activities, 46
purpose, 45, 48
reforms, 388
relationship to Carnegie Institution, 105,
388-97, 412, 413
relations with German eugenics movement,
265, 267, 272, 313, 315-16, 342
review of activities, 390-91
songs, 123
study of sterilization in foreign countries,
235
twin studies, 350, 361-Q2
unscientific methods, 106-7
See also Laughlin, Harry Hamilton
Eugenics Research Association (ERA)
birth control movement and, 137-38
census data requested, 160
charter members, 90, 91, 322
establishment, 90
Eugenics Record Office and, 388
meetings, 266-67
members, 412
political advocacy activities, 90
presidents, 146, 158, 193, 257, 314-15,
343, 413-14
publications, 389
relations with German eugenics movement,
313, 342
survey of mixed race individuals, 289
Eugenics Review, 216-18, 22 5, 267
Eugenics Society
activities, 226, 233-34
endowments, 229
lobbying by, 226, 227-29
mission, 212
name change, 22 5
postwar changes, 425
relations with American organizations,
225, 229-30
sterilization proposals, 233, 300
See also England, eugenics in; Eugenics
Education Society
eugenics textbooks, 53, 255
by Davenport, 73-75
by Dunn, 412
German, 270, 272-73, 296-97, 351
in high schools, 75-76
by Johnson and Popenoe, 137, 255, 258,
351
read by Hitler, 259, 272-73
twin information, 349, 351
in universities, 75
euthanasia
debates on, 248-52
in Nazi Germany, 317
by neglect and abuse, 255-56
support for, 60, 247, 248
See also murders of unfit
Evian Conference, 343, 393
evolution, 12, 13
executions, 250, 258
See also murders of unfit
Extermination by Labor, 329
eyes
colors, 273, 359
hereditary defects, 361
medical experiments in concentration
camps, 331, 359, 376
of twins, 361-63
vision problems, 149-52
See also blindness
Fairchild, Henry Pratt, 134, 137, 141
families
carriers of defects, 58, 296, 308, 363-66
segregation of, 215-18
superior, 46, 135, 137, 139, 301
of unfit, 24-25, 58, 59, J 52-53, 215-18
See also heredity
family investigations
by Plecker, 169-72, 177-79, 180-81
of poor, 220, 221
of potential U.S. immigrants, 187, 188,
189, 192, 193, 194-99, 205
Family Life, 379
family pedigrees
of blind people, 148
collected by Eugenics Record Office, 105,
106, 290, 396-97, 398
collected by Nazis, 331, 342-43, 405
of criminals, 96
eugenic registries, 88, 165
Eugenics Record Office forms, 44, 239-40,
398
genetic profiles, 431, 432
of German Jews, 311, 316, 407-9
of immigrants, 189
medical histories, 431-32, 435-36, 438
of superior families, 46
in Tasmania, 440
use of genetic information, 432-37
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 429
Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in
America, 307
feebleminded individuals
British policies, 214
in concentration camps, 367
conferences on, 80
costs of maintaining, 39, 153, 226, 228-29
executing, 250, 251
identification, 78, 196, 201
institutions, 4, 11, 254-55, 256, 257
life expectancies, 257
marriage restrictions, 146
morons, 78, 79, 85, 189
names collected in Virginia, 165
Nazi gassing of (T-4 project), 312-13, 317,
339, 369, 382-83
number in England, 226-27
number in United States, 132
preventing reproduction, 58
segregation of, 214, 215
See also sterilizations, of feebleminded
feeblemindedness
definitions, 77, 78-79, 94, 96, 257
hereditary, 77
link to epilepsy, 55, 108
feminists
Sanger as, 142-43
support of eugenics, 22, 127-28
Field, James, 57
Fifth International Congress on Genetics
(Berlin), 287
Filipinos, 175-76
films
The Black Stork, 257-58
