GM Soy – Sustainable? Responsible?: A summary of scientific

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176. Neuman, W., Pollack, A. 2010. US farmers cope with Roundup-resistant weeds. New York Times, May 3. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/04/busin ... anted=1&hp

177. Gustin, G. 2010. Roundup’s potency slips, foils farmers. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 25. http://www.soyatech.com/news_story.php?id=19495

178. Vitta, J.I., Tuesca, D., Puricelli, E. 2004. Widespread use of glyphosate tolerant soybean and weed community richness in Argentina. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 103, 3621–624.

179. Puricelli, E., Faccini, D., Tenaglia, M., Vergara, E. 2003. Control di Trifolium repens con distintas dosis de herbicidas. Siembra Directa. Aapresid, Year 14, December, 39–40.

180. Faccini, D. 2000. Los cambios tecnológicos y las nuevas especies de malezas en soja. Universidad de Rosario, AgroMensajes 4, 5.

181. Binimelis, R,, Pengue, W., Monterroso, I. 2009. Transgenic treadmill: Responses to the emergence and spread of glyphosate-resistant johnsongrass in Argentina. Geoforum 40, 623–633.

182. Waltz, E. 2010. Glyphosate resistance threatens Roundup hegemony. Nature Biotechnology 28, 537–538.

183. Benbrook, C.M. 2009. Impacts of genetically engineered crops on pesticide use in the United States: The first thirteen years. The Organic Center, November. http://www.organic-center.org/reportfil ... Report.pdf

184. Kilman, S. 2010. Superweed outbreak triggers arms race. Wall Street Journal, 4 June. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB1000142 ... 46822.html

185. Bayer CropScience. 2010. Good news for all LibertyLink crops. http://www.bayercropscienceus.com/produ ... trait.html

186. UK Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food (MAFF). 1990. Evaluation No. 33, HOE 399866 (Glufosinate-ammonium). London.

187. Watanabe, T., Iwase, T. 1996. Development and dymorphogenic effects of glufosinate ammonium on mouse embryos in culture. Teratogenesis carcinogenesis and mutagenesis 16, 287-299.

188. Bindraban, P.S., Franke. A.C. Ferrar, D.O., Ghersa, C.M., Lotz, L.A.P., Nepomuceno, A., Smulders, M.J.M., van de Wiel, C.C.M. 2009. GM-related sustainability: agro-ecological impacts, risks and opportunities of soy production in Argentina and Brazil, Plant Research International, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, the Netherlands, Report 259. http://gmsoydebate.global-connections.n ... %20Soy.pdf

189. Waltz, E. 2010. Glyphosate resistance threatens Roundup hegemony. Nature Biotechnology 28, 537–538.

190. Rahman, A., James, T.K., Trolove, M.R. 2008. Chemical control options for the dicamba resistant biotype of fathen (Chenopodium album). New Zealand Plant Protection 61, 287–291. www.weedscience.org http://www.weedscience.org

191. Herbicide Resistant Weeds Summary Table. July 26, 2010, www.weedscience.org, http://www.weedscience.org

192. Benbrook, C.M. 2009. Impacts of genetically engineered crops on pesticide use in the United States: The first thirteen years. The Organic Center, November. http://www.organic-center.org/reportfil ... Report.pdf

193. Benbrook, C.M. 2009. Impacts of genetically engineered crops on pesticide use in the United States: The first thirteen years. The Organic Center, November. http://www.organic-center.org/reportfil ... Report.pdf

194. Brookes, G., Barfoot, P. 2009. GM crops: global socio-economic and environmental impacts 1996–2007. PG Economics, May.

195. Monsanto. 2008. Conversations about plant biotechnology: Argentina. http://www.monsanto.com/biotech-gmo/asp ... dolfoTosar

196. Benbrook C.M. 2005. Rust, resistance, run down soils, and rising costs – Problems facing soybean producers in Argentina. AgBioTech InfoNet, Technical Paper No 8, January.

