The Future of Reputation: Gossip, Rumor, and Privacy on the

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PART 1 OF 2

Notes

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

1. Don Park, Korean Netizens Attack Dog-Shit-Girl, Don Park's Daily Habit, June 8, 2005, http:/ /www.docuverse.com/blog/donpark/EntryViewPage.aspx?guid=e5e366f9-050f -4901-98d2-b4d26bedC3eI.

2. Jonathan Krim, Subway Fracas Escalates into Test of Internet's Power to Shame, Wash. Post, July 7, 2005, at DI.

3. Park, KoreanNetizens Attack, supra.

4. As of May 2006, the newspaper with the largest circulation in the United States is USA Today, with a circulation of 2,272,815. Other circulation figures: New York Times, 1,142,464; Chicago Tribune, 579,079; Boston Globe, 397,288. See Katharine Q. Steele, U.S. Newspaper Circulation Fell 2.5% in Latest Period, N.Y. Times, May 9, 2006. These are among the largest newspapers. Most have considerably smaller circulations. About half of the top hundred newspapers have circulations under 200,000, and papers close to the bottom of the top hundred list have circulations not much above 100,000. For a useful chart of newspaper circulation figures, see NYU School of Journalism, The State of Blogging at America's 100 Largest Newspapers, March I, 2006, http:/ /journalism.nyu.edu/pubzone/blueplate/issuel/ top100.html.

5. LAWRENCE LESSIG,CODE AND OTHER LAWS OF CYBERSPACE 58 (1999).

6. Steve Johnson, Dog Poop Girl Gets Online Whiplashing, DoggieNews.com, July 11, 2005, http://www.doggienews.com/2005/07/dog-p ... ashing.htm .

7. http://www.blogdogs.com/.

8. http://www.poopreport.com/.

9. Subway Turd Terrorist Gets Dubbed "Dog-Shit-Girl," PoopReport.com, June 30, 2005, http://www.poopreport.com/BM newswire/ 1353.html.

10. Cass R. Sunstein, Social Norms and Social Roles, 96 Colum. L. Rev. 903, 914 (1996).

11. See comments to Don Park, Korean Netizens Attack Dog-Shit-Girl, Don Park's Daily Habit, June 8, 2005, http://www.docuverse.com/blog/donpark/E ... wPage.aspx ?guid=e5e366f9-050f -4901 -98d 2-b4d 26bedeJeI.

12. Quoted in Jonathan Krim, Subway Fracas Escalates into Test of Internet's Power to Shame, Wash. Post, July 7, 2005, at DI.

13. Samantha Henig, The Tale of Dog Poop Girl Is Not So Funny After All, Columbia Journalism Review, July 7,2005, http://www.cjrdaily.org/archives/ooI660.asp.

14. JOHN BATTELLE, THE SEARCH 73-86 (2005). The technology behind Google was developed in 1996, but the company wasn't created until 1998.

15. Neil Swidey, A Nation of Voyeurs: How the Internet Search Engine Google Is Changing What we Can Find Out About Each Other and Raising Questions About Whether we Should, Boston Globe Magazine, Feb. 2, 2003, at 10.

CHAPTER 2. HOW THE FREE FLOW OF INFORMATION LIBERATES AND CONSTRAINS US

1. An early version of the printing press was invented in China in A.D. 600. See PAUL LEVINSON, THE SOFT EDGE: A NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FUTURE OF THE INFORMATION REVOLUTION 22 (1997). Gutenberg's invention sparked mass production of manuscripts in the West.

2. GINI GRAHAM SCOTT, MIND YOUR OWN BUSINESS: THE BATTLE FOR PERSONAL PRIVACY37- 38 (1995); ROBERT ELLIS SMITH, BEN FRANKLIN'S WEB SITE: PRIVACY AND CURIOSITY FROM PLYMOUTH ROCK TO THE INTERNET I02-20 (2000).

3. For a discussion of how blogs are transforming journalism, see DAN GILLMOR, WE THE MEDIA (2004).

4. Daniel W. Drezner & Henry Farrell, The Power and Politics of Blogs, Aug. 2004, at 4, http://www.danieldrezner.com/research/blogpaperfinal. pdf.

5. HUGH HEWITT, BWG 37-42 (2005).

6. Drezner & Farrell, The Power and Politics of Blogs,supra, at 14, 15-16.

7. Jennifer Vogelsong, For Better or for Worse, Teens Are Leading the Way When It Comes to Journaling Online, York Daily Record, July 17, 2005.

8. Drezner & Farrell, The Power and Politics of Blogs, supra (over 10 million blogs in 2004); Carl Bailik, Measuring the Impact of Blogs Requires More than Counting, Wall St. Journal Online, May 26, 2005, http://online.wsj.com/public/article/0,,SBm685593 903640572-1 ZI yf _FU 605JAeIW 460ycF 3f TH4_20060526 ,oo.html ?mod-tff _main_tff_top (31.6 million blogs in 2005).