Erbkrank (The Hereditarily Diseased),
315-16, 393
fingerprints, 15, 431
Finland
eugenicists, 245
genetic discrimination legislation, 440
sterilizations, 245
First American Birth Control Conference, 134,
136
First International Congress on Eugenics
(London), 70-73, 207, 213, 217, 235,
263, 264
First National Conference on Race Betterment,
88-89, 249, 251
Fischer, Eugen, 263, 265-66, 272
articles in American journals, 281
audience with Mussolini, 293
Davenport and, 287, 291, 294, 298
Eugenical News advisory committee, 344
Foundation of Human Heredity and Race
Hygiene, 270, 272-73, 296-97, 351
at international meetings, 279, 280
involvement in Nazi eugenics, 300,
316-17, 339, 347, 354
at Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for
Anthropology, Human Heredity, and
Eugenics, 286, 288
national anthropological survey, 294-95
postwar attacks on, 378
retirement, 347
at Society for Racial Hygiene, 302
support for sterilizations, 297
Fisher, Agnes, 399
Fisher, Irving, 57, 89, 103-4, 134, 136-37, 224
Fisher, Ronald A., 221-22, 223, 351
Fletcher, Robert, 25
Flexner, Abraham, 283-84, 285
Florida State Reformatory, 291
Ford, Henry, 50-51
Forel, Auguste, 242, 243, 257
Fosdick, Raymond, 313, 314, 365
France
African soldiers in army, 267, 271, 275, 305
eugenicists, 235, 238, 239
eugenic screening of potential U.S. immigrants,
196-97
genetic discrimination legislation, 440
Nazi occupation, 323, 407
occupation of German lands after World
War I, 267, 269, 271, 305
Frank, Hans, 404
Frankenfish, 443
Frankfurt University, 340
Frazer, Robert, 197
Frazier, Charles, 398
"Free Issue" Negroes, 170, 171
Free World, 403-4
French Canadians, 241, 242
Frick, Wilhelm, 304, 305, 314, 353, 354, 394,
404
Fritzche, Hans, 404
Gailor, Thomas F., 99
Galton, Francis J., 73, 207
Bateson and, 27, 28
books, 15, 16, 18, 28
counting by, 14-15
data collected, 16-17
Davenport and, 34-35, 37, 43-44
death, 19, 70
distribution of pretty women in England,
442
education, 14
Eugenics Education Society and, 212
eugenics work, 15-17, 18, 28, 70, 72, 209,
219-20, 411, 418
fingerprints, 15, 431
German eugenicists and, 264
Hereditary Genius, 15, 18
on House of Lords, 212
on human breeding, 28
influence, 35
intelligence testing, 76
marginalization, 208, 209, 213
on marriage restrictions, 18-19, 28, 211
physical appearance, 14
research, 15
twin studies, 348-49, 351
Galton Institute, 425
Galton Laboratory, 99, 212-13, 220, 425
Gaupp, Robert, 369
genealogies. See family pedigrees
genelining, 436, 442
General Accounting Office, 400
genes
defective, 296
early study of, 412
See also DNA; genetics; heredity
Genetic Anti-Discrimination Bill, 440
genetic counseling, 411, 421, 423, 431
genetic discrimination, 433-35, 436-38,
440-41, 443-44
genetic identity, 429-32, 439-40
genetics
designer babies, 442
distinction from eugenics, 391-92
eugenics transformed into, 411-14,
417-18, 422-26
future of, 428-29, 431, 441-44
history of field, 26, 411-12
medical, 421-22, 423, 424, 425
See also DNA
Genetics Record Office, 396
See also Eugenics Record Office
genetics research
cloning, 427, 443
corporate involvement, 428
current, 426, 427-28
funding, 424-25
Human Genome Project, 437, 441
Rockefeller funding, 370
transgenic creatures, 443
genetic testing
access to results, 434
discrimination based on, 433-35, 436-37,
440-41
by employers, 437-38, 440
privacy of information, 437
of twins in Nazi Germany, 353-54
genetic therapies, 441
genocide
definition, 404-5
international treaty, 404-5
