by admin » Sun Dec 31, 2017 6:13 pm
NOTES
FASCIST ECOLOGY: THE "GREEN WING" OF THE NAZI PARTY AND ITS HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS PETER STAUDENMAIER, 1995
1. Ernst Lehmann, Biologischer Wille. Wege und Ziele biologischer Arbeit im neuen Reich, Munchen, 1934, pp. 10-11. Lehmann was a professor of botany who characterized National Socialism as "politically applied biology."
2. Anna Bramwell, author of the only book-length study on the subject, is exemplary in this respect. See her Blood and Soil: Walther Darre and Hitlers 'Green Party', Bourne End, 1985, and Ecology in the 20th Century: A History, New Haven, 1989.
3. See Raymond H. Dominick, the Environmental Movement in Germany: Prophets and Pioneers, 1871-1971, Bloomington, 1992, especially part three, "The Volkisch Temptation."
4. For example, Dominick, The Environmental Movement in Germany, p. 22; and Jost Hermand, Grune Utopien in Deutschland: Zur Geschichte des okologischen Bewussteins, Frankfurt, 1991, pp. 44-45.
5. Quoted in Rudolf Krugel, Der Begriff des Volksgeistes in Ernst Moritz Arndts Geschichtsallschauung, Langensalza, 1914, p. 18.
6. Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl, Feld und Wald, Stuttgart, 1857, p. 52.
7. Klaus Bergmann, Agrarromantik und Grosstadtfeindschaft, Meisenheim, 1970, p. 38. There is no satisfactory English counterpart to "Grosstadtfeindschaft," a term which signifies hostility to the cosmopolitanism, internationalism, and cultural tolerance of cities as such. This 'anti-urbanism' is the precise opposite of the careful critique of urbanization worked out by Murray Bookchin in Urbanization Without Cities, Montreal, 1992, and The Limits of the City, Montreal, 1986.
8. George Mosse, The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich, New York, 1964, p. 29.
9. Lucy Dawidowicz, The War Against the Jews 1933-1945, New York, 1975, pp. 61-62.
10. Daniel Gasman, The Scientific Origins of National Socialism: Social Darwinism in Ernst Haeckel and the German Monist League, New York, 1971, p. xvii.
11. ibid., p. 30. Gasman's thesis about the politics of Monism is hardly uncontroversial; the book's central argument, however, is sound.
12. Quoted in Gasman, The Scientific Origins of National Socialism, p. 34.
13. ibid., p. 33.
14. See the foreword to the 1982 reprint of his 1923 book Die Entdeckung der Heimat, published by the far-right MUT Verlag.
15. Mosse, The Crisis of German Ideology, p. 101.
16. Walter Laqueur, Young Germany: A History of the German Youth Movement, New York, 1962, p.41.
17. ibid., p. 6. For a concise portrait of the youth movement which draws similar conclusions, see John De Graaf, "The Wandervogel," CoEvolution Quarterly, Fall 1977, pp. 14-21.
18. Reprinted in Ludwig Klages, Samtliche Werke, Band 3, Bonn, 1974, pp. 614-630. No English translation is available.
19. Ulrich Linse, Okopax und Anarchie. Eine Geschichte der okologischen Bewegungen in Deutschland, Munchen, 1986, p. 60.
20. Mosse, The Crisis of German Ideology, p. 211, and Laqueur, Young Germany, p. 34.
21. See Fritz Stern, The Politics of Cultural Despair, Berkeley, 1963.
22. Michael Zimmerman, Heidegger's Confrontation with Modernity: Technology, Politics and Art, Indianapolis, 1990, pp. 242-243.
23. See Michael Zimmerman, "Rethinking the Heidegger-Deep Ecology Relationship", Environmental Ethics vol. 15, no. 3 (Fall 1993), pp. 195-224.
24. Reproduced in Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn, Auf der Suche nach Arkadien, Munchen, 1990, p. 147.
25. Robert Pois, National Socialism and the Religion of Nature, London, 1985, p. 40.
26. ibid., pp. 42-43. The internal quote is taken from George Mosse, Nazi Culture, New York, 1965, p. 87.