9. David Sifry, The State of the Blogosphere: August 2006, Sifry's Alerts, Aug. 7, 2006, http://www.sifry.com/alerts/archives/000436.html.

10. Id.

11. http:/ /www.dailyrotten.com/.

12. http:/ /www.wonkette.com/.

13. http://gawker.com/.

14. http:/ /ovetheardinnewyork.com.

15. http://www.thesuperficial.com.

16. http:/ /www/thesneeze.com/mt-archives/cat_steve_dont_eat_it.php.

17. http:/ /www.cryingwhileeating.com.

18. http:/ /www.wibsite.com/wiblog/dull/.

19. http://belledejour-uk.blogspor.com. For a discussion of the blog, see Jason Deans, Channel 4 to Dramatise "Call-Girl" web Diaries, The Guardian, Jan. 20, 2005, http:// www.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,5107415-1II748,00.html.

20. Web Therapy, The Guardian, Feb. 8, 2005, http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858 ,5121805- 111748,00.html.

21. http:/ / roughdrafy. typepad.com/dotmoms.

22. Jeffrey Rosen, Your Blog or Mine? N. Y. Times Magazine, Dec. 19, 2004.

23. Todd Eastham, Internet Is Bulletin Board for Katrina Victims, Reuters, Sept. 4, 2005.

24. http:/ /www.xanga.com/ieem.aspx?user= To T0247&tab=weblogs&uid=261268578.

25. Kerry Burke, Scott Shifrel & Melissa Grace, Victim's E-Journal Led to Slay Suspect, N.Y. Daily News, May 17, 2005, http://www.nydailynews.com/front/story/310320p-265498c .html.

26. GLENN REYNOLDS, AN ARMY OF DAVIDS 44, 92, 95 (2006).

27. Beantown Becomes Blogtown: At the Democratic Convention, Online Journalism Arrives, Wall St. Journal, July 26, 2004.

28. Donna Smith, Blogs Seen as Powerful New Tool in U.S. Court Fight, Reuters, July 8, 2005·

29. REYNOLDS, ARMY OF DAVIDS, supra, at 9.

30. G. Jeffrey MacDonald, Teens: It's a Diary. Adults: It's Unsafe, Christian Science Monitor, May 25, 2005.

31. Id.

32. Robert J. Samuelson, A web of Exhibitionists, Newsweek, Sept. 20, 2006.

33. Giles Turnbull, The Seven-Year-Old Bloggers, BBC News, June 14, 2004, http:// news.bbc.co. uk! I/hi/ magazine/ 3804 773.stm.

34. Social Network, Wikipedia, Feb. 8, 2007, httpp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network.

35. For a general introduction to social networks, see DUNCAN J. WATTS, SIX DEGREES: THE SCIENCE OF A CONNECTED AGE (2002); ALBERT-LASZLO BARABASI, LINKED (2002); MALCOLM GLADWELL, THE TIPPING POINT (2000).

36. WATTS, SIX DEGREES, supra, at 38-40.

37. JOHN GUARE, SIX DEGREES OF SEPARATION: A PLAY(1990).

38. Quoted in Anick Jesdanun, MySpace Rises as New Online Star, Associated Press, Feb. 12, 2006.

39. Reuters, Myspace, Seventeen Launch Parents Education Program, Sept. 24, 2006.

40. Michelle Andrews, Decoding Myspace, U.S. News & World Report, Sept. 18, 2006.

41. Samuelson, web of Exhibitionists, supra.

42. Andrews, Decoding Myspace, supra.

43. Ralph Gross & Alessandro Acquisti, Information Revelation and Privacy in Online Social Networks (The Facebook Case), ACM Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society, Nov. 7, 2005, at §2.1.

44. Judith Donath & danah boyd, Public Displays of Connection, 22 BT Technology Journal 71, 72 (2004).

45. Id.

46. Gross & Acquisti, Information Revelation, supra, at §2.1.

47. Libby Copeland, Click Clique: Facebook's Online College Community, Wash. Post, Dec. 28, 2004.

48. Id.

49. Harvey Jones & Jose Hiram Soltren, Facebook: Threats to Privacy, Dec. 14, 2005, at 4, http:// ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonlyres/Electrical-Engineering-and-Computer-Science/ 6-805Fall-2005/8EE6DICB-A269-434E- BEF9- D5C4B4C67895/0/facebook.pdf.

50. Id. at 14.
51. Gross & Acquisti, Information Revelation, supra, at §3.3.

52. Id.

53. Fred Sturzman, Student Life on the Facebook, Jan. 8, 2006, http://chimprawk.blogspot .com/2006/01/student -life-on-facebook.html.