Nazi eugenics as, 405-9, 411
techniques, 403-4
term coined by Lemkin, 402
German-American Hospital, Chicago, 252-54
German eugenics
American financial support, 7
definitions of Jews, 310-12
international cooperation, 235
isolation after World War I, 267-68
leadership of international movement, 230
national anthropological survey, 294-95
negative eugenics, 261-62
negative view of Jews, 282-83, 294, 295,
296-97, 338-39
Nordic superiority, 70, 239
organizations, 262, 263-64
publisher, 273
race biological index, 282
race biology, 259
racial hygiene, 262
German eugenics (continued)
refusal to cooperate with French and
Belgians after World War 1, 238, 239,
258, 267-69
relations with Nazis, 297-98
research, 224, 229, 283, 419
Rockefeller funding, 7, 297, 298, 302, 313,
364-65
sterilization proposals, 261, 265, 339
textbooks, 270, 272-73, 296-97, 351
twin studies, 297, 350, 352-54
See also American eugenics, relations with
German eugenics movement; Nazi
eugenics
German Medical Association, 339
German Psychiatry Institute, 285, 286
German Research Society (Deutsche
Forschungsgemeinschaft), 346, 353, 354,
355, 360, 362, 364, 365, 367, 369
See also Emergency Fund for German
Science
Germans, stereotypes of, 35
Germany
allied occupation, 376, 377-78
anti-Semitism in, 297, 302
DNA databanks, 429
eugenic screening of potential U.S. immigrants,
205
medical education in, 283, 340
Ministry of the Interior, 285, 287, 304, 311
mixed race individuals, 267
nationalists, 266, 267, 338
Treaty of Versailles, 238, 267, 269, 271
war reparations, 267, 268, 271
Weimar Republic, 266-67, 268, 269
See also German eugenics; Jews, in
Germany; Nazis
germ plasm, 17, 18, 25, 73
carriers of defects, 58, 363-66
defective, 58, 386
Gesellschaft fur Rassenhygiene. See Society for
Racial Hygiene
Gestapo, 316, 323
Gildon, Mary, 169
Giuliani, Rudolph, 439
Goddard, Henry, 76-79
classification of feeblemindedness, 77,
78-79, 94, 257
estimated number of feebleminded, 132
Eugenics Record Office and, 94, 150
intelligence testing, 78-79, 80, 90, 226, 243
The Kallikak Family, 76-77, 107, 243, 250,
272
on morons, 78, 85
relations with German eugenics movement,
342
at Vineland, 76, 91, 243
Goebbels, Joseph, 299, 318
Goethe, C. M., 277, 315, 343, 344, 379
Goldsborough, Phillip L., 71
Goodman, Aileen, 178
Goodrich, C. L., 97
Gordon, Alfred, 351
Gosney, E. S., 277, 342
Govaerts, Albert, 195, 241, 255
Grant, Madison, 30, 31, 83, 167
Committee on Selective Immigration, 192
Eugenics Research Association and, 90-91
influence in Germany, 259, 273, 274-75,
298
international eugenics congresses, 236
Laughlin and, 305
on Nordic race, 29
The Passing of the Great Race, 82, 90,
251-52, 259, 266, 273, 274-75
reaction to alliance with American Birth
Control League, 139-40
support of immigration restrictions, 188
Great Britain. See England
greenlining, 436
Gregg, Alan, 308
Greunuss, Werner, 33 1
Gypsies
in concentration camps, 358, 359, 363, 366,
367
eye colors, 363
medical experiments, 366
Nazi persecution of, 316
twins, 358, 359
Haase, Irmgard, 366
Haber, Fritz, 285
Hahn, Otto, 376
Haiselden, Harry, 252-54, 255, 256, 257
Hale, Howard, 4
Hall, Gertrude, 96
Hallervorden, Julius, 369, 382-83
Hallervorden-Spatz Syndrome, 369, 382-83
Hallervorden-Spatz Syndrome Association,
382-83
Hamilton, Mascott, 171
Hanley, J. Frank, 66-67
Hansen, C.C., 293
Hansen, Soren, 243
Harding, Warren G., 193
Harrell, D. L., Jr., 5
Harriman, E. H., 46
Harriman, Mary, 46, 47
Harriman, Mary (Mrs. E. H.)