27. Hitler, in Henry Picker, Hitlers Tischgesprache im Fuhrerhauptquartier 1941-1942, Stuttgart, 1963, p. 151.
28. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, Munchen, 1935, p. 314.
29. Quoted in Gert Groning and Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn, "Politics, planning and the protection of nature: political abuse of early ecological ideas in Germany, 1933-1945", Planning Perspectives 2 (1987), p. 129.
30. Anne Baumer, NS-Biologie, Stuttgart, 1990, p. 198.
31. Alfred Rosenberg, Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts, Munchen, 1938, p. 550. Rosenberg was, in the early years at least, the chief ideologist of the Nazi movement.
32. Picker, Hitlers Tischgesprache, pp. 139-140.
33. Quoted in Heinz Haushofer, ldeengeschichte der Agrarwirtschaft und Agrarpolitik im deutschen Sprachgebiet, Band II, Munchen, 1958, p. 266.
34. See Dominick, The Environmental Movement in Germany, p. 107.
35. ibid., p. 113.
36. Bergmann, Agrarromantik und Grosstadtfeindschaft, p. 334. Ernst Nolte makes a similar argument in Three Faces of Fascism, New York, 1966, pp. 407-408, though the point gets lost somewhat in the translation. See also Norbert Frei, National Socialist Rule in Germany, Oxford, 1993, p. 56: "The change in direction towards the 'soil' had not been an electoral tactic. It was one of the basic ideological elements of National Socialism.
37. R. Walther Darre, Um Blut und Boden: Reden und Aufsatze, Munchen, 1939, p. 28. The quote is from a 1930 speech entitled "Blood and Soil as the Foundations of Life of the Nordic Race."
38. Bramwell, Ecology in the 20th Century, p. 203. See also Frei, National Socialist Rule in Germany, p. 57, which stresses that Darre's total control over agricultural policy constituted a uniquely powerful position within the Nazi system.
39. Bergmann, Agrarromantik und Grosstadtfeindschaft, p. 312.
40. ibid., p. 308.
41. See Haushofer, ldeengeschichte der Agrarwirtschaft, pp. 269-271, and Bramwell, Ecology in the 20th Century, pp. 200-206, for the formative influence of Steinerite ideas on Darre.
42. Haushofer, ldeengeschichte der Agrarwirtschaft, p. 271.
43. Anna Bramwell, "Darre. Was This Man 'Father of the Greens'?" History Today, September 1984, vol. 34, pp. 7- 13. This repugnant article is one long series of distortions designed to paint Darre as an anti-Hitler hero -- an effort as preposterous as it is loathsome.
44. Roger Manvell and Heinrich Fraenkel, Hess: A Biography, London, 1971, p. 34.
45. Franz Neumann, Behemoth. The Structure and Practice of National Socialism 1933-1944, New York, 1944, p. 378.
46. Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich, New York, 1970, p. 263.
47. ibid., p. 261.
48. Bramwell, Ecology in the 20th Century, p. 197.
49 Karl-Heinz Ludwig, Technik und Ingenieure im Dritten Reich, Dusseldorf, 1974, p. 337.
50. Quoted in Rolf Peter Sieferle, Fortschrittsfeinde? Opposition gegen Technik und Industrie von der Romantik bis zur Gegenwart, Munchen, 1984, p. 220. Todt was just as convinced a Nazi as Darre or Hess; on the extent (and pettiness) of his allegiance to antisemitic policies, see Alan Beyerchen, Scientists Under Hitler, New Haven, 1977, pages 66-68 and 289.
51. Bramwell, Blood and Soil, p. 173.
52. Alwin Seifert, Im Zeitalter des Lebendigen, Dresden, 1941, p. 13. The book's title is grotesquely inapt considering the date of publication; it means "in the age of the living."
53. Alwin Seifert, Ein Leben fur die Landschaft, Dusseldorf, 1962, p. 100.
54. Bramwell, Ecology in the 20th Century, p. 198. Bramwell cites Darre's papers as the source of the internal quote.
55. Seifert, Ein Leben fur die Landschaft, p. 90.
56 William Shirer, Berlin Diary, New York, 1941, p. 19. Shirer also calls Hess Hitler's "protege" (588) and "the only man in the world he fully trusts" (587), and substantiates Darre's and Todt's standing as well (590).