197. Pengue, W. 2003. El glifosato y la dominación del ambiente. Biodiversidad 37, July. http://www.grain.org/biodiversidad/?id=208

198. Pengue, W. 2000. Cultivos Transgénicos. Hacia dónde vamos? Buenos Aires, Lugar.

199. MECON Argentina. Mercado argentino de fitosanitarios – Año 2001. http://web.archive.org/web/200704190714 ... /index.php

200. It is assumed for the purposes of this paper, and in Benbrook’s paper, “Rust, resistance, run down soils, and rising costs”, that the amount of pesticides and fertilizers sold are the same as those used, as no figures are available on actual use.

201. CASAFE (Camara de Sanidad Agropecuaria y Fertilizantes). Statistics. http://www.casafe.org.ar/mediciondemercado.html

202. Benbrook C.M. 2005. Rust, resistance, run down soils, and rising costs – Problems facing soybean producers in Argentina. AgBioTech InfoNet, Technical Paper No 8, January.

203. Personal email communication from C. Benbrook.

204. Nodari, R., 2007. In Avanço da soja transgênica amplia uso de glifosato. Valor Econômico, April 23. http://www.agrisustentavel.com/trans/ca ... pa342.html

205. Benbrook C.M. 2005. Rust, resistance, run down soils, and rising costs – Problems facing soybean producers in Argentina. AgBioTech InfoNet, Technical Paper No 8, January.

206. Oda, L., 2010. GM technology is delivering its promise. Brazilian Biosafety Association, June 14. http://www.scidev.net/en/editor-letters ... omise.html

207. Benbrook C.M. 2005. Rust, resistance, run down soils, and rising costs – Problems facing soybean producers in Argentina. AgBioTech InfoNet, Technical Paper No 8, January. http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/d ... wn-soi.pdf

208. Pengue, W.A. 2005. Transgenic crops in Argentina: the ecological and social debt. Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society 25, 314-322. http://bch.biodiv.org/database/attached ... px?id=1538

209. Bindraban, P.S., Franke. A.C. Ferrar, D.O., Ghersa, C.M., Lotz, L.A.P., Nepomuceno, A., Smulders, M.J.M., van de Wiel, C.C.M. 2009. GM-related sustainability: agro-ecological impacts, risks and opportunities of soy production in Argentina and Brazil, Plant Research International, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, the Netherlands, Report 259. http://gmsoydebate.global-connections.n ... %20Soy.pdf

210. Hawes, C., Haughton, A.J., Osborne, J.L., Roy, D.B., Clark, S.J., Perry, J.N., Rothery, P., Bohan, D.A., Brooks, D.J., Champion, G.T., Dewar, A.M., Heard, M.S., Woiwod, I.P., Daniels, R.E., Yound, M.W., Parish, A.M., Scott, R.J., Firbank, L.G., Squire, G.R. 2003. Responses of plants and invertebrate trophic groups to contrasting herbicide regimes in the farm scale evaluations of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 358, 1899–1913.

211. Roy, D.B., Bohan, D.A., Haughton, A.J., Hill, M.O, Osborne, J.L., Clark, S.J., Perry, J.N., Rothery, P., Scott, R.J., Brooks, D.R., Champion, G.T., Hawes, C., Heard, M.S., Firbank, L.G. 2003. Invertebrates and vegetation of field margins adjacent to crops subject to contrasting herbicide regimes in the farm scale evaluations of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 358, 1899–1913.

212. Brooks, D.R., Bohan, D.A., Champion, G.T., Haughton, A.J., Hawes, C., Heard, M.S., Clark, S.J., Dewar, A.M., Firbank, L.G., Perry, J.N., Rothery, P., Scott, R.J., Woiwod, I.P., Birchall, C., Skellern, M.P., Walker, J.H., Baker, P., Bell, D., Browne, E.L., Dewar, A.J.D., Fairfax, C.M., Garner, B.H., Haylock, L.A., Horne, S.L., Hulmes, S.E., Mason, N.S., Norton, L.P., Nuttall, P., Randall, Z., Rossall, M.J., Sands, R.J.N., Singer, E.J., Walker, M.J. 2003. Invertebrate responses to the management of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant and conventional spring crops. I. Soil-surface-active invertebrates. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 358, 1847–1862.