criticism of, 101-2
Davenport and, 46-47, 48, 49, 140
funding of Eugenics Record Office, 47, 48,
51, 56-57, 94-95, 96, 105, 238
international eugenics congresses, 236
Harris, J. Arthur, 191
Harvard University, 33, 117, 119
eugenics courses, 75
Howe Laboratory for Ophthalmology, 146
Havemann, Robert, 376, 379
Hays, Willet M., 39-40, 47
Healy, William, 53
Hearst newspapers, 101-4, 254
Hebberd, Robert, 95
Heidelberg, University of, 312, 342, 383
Heidinger, Willi, 309-10
Henry VIII, King of England, 10
hereditary disorders
carpal tunnel syndrome, 437-38
classification, 58
epilepsy, 55, 322
feeblemindedness, 77
genetic counseling, 431
insanity, 295-96
insurance industry records of, 431-32
tuberculosis, 241, 255
vision problems, 361
See also blindness; genetic discrimination
heredity
carriers of defects, 58, 296, 308, 363-66
of character traits, 17, 74, 105-6
of criminality, 23-25, 96
dominant and recessive traits, 26
environmental factors and, 27, 339, 348-49
Galton's views, 15
Mendelian theories, 13, 25-26, 36, 39, 101,
208, 411
of physical traits, 17, 27
role of germ plasm, 17, 18, 25
study of, 13
theories, 17-18
See also genetics
Herndon, C. Nash, 421
Heron, David, 99-100
Hess, Rudolf, 270, 318
HGC. See Human Genetics Commission
High Teams institution (London), 230-32
Hill, Joseph, 159
Himmler, Heinrich, 354, 355, 366
Hindenburg, Paul von, 299
Hindus, 176
Hirschhorn, Kurt, 379-80
Hitler, Adolf
American admirers, 297, 298
anti-Semitism, 269-70, 311
Beer Hall Putsch, 269, 273-74
eugenics texts read by, 259
eugenic views, 259-60, 269-70, 274-77,
280, 297, 307, 318, 367, 403
imprisonment, 259-60, 269
influence of American eugenicists, 259,
274-76, 277, 298
meeting with Stoddard, 318
Mein Kampf, 270, 274, 276, 318, 354, 394
as national Physician, 309
rise to power, 277, 297, 298-99
suicide, 375
in World War 1, 276
See also Nazis
Hitlerschnitte (Hitler's cut), 304
Hodson, Cora, 223, 224-25, 226, 229-30
Hofmann, Otto, 405, 407-9
Holland
DNA databanks, 429
eugenicists, 238, 240, 245, 279
eugenic screening of potential U.S. immigrants,
205
Nazi occupation, 407
Hollerith data processing machines,
289-90
proposed eugenics use, 293-94, 310
use in Jamaica survey, 290, 291
use in Nazi Germany, 309, 311
See also IBM
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 209
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 117-22, 315,
401-2, 409
Holmes, Samuel]., 224
Holocaust. See concentration camps; Jews, in
Germany; Nazi eugenics
Holt, Henry, 181
homeland security, 430-31
homosexuals, in concentration camps, 324, 367
Hong Kong, genetic discrimination, 438
Hoover, Herbert, 203, 205
Hoover, J. Edgar, 187
Hottentots, 263, 265-66
House Committee on Immigration and
Naturalization, 187-88, 192-93, 199,
311-12
Howe, Lucien, 145-46
Committee on Selective Immigration and,
192
death, 158
eugenics work, 146, 158
interstate deportation of unfit, 156-57
laboratory, 344
prevention of hereditary blindness, 147-49,
151, 152-55, 237
support of immigration restrictions, 187
widow, 396
Hughes, Charles Evans, 200
Human Betterment Foundation, 277, 281, 342
Human Betterment League of North Carolina,
425
Human Genetics Commission (HGC), 434
Human Genetics League of North Carolina,
425
Human Genome Project, 437, 441
Hungary, eugenicists in, 245
Hunter, George William, 75-76
Huntington's chorea, 54, 299, 431
Hurty, J.N., 65-66
hygiene and sanitary movement, 262
IBM
German subsidiary, 309-10
Iceland DNA databank project, 439
systems designed for Nazi Germany,
290-91, 308-10, 311, 339
See also Hollerith data processing machines
Icarian Colony, 261
Iceland, national DNA databank, 439
IFEO. See International Federation of Eugenic
Organizations
Illinois Institution for the Feebleminded
(Lincoln, IL), 254-55, 256, 257
Illinois sterilization law, 67
immigrants
to England, 22, 207
eugenic selection of, 239
to United States
ethnic groups seen as inferior, 29-30
eugenic screening in home countries,
187, 188, 189, 192, 193, 194-99, 205
family pedigree investigations, 189,
194-98, 199
feebleminded children, 132
intelligence testing, 78, 83, 196
Irish, 30, 35, 78, 95
Italian, 83, 9~ 187, 202
Jews, 74, 78, 83, 95, 191, 273
melting pot concept, 22, 35
Nordic race preferred, 188, 192, 203
number of blue-eyed recruits, 186
opposition to immigration restrictions,