57. Quoted in Manvell and Fraenkel, Hess, p. 80. In a further remarkable confirmation of the 'green' faction's stature, Hitler once declared that Todt and Hess were "the only two human beings among all those around me to whom I have been truly and inwardly attached" (Hess, p. 132).
58. See Haushofer, Ideengeschichte der Agrarwirtschaft, p. 270, and Bramwell, Ecology in the 20th Century, p. 201.
59. ibid., pp. 197-200. Most of Todt's work also ran through Hess's office.
60. Raymond Dominick, "The Nazis and the Nature Conservationists," The Historian vol. XLIX no. 4 (August 1987), p. 534.
61. ibid., p. 536.
62 Hermand, Grune Utopien in Deutschland, p. 114.
63. Dominick, "The Nazis and the Nature Conservationists", p. 529.
64. Groning and Wolschke-Bulmahn, "Politics, planning and the protection of nature", p. 137.
65. ibid., p. 138.
66. Linse's Okopax und Anarchie, among others, offers a detailed consideration of the history of eco-anarchism in Germany.
67. Pois, National Socialism and the Religion of Nature, p. 27.
68. Bramwell, Ecology in the 20th, Century, p. 48.
"ECOLOGY" AND THE MODERNIZATION OF FASCISM IN THE GERMAN ULTRA-RIGHT JANET BIEHL, 1993
1. On social ecology, see the many writings of Murray Bookchin, particularly Remaking Society (Boston: South End Press, 1989) and Urbanization Without Cities (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1992).
2. Jutta Ditfurth, Feuer in die Herzen: Pladoyer fur eine Okologische Linke Opposition (Hamburg: Carlsen Verlag, 1992), part three, especially pp. 158, 172. Ditfurth was formerly a leading spokesperson for the leftists in the German Greens. Now that the Greens have lost their radicalism, she is currently involved in organizing the Ecological Left (Okologische Linke) in Frankfurt.
3. George L. Mosse, "The Mystical Origins of National Socialism," Journal of the History of Ideas, vol. 22, no. 1 (Jan. 1961), p. 81. See also Jeffrey A. Goldstein, "On Racism and Anti-Semitism in Occultism and Nazism," Yad Vashem Studies 13, Livia Rothkirchen, ed. (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1979), pp. 53-72.
4. George L. Mosse, The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, Universal Library, 1964), p. 4.
5 On the volkisch movement, see Mosse, Crisis; Fritz Stern, The Politics of Cultural Despair: A Study in the Rise of the Germanic Ideology (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1961); and Walter Z. Laqueur, Young Germany: A History of the German Youth Movement (New York: Basic Books, 1962).
6. Quoted in Ditfurth, Feuer, p. 170.
7. Wolfgang Haug, "'Pogromen beginnen im Kopf,'" Schwarzer Faden: Vierteljahreschrift fur Lust und Freiheit [Grafenau]; translated as "'Pogroms Begin in the Mind,'" in Green Perspectives, no. 26 (May 1992).
8. Volkmar Wolk, "Neue Trends im okofaschistischen Netzwerk: Am Beispiel der Anthroposophen, dem Weltbund zum Schutz des Lebens und der ODP," in In bester Gesellschaft: Antifa-Recherche zwischen Konservatismus und Neo-faschismus, Raimund Hethey and Peter Kratz, eds. (Gottingen: Verlag die Werkstatt, 1991). Wolk is a spokesperson for the VVN/Bund of Antifascists and has published widely on "neofascism."
9. Unless otherwise indicated, quotations in this section are from the National Revolutionaries' documents Gegen Fremdherrschaft und Kapital and Grundsatze unseres Wollens-Die funffache Revolution (n.d.), as cited in Ditfurth, Feuer, pp. 228-30.
10. Walter Laqueur, Germany Today: A Personal Report (Boston: Little, Brown, 1985), p. 152. Also on Strasserite ideology, see Mosse, Crisis, pp. 286-90.
11. See Hans-Georg Betz, "On the German Question: Left, Right, and the Politics of National Identity." Radical America, vol. 20, no. 1 (1987), pp. 30-48.