213. Q&A: GM farm-scale trials. BBC News, March 9, 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3194574.stm

214. Amos, J. GM study shows potential “harm”. BBC News, March 21, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4368495.stm

215. Hawes, C., Haughton, A.J., Osborne, J.L., Roy, D.B., Clark, S.J., Perry, J.N., Rothery, P., Bohan, D.A., Brooks, D.J., Champion, G.T., Dewar, A.M., Heard, M.S., Woiwod, I.P., Daniels, R.E., Yound, M.W., Parish, A.M., Scott, R.J., Firbank, L.G., Squire, G.R. 2003. Responses of plants and invertebrate trophic groups to contrasting herbicide regimes in the farm scale evaluations of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 358, 1899–1913.

216. Roy, D.B. et al. 2003. Invertebrates and vegetation of field margins adjacent to crops subject to contrasting herbicide regimes in the farm scale evaluations of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 358, 1899–1913.

217. Brooks, D.R., Bohan, D.A., Champion, G.T., Haughton, A.J., Hawes, C., Heard, M.S., Clark, S.J., Dewar, A.M., Firbank, L.G., Perry, J.N., Rothery, P., Scott, R.J., Woiwod, I.P., Birchall, C., Skellern, M.P., Walker, J.H., Baker, P., Bell, D., Browne, E.L., Dewar, A.J.D., Fairfax, C.M., Garner, B.H., Haylock, L.A., Horne, S.L., Hulmes, S.E., Mason, N.S., Norton, L.P., Nuttall, P., Randall, Z., Rossall, M.J., Sands, R.J.N., Singer, E.J., Walker, M.J. 2003. Invertebrate responses to the management of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant and conventional spring crops. I. Soil-surface-active invertebrates. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 358, 1847–1862.

218. Q&A: GM farm-scale trials. BBC News, March 9, 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3194574.stm

219. Amos, J. GM study shows potential “harm”. BBC News, March 21, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4368495.stm

220. Altieri, M.A., Pengue, W.A. 2005. Roundup ready soybean in Latin America: a machine of hunger, deforestation and socio-ecological devastation. RAP-AL Uruguay. http://webs.chasque.net/~rapaluy1/trans ... ready.html

221. Ventimiglia, L. 2003. El suelo, una caja de ahorros que puede quedar sin fondos [Land, saving box that might lose its capital]. La Nación, October 18, 7.

222. Altieri, M.A., Pengue, W.A. 2005. Roundup ready soybean in Latin America: a machine of hunger, deforestation and socio-ecological devastation. RAP-AL Uruguay. http://webs.chasque.net/~rapaluy1/trans ... ready.html

223. Pengue, W. A. 2003. La economía y los subsidios ambientales: Una Deuda Ecológica en la Pampa Argentina [Economy and environmental subsidies: An ecological debt in the Argentinean Pampas]. Fronteras, 2, 7–8. Also in: Pengue, W. 2005. Transgenic crops in Argentina: the ecological and social debt. Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society 25, 314-322.

224. Pengue, W. 2005. Transgenic crops in Argentina: the ecological and social debt. Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society 25: 314-322. http://bch.biodiv.org/database/attached ... px?id=1538

225. Pengue, W.A. 2010. Suelo Virtual y Comercio Internacional (Virtual Soils and International Markets), Realidad Economica 250. Buenos Aires, Argentina.

226. Martínez Alier, J., Oliveras, A. 2003. Deuda ecológica y deuda externa: Quién debe a quién? [The ecological debt and the external debt: Who is in debt to whom?]. Barcelona, Spain: Icaria. http://www.icarialibreria.com/product_i ... cts_id/489

227. Mertnoff, A. 2010. The power of soy: Commercial relations between Argentina and China. Council on Hemispheric Affairs (COHA), August 1. http://www.worldpress.org/Americas/3602.cfm

228. Mertnoff, A. 2010. The power of soy: Commercial relations between Argentina and China. Council on Hemispheric Affairs (COHA), August 1. http://www.worldpress.org/Americas/3602.cfm

229. Benbrook C.M. 2005. Rust, resistance, run down soils, and rising costs – Problems facing soybean producers in Argentina. AgBioTech InfoNet, Technical Paper No 8, January.

230. Strautman, B. 2007. Manganese affected by glyphosate. Western Producer. http://www.gefreebc.org/gefree_tmpl.php ... glyphosate

231. Zobiole L.H.S., Oliveira R.S., Visentainer J.V., Kremer R.J., Bellaloui N., Yamada T. 2010. Glyphosate affects seed composition in glyphosate-resistant soybean. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58, 4517–4522.