191-92, 203
southern and eastern European, 29-30,
74, 78, 190, 192, 202
undesirable, 185
Immigration Act of 1924, 202-5, 275
Immigration Restriction League, 188
immigration restrictions
in foreign countries, 185
in United States
Chinese Exclusion Act, 22
debates on, 185-86
easing in 1952, 205
eugenic principles in, 185
on Jews, 311-12, 393, 394
Laughlin's support of, 88, 187, 188-89,
311-12, 387-88, 393, 394
opposition to, 191-92, 203, 204
quotas, 189, 190, 192-93, 202-5, 275,
311-12, 394
reactive, 188
support for, 22-23, 45, 134, 187
The Independent, 254
Indiana
Committee on Mental Defectives, 96-97
legislature, 96-97
poor and homeless, 25, 53, 64-65
State Board of Health, 65
sterilizations, 63-64, 209, 211
Tribe of Ishmael, 25, 53, 65, 237
Indiana Reformatory, 63-64, 65-67, 148
Indian Citizenship Act, 177
Indian Health Service, 400
Indians. See American Indians
Industrial Alliance, 435
iNeurology, 382
inherited diseases. See hereditary disorders
inmates. See prisons
Innes, Alfred Mitchell, 71
insane
census statistics, 159
costs of maintaining, 39
executing, 250
institutions, 52
marriage restrictions, 146
names collected in Virginia, 165
preventing reproduction, 58
insanity
conferences on, 80
epilepsy and, 55
hereditary, 295-96
preventing, 80
Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial
Hygiene (Frankfurt), 341-43, 344, 345,
346, 352-53
Institute for Heredity Research (Potsdam), 267
Institute for Human Genetics (Copenhagen),
418, 420-21
Institute for Racial Hygiene (Munich), 316
Institution for Race Biology (Switzerland),
242-43
Institution Quarterly, 255
institutions
for blind, 148, 153
census of inhabitants, 159-60
conditions in, 254-55, 256
costs, 39, 130, 147, 153
data gathered in, 52, 161
deinstitutionalization, 227
in England, 227
for epileptics, 4, 54-55, 91, 98, 108, 256,
322, 327
mortality rates, 255, 256, 257
national origins of residents, 190-91
surveys of, 201
See also segregation of unfit
insurance industry
access to genetic information, 434, 435,
436
asymmetrical information, 432-33
Medical Information Bureau, 431-32,
435-36
use of genetic information, 432-37, 440
intelligence tests
Army tests, 80-82, 83, 84, 132, 201, 279
Binet-Simon test, 76, 78
criticism of, 80, 84-85
development of, 76
in England, 226
of Goddard, 78-79, 80, 90, 226, 243
identifying feebleminded, 196, 201
immigrant screening, 78, 83, 196
improving scores, 76
IQ, 82, 83, 84
racial differences, 79, 81, 82-84, 85
social use of, 83-84
spread of, 79
Stanford-Binet test, 81, 82, 84
Yerkes-Bridge Point Scale, 80
International Actuarial Association, 436
International Commission on Eugenics, 134
International Congress Against Alcoholism, 285
International Congress of Genetics
(Edinburgh), 346
International Congress of Hygiene, 267
international cooperation, 70, 23 5-40
See also conferences; International
Eugenics Commission; International
Federation of Eugenic Organizations
International DNA Users Conference, 430
International Eugenic Committee, 235-36, 238
International Eugenic Congress, Committee on
Immigration, 146
International Eugenics Commission, 238-40,
243, 264, 268-69, 272
International Federation of Eugenic
Organizations (IFEO), 240, 244, 258,
264
Committee on Race Crossing, 279, 291,
292, 293, 294
Committee on Racial Psychiatry, 295
Germans included in, 279, 286, 288, 302,
341
Munich meeting, 286
Rome meeting, 279-80, 293
Zurich meeting, 304
International Health Exhibition (London),
16-17
International Hygiene Exhibition, 264
International Planned Parenthood Federation,
144
International Society for Race Hygiene, 264
International Space Hall of Fame, 382
Interpol, 430
interracial marriages
of American Indians, 146, 168, 176, 177-79
preventing, 163
restrictions on, 146, 165, 174-76, 400-401
See also mixed race individuals
interstate deportation, 156-57
in vitro fertilization, 427
Iowa
Icarian Colony, 261
Iowa (continued)
legislature, 250
sterilization law, 68
IQ tests, 82, 83, 84
See also intelligence tests
Ireland
eugenic screening of potential U.S. immigrants,
205
immigrants from, 30, 35, 78, 95
Ishmael, Tribe of, 25, 53, 65, 23 7
Italy
eugenicists, 235, 238, 245
eugenic screening of potential U.S. immigrants,
195-96, 198, 205
immigrants from, 83, 96, 187, 202
Mussolini's rule, 293