12. See Betz, "On the German Question."
13. Henning Eichberg, "Produktivistische Mythen: Etwas uber die Religion in der Industriekultur," in Zuruck zur Natur-Religion? Holger Schleip, ed. (Freiburg: Hermann Bauer Verlag, 1986). Editor Schleip is, ironically, a member both of the Greens and of the volkisch-racist sect Deutsche Unitarier; the publisher, Hermann Bauer Verlag, is the largest New Age publisher in Germany. The content of Eichberg's article is summarized in Wolk, "Neue Trends," p. 126.
14. Laqueur, Germany Today, p. 153. Laqueur cites Henning Eichberg, "Balkanisierung fur jedermann," in the National Revolutionaries' periodical Wir Selbst, "a journal for national identity and international solidarity" (May-June 1983). The German right has been interested in the IRA since the 1920s; the title of this journal, Wir Selbst ("we ourselves"), is a translation of Sinn Fein.
15. See Betz, "On the German Question," pp. 45-46; and Wolk, "Neue Trends," p. 123.
16. Unless otherwise indicated, quotations in this section are from the FAP's Action Program (15 Aug. 1990); the FAP charter (15 Aug. 1989); "Basic Principles and Goals of the FAP-Electoral Program for Rhineland- Westphalia" (n.d.); and "Overview of Members of the Party Executive Committee for the Provincial Associations" (15 Aug. 1990), all as cited in Ditfurth, Feuer, p. 229ff. [Since early 1993, when this article was originally written, the FAP has been banned in the Federal Republic.]
17. See Christopher T. Husbands, "Militant Neo-Nazism in the Federal Republic of Germany in the 1960s," in Neo-Fascism in Europe, Luciano Cheles, Ronnie Ferguson, and Michalina Vaughan, eds. (Essex: Longman Group, UK Limited, 1991).
18. See Husbands, "Militant Neo-Nazism.
19. Husbands, "Militant Neo-Nazism," p. 96.
20. Quotations in this section are from the basic program of the Republicans, adopted at their first federal congress (26 Nov. 1983) in Munich; the 1987 program of the Republicans; "Ja zu Europa-Nein zu dieser EG-Deutsche Interessen haben Vorrang," the Dinkelsbuhl Declaration of the Republicans for the European elections of 1979; and the 1990 party program of the Republicans, all as cited in Ditfurth, Feuer, p. 228ff.
21. Unless otherwise indicated, quotations in this section are from the NPD's 1973 Dusseldorf program; the 1988 Wurfsendung of the NPD; and the NPD newspaper Deutsche Stimme 4-5 ( 1992), all as cited in Ditfurth, Feuer, p. 228ff. On the NPD generally, see David Childs, "The Far Right in Germany Since 1945," in Neo-Fascism in Europe, Cheles, Ferguson, and Vaughan, eds.
22. Betz, "On the German Question," p. 35.
23. Quotations in this section are from a DVU leaflet (c. 1990) and "Overview of the Members of the Party Executive and the Provincial Associations" (20 Nov. 1989), as cited in Ditfurth, Feuer, p. 228ff.
24. The following section on the root-race theory is based on Wolk, "Neue Trends," pp. 120-21, and Ditfurth, Feuer, pp. 217-22. In English, a mild "revised" account appears in Rudolf Steiner, An Outline of Occult Science (Spring Valley, N.Y.: Anthroposophical Press, 1972), especially chap. 6.
25. Rudolf Steiner, lecture (3 March 1923), Gesamtausgabe, vol. 349, pp. 52-67, cited in Ditfurth, Feuer, p. 221.
26. Steiner, Outline, p. 216.
27. Quoted in Ditfurth, Feuer, p. 216.
28. Quoted in Ditfurth, Feuer, p. 216.
29. Steiner, Outline, p. 361.
30. Ditfurth, Feuer, p. 200.
31. See Wolk, "Neue Trends," p. 123.
32. Ditfurth, Feuer, p. 222.
33. He is mentioned in passing in Laqueur, Young Germany, p. 194n.
34. Ditfurth, Feuer, p. 224.
35. Quoted in Betz, "On the German Question," p. 36.
36. Werner Georg Haverbeck, Rudolf Steiner: Anwalt fur Deutschland (Munich, 1989), pp. 143f, 242f, 324, cited in Ditfurth, Feuer, pp. 224-26.