232. McLamb, A. 2007. Manganese linked to higher yields in glyphosate-resistant soybeans. Crop Talk 1, March.

233. Bailey, W., Poston, D.H., Wilson, H.P., Hines, T.E. 2002. Glyphosate interactions with manganese. Weed Technology 16, 792–799.

234. King, A.C., Purcell, L.C., Vories, E.D. 2001. Plant growth and nitrogenase activity of glyphosate-tolerant soybean in response to foliar glyphosate applications. Agronomy Journal 93, 179–186.

235. Reddy, K.N., Zablotowicz, R.M. 2003. Glyphosate-resistant soybean response to various salts of glyphosate and glyphosate accumulation in soybean nodules. Weed Science 51, 496–502.

236. Scientist warns of dire consequences with widespread use of glyphosate. The Organic and Non-GMO Report, May 2010. http://www.non-gmoreport.com/articles/m ... te_use.php

237. Neumann, G., Kohls, S., Landsberg, E., Stock-Oliveira Souza, K., Yamada, T., Romheld, V., 2006. Relevance of glyphosate transfer to non-target plants via the rhizosphere. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 20, :963-–969.

238. Huber, D.M., Cheng, M.W., and Winsor, B.A. 2005. Association of severe Corynespora root rot of soybean with glyphosate-killed giant ragweed. Phytopathology 95, S45.

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243. Kremer, R.J., Means, N.E. 2009. Glyphosate and glyphosate-resistant crop interactions with rhizosphere microorganisms. European Journal of Agronomy 31, 153–161.

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248. Kremer, R.J., Means, N.E. 2009. Glyphosate and glyphosate-resistant crop interactions with rhizosphere microorganisms. European Journal of Agronomy 31, 153–161.

249. Scientist finding many negative impacts of Roundup Ready GM crops. The Organic and Non-GMO Report. January 2010. http://www.non-gmoreport.com/articles/j ... _crops.php

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257. Bolliger, A., Magid, J., Carneiro, J., Amado, T., Neto, F.S., de Fatima dos Santos Ribeiro, M., Calegari, A., Ralisch, R., de Neergaard, A. 2006. Taking stock of the Brazilian “zero-till revolution”: A Review of landmark research and farmers’ practice. Advances in Agronomy, Vol. 91, pages 49-111.

258. Fernandez, M.R., Zentner, R.P., Basnyat, P., Gehl, D., Selles, F., Huber, D., 2009. Glyphosate associations with cereal diseases caused by Fusarium spp. in the Canadian prairies. Eur. J. Agron. 31, 133–143.

259. Bindraban, P.S., Franke. A.C. Ferrar, D.O., Ghersa, C.M., Lotz, L.A.P., Nepomuceno, A., Smulders, M.J.M., van de Wiel, C.C.M. 2009. GM-related sustainability: agro-ecological impacts, risks and opportunities of soy production in Argentina and Brazil, Plant Research International, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, the Netherlands, Report 259. http://gmsoydebate.global-connections.n ... %20Soy.pdf

260. Bindraban and colleagues acknowledge in their study that their findings run counter to those of an earlier paper by Brookes and Barfoot (Brookes, G. & Barfoot, P. 2006. GM crops: the first ten years – global socio-economic and environmental impacts. ISAAA Brief 36), which found a small decrease in field EIQ when RR soy is adopted. However, Brookes and Barfoot used different sources of data – Kynetic, AAPRESID and Monsanto Argentina, whereas Bindraban and colleagues used the agricultural journal AGROMERCADO as their source. Brookes and Barfoot’s data sources give lower glyphosate and 2,4-D application rates. Brookes and Barfoot are not scientists but run a PR company (PG Economics) that works for biotech companies, and their paper was written for the industry lobby group ISAAA. There is no indication that it was peer-reviewed.

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264. Brookes, G, Barfoot, P. Global impact of biotech crops: Environmental effects, 1996–2008. AgBioForum 13, 76–94. http://www.agbioforum.org/v13n1/v13n1a06-brookes.htm

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