37 Werner Georg Haverbeck, "Das Ringen um Volker- und Geistesfreiheit," in Europa (Feb. 1990), p. 41f, cited in Wolk, "Neue Trends," pp. 131-32.
38. Wolk, "Neue Trends," p. 132.
39. Letter from the WSL's provincial executive for Schleswig-Holstein to the WSL presidium (28 July 1981), cited in Wolk, "Neue Trends," p. 133; also in Vlother Tageblatt (19 Nov. 1982), cited in Ditfurth, Feuer, p. 225.
40. Ursula Haverbeck-Wetzel, "Vom Wirtschaftskrieg zum Geisteskampf," in Europa (Mar. 1990), p. 28, cited in Wolk, "Neue Trends," p. 132.
41. Helmut Roehrig, letter (2 Apr. 1982), cited in Wolk, "Neue Trends," p. 133.
42. Cited in Wolk, "Neue Trends," pp. 13-34. On Springmann in the Greens, see, e.g., Werner Hulsberg, The German Greens: A Social and Political Profile, trans. Gus Fagan (London and New York: Verso, 1988), pp. 94-95.
43. Neue Anthropologie 3-4 (1988), p. 91, cited in Wolk, "Neue Trends," p. 131.
44. Ditfurth, Feuer, p. 190.
45. See Conversation with Rudolf Bahro, "Die deutschen Linken und die nationale Frage oder unsere Olinteressen am Golf," Streitschrift 3 (Nov. 1990), pp. 4-7, quoted in Ditfurth, Feuer, p. 210.
46. Conversation with Rudolf Bahro, Streitschrift, quoted in Roger Niedenfuhr, "New Age: Die spirituelle Rehabilitierung der Nationalsozialisten durch Rudolf Bahro, Rainer Langhans und J. Kirchoff," in In bester Gesellschaft: Antifa-Recherche zwischen Koservatismus und Neo-faschismus, Raimund Hethey and Peter Kratz, eds. (Gottingen: Verlag die Werkstatt, 1991), pp. 141-54, at 149.
47. Niedenfuhr, "New Age," pp. 141-54, esp. 147-50.
48. Quoted in Hulsberg, German Greens, p. 93.
49. See the exchange between Bahro and Andre Gorz in Telos, no. 51 (Spring 1982). See also Rudolf Bahro's From Red to Green: Interviews with New Left Review, trans. Gus Fagan and Richard Hurst (London: Verso, 1984), especially part three, wherein Bahro says, "In practice, if we want to build an ecological decentralized Germany, we have to first free German territory" (p. 237).
50. Bahro, From Red to Green, pp. 220-21.
51. Rudolf Bahro, "Hinein oder hinaus? Wow steigen wir auf? Rede auf der Bundesdelegiertenkonferenz der Grunen" (Hamburg), Kommune 1 (1985), pp. 40-43.
52. Conversation with Rudolf Bahro, "Die Deutschen." Streitschrift, quoted in Ditfurth, Feuer, p. 210.
53. Rudolf Bahro, Connection (July-Aug. 1989), quoted in Ditfurth, Feuer, pp. 207-08.
54. Lernwerkstatt, Rundbrief 13 (c. 1990); the Lernwerkstatt's 1991 program.
55. Rudolf Bahro, Logik der Rettung: Wer kann die Apokalypse aufhalten? -- Ein Versuch uber die Grundlagen okologischer Politik (Stuttgart and Vienna, 1987). I will refer to this book herein as The Logic of Salvation.
56. Conversation with Rudolf Bahro, "Die deutschen." Streitschrift, quoted in Ditfurth, Feuer, p. 210.
57. The author was present at this debate.
58. Rudolf Bahro, "Rette sich, wer kann," an interview with Rudolf Bahro, Connection, vol. 5, no. 8 (1989), pp. 18-19, cited in Niedenfuhr, "New Age," p. 148.
59. "Die Logik der Selbstausrottung," an interview with Rudolf Bahro, Magazin 2000, vol. 22, nos. 81-82 (1989), p. 64, cited in Niedenfuhr, "New Age," p. 148.
60. Niedenfuhr, "New Age," pp. 147-48.
61. Rudolf Bahro, "Losung des Schattens und okologische Kulturentwurf," Connection, vol. 6, no. 2 (1990), p. 65, cited in Niedenfuhr, "New Age," pp. 147-48.
62. Bahro, Logik, p. 153.
63. Bahro, Logik, p. 335; emphasis in the original.
64. Peter Kratz, "Bahros 'Grune Adolfs': Die 'Neue Rechte' an der Berliner Humboldt-Universitat." reprinted in A-Kurier [Berlin] 41 (1993), pp. 6-15.
65. Bahro, Logik, p. 391.
66. Bahro, Logik, pp. 67-70. On the Conservative Revolution, see Stern, Cultural Despair, passim.
67. Conversation with Rudolf Bahro, "Die deutschen," Streitschrift, quoted in Ditfurth, Feuer, p. 210.
68. Kratz, "Bahros 'Grune Adolfs,'" p. 6.
69. Quoted in Dietmar Pieper, "Schickimicki unter Wolfen," Der Spiegel 26 (22 June 1992), pp. 62-63. See also Bahro, Logik, pp. 344, 481.
70. Rudolf Bahro, "Uber kommunitare Subsistenzwirtschaft und ihre Startbedingungen in die neuen Bundeslander," working paper, p. 10, cited in Kratz, "Bahros 'Grune Adolfs,'" p. 9.
71. Bahro, Logik, p. 363.
72. "Salvation government" in Bahro, Logik; "god-state" in Pieper, "Schickimicki."
73. Bahro, Logik, p. 325.
74. Bahro, Logik, p. 491 ff.
75. Bahro, Logik, p. 59.
76. Quoted in Ditfurth, Feuer, p. 206.
77. Conversation with Rudolf Bahro, "Die deutschen," Streitschrift, quoted in Kratz, "Bahros 'Grune Adolfs,'" p. 8.
78. Bahro, Logik, p. 64.
79. Bahro, Logik, pp. 344-45.
80. Bahro, Logik, p. 346f. See also Robert Jungk, "Sein Kampf: Kritik an Logik der Rettung," in tageszeitung (10 Oct. 1987).
81. Bahro, Logik, p. 350.
82. Bahro, Logik, p. 461.
83. Bahro, Logik, p. 399.
84. Conversation with Rudolf Bahro, "Die deutschen," Streitschrift, p. 6, quoted in Kratz, "Bahros 'Grune Adolfs,'" p. 8.
85. Conversation with Rudolf Bahro, "Die deutschen," Streitschrift, p. 6, quoted in Kratz, "Bahros 'Grune Adolfs,'" p. 8.
86. Bahro, Logik, p. 347.
87. On the "sleeping emperor," see Norman Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Millennarians and the Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages, rev. ed. (London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1970; original, 1961), chaps. 6-7.
88. Summarized by Niedenfuhr, "New Age," p. 149ff.
89. Rudolf Bahro, foreword to Jochen Kirchhoff, Nietzsche, Hitler und die Deutschen: Die Perversion des Neuen Zeitalters (Berlin, 1990), quoted in Niedenfuhr, "New Age," p. 150.
90. Bahro, foreword to Kirchhoff, Nietzsche, Hitler, quoted in Niedenfuhr, "New Age," p. 150.
91. Niedenfuhr, "New Age," p. 150.
92. Bahro, Logik, p. 346.
93. Rudolf Bahro, Ruckkehr: Die In-Welt Krise als Ursprung der Weltzerstorung (Frankfurt: Horizonte Verlag/Berlin: Altis Verlag, 1991), pp. 24-25.
94 All Langhans's quotes are from Niedenfuhr, "New Age," p. 146.
95. Bahro, foreword to Kirchhoff, Nietzsche, Hitler, p. 26, cited in Niedenfuhr, "New Age," p. 152.
96. On Christophersen and Holocaust denial, see, for example, Roger Eatwell, "The Holocaust Denial: A Study in Propaganda Techniquem" in Neo- Fascism in Europe, Cheles, Ferguson, and Vaughan, eds.
97. This exchange was transcribed from a tape recording of the Bookchin- Bahro discussion, at which the author was present.
98. Quoted in Anti-EG Gruppe Koln, "Mit "LebensschutzerInnen" und RassistInnen gegen EG und Kolonialismus? Anmerkungen zur ODP und anderen "BundnispartnerInnen" in der Kampagne '92." OkoLinX: Zeitschrift der okologischen Linken 6 (July-Aug.-Sept. 1992), pp. 11 and 19, translated into English as "Should We Work in Coalition with 'Right-to- Lifers' and Racists?" Green Perspectives, no. 27 (Aug. 1992), pp. 2-6.
99. Daniel Gasman, The Scientific Origins of National Socialism: Social Darwinism in Ernst Haeckel and the German Monist League (New York: American Elsevier; London: Macdonald & Co., 1971), pp. xxii-xxiii.
100. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, trans. Ralph Mannheim (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1943), pp. 288, 400.
101. Gasman, Scientific Origins, p. xxiii.
102. For critiques of Gruhl, see: Anti-EG-Gruppe Koln, "Mit 'LebensschutzerInnen"'; Antifa-Gruppe Freiburg und Volksfront gegen Reaktion, Faschismus und Krieg, eds., Beitrag zur Kritik des Okologismus and Beitrag zur Ideologie und Programmatik der ODP (Cologne: GNN-Verlag, 1989); and Ditfurth, Feuer, pp. 151-69.
103. Herbert Gruhl, Ein Planet wird geplundert (reprint Frankfurt/Main, 1987; original, 1975).
104. Charlene Spretnak and Fritjof Capra, Green Politics (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1984), p. 15.
105. Ditfurth, Feuer, p. 152.
106. See, e.g., tageszeitung (7 Nov. 1991).
107. Quoted in Antifa-Gruppe Freiburg, Beitrag, p. 30.
108. Herbert Gruhl, Das irdische Gleichgewicht (Munich, 1985), p. 127; Antifa-Gruppe Freiburg, Beitrag, p. 27; and Anti-EG Gruppe Koln, "Mit 'LebensschutzerInnen,'" p. 10.
109. Quoted in Antifa-Gruppe Freiburg, Beitrag, p. 35.
110. Antifa-Gruppe Freiburg, Beitrag, p. 68.
111. Quoted in Ditfurth, Feuer, p. 159.
112 Gruhl, Ein Planet, p. 322f.
113. Quoted in Antifa-Gruppe Freiburg, Beitrag, p. 114f.
114. Quoted in Anti-EG Gruppe Koln, "Mit 'LebensschutzerInnen,'" p. 11.
115. Herbert Gruhl, "Die Menschheit ist am Ende," Der Spiegel 13 (1992), pp. 57-58.
116. Quoted in Anti-EG Gruppe Koln, "Mit 'LebensschutzerInnen,'" p. 11.
117. Quoted in Anti-EG Gruppe Koln, "Mil 'LebensschutzerInnen,'" p. 10.
118. Gruhl, Ein Planet, p. 110.
119. Herbert Gruhl, Himmelfahrt ins Nichts (Munich: Verlag Langen Muller, 1992), p. 242. See Thomas Ebermann's criticism, "Massakriert den Armen!" Konkret (June 1991), pp. 36-37, translated into English as "Massacre the Poor!" Green Perspectives, no. 27 (Aug. 1992), pp. 6-7.
120. Quoted in Antifa-Gruppe Freiburg, Beitrag, p. 113.
121. Quoted in Reimar Paul, "EK III in Grun-Braun," Konkret [Hamburg] (Dec. 1991), pp. 35-36.
122. Quoted in Paul, "EK III," pp. 35-36.
123. Tom Metzger, quoted in Elinor Langer, "The American Neo-Nazi Movement Today," Nation (16-23 July 1990), pp. 82-107, at 86.
124. Quoted in Langer, "American Neo-Nazi Movement," p. 86.
125. Bill Devall, Simple in Means, Rich in Ends: Practicing Deep Ecology (Layton, UT: Gibbs Smith, 1988), p. 189.