54. Seth Kugel, A Web Site Born in U.S. Finds Fans in Brazil, N.Y. Times, Apr. 10, 2006, at CI.

55. Anthony Hempell, Orkut at Eleven Weeks: An Exploration of a New Online Social Network Community, Apr. 16, 2004, http://www.anthonyhempell.com/papers/orkut/.

56. http://www.orkut.com/About.aspx.

57. Nandini Vaish, Netting New Friends: Online Social Networking Is Catching on in India in a Big Way with Some Unusual Results, India Today, Dec. 4, 2006, at 74.

58. Savita V, India-Specific e-communities on the Rise, The Economic Times, Dec. 7, 2006, http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ articleshow/733381.cms.

59. http://www.nexopia.com; http://www.piczo.com.

60. http://www.adoos.com.

61. http://www.passado.com; Reuters.NetworkingSitePassado Plans to Expand, Dec. 11, 2006.

62. http://www.bebo.com; Mark Ward, Teen Craze Over Networking Sites, BBC News, Dec. 20, 2006.

63. Sara Kehaulani Goo, A Search for Ourselves, Wash. Post, Dec. 20, 2006, at DoI.

64. Leo Lewis, Mixi Prepares to Cater for Flood of Baby Boomers, Financial Times, Dec. 6, 2006, at 28; Tim Kelly, Mixi Mixes It Up in Asia, Forbes, Oct. 16, 2006. Mixi is located at http://mixi.jp/.

65. http://mop.com/; http://www.cuspace.com/.

66. Barbara Grady, Cyworld Enters MySpace Territory, San Mateo County Times, Aug. 15, 2006.

67. http://us.cyworld.com/.

68. Grady, Cyworld, supra.

69. Hwang Si-young, Cyworld Faces Challenges in Overseas Expansion, Korea Herald, Dec. 10, 2006.

70. Id.

71. http://www.dogster.com/; http://www.catster.com/.

72. http://www.hamtrerster.com/.

73. Ben McGrath, Oops, New Yorker (June 30, 2003).

74. STEVEN L. NOCK, THE COSTS OF PRIVACY: SURVEILLANCE AND REPUTATION IN AMERICA 2 (1993).

75. Proverbs 22:1.

76. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, OTHELLO, act II, sc. iii.

77. ARTHUR MILLER, THE CRUCIBLE 133 (Penguin ed. 2003) (originally published in 1953).

78. John Adams, Discourses on Davila: A Series of Papers on Political History, in 6 THE WORKS OF JOHN ADAMS 234 (Charles Francis Adams, ed. 1854).

79. C. H. COOLEY, HUMAN NATURE AND THE SOCIAL ORDER (1902); see also J. Sidney Shrauger & Thomas J. Schoeneman, Symbolic Interactionist View of Self-Concept: Through the Looking Glass Darkly, in THE SELF IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY25, 25 (Roy F. Baumeister, ed. 1999); ARNOLD M. LUDWIG, How Do WE KNOW WHO WE ARE? A BIOGRAPHY OF THE SELF 54 (1997). Dianne M. Tice observes: "In 1902, Cooley proposed the 'looking glass self' as a metaphor for how the self-concept is determined by the views of others, and many subsequent theorists and researchers have reconfirmed that other people's perceptions constitute an important part of the self and exert a strong influence on individuals' conceptions of themselves." Diane M. Tice, Self-Concept Change and Self-Presentation: The Looking Glass Self Is Also a Magnifying Glass, in THE SELF IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, supra, at 195, 215.

80. NOCK, COSTS OF PRIVACY, supra, at 124.

81. FRANCIS FUKUYAMA, TRUST: THE SOCIAL VIRTUES AND THE CREATION OF PROSPERITY 26 (1995). For more about trust, see TRUST AND RECIPROCITY (Elinor Ostrom & James Walker, eds. 2003); ERIC M. USLANER, THE MORAL FOUNDATIONS OF TRUST (2002); RUSSEL HARDIN, TRUST AND TRUSTWORTHINESS (2002); TRUST IN SOCIETY (Karen S. Cook, ed. 2001); TRUST: MAKING AND BREAKING COOPERATIVE RELATIONS (Diego Gambetta, ed. 1988); ADAM B. SELIGMAN, THE PROBLEM OF TRUST (1997); Helen Nissenbaum, Securing Trust Online: Wisdom or Oxymoron?, 81 B.U. L. Rev. 635 (2001).

82. NOCK, COSTS OF PRIVACY, supra, at 124.

83. AVNER GREIF, INSTITUTIONS AND THE PATH TO THE MODERN ECONOMY: LESSONS FROM MEDIEVAL TRADE 58-89 (2006).

84. ROBERT D. PUTNAM, BOWLING ALONE: THE COLLAPSE AND REVIVAL OF AMERICAN COMMUNITY (2000).

85. Associated Press, The Decline of Manners in the U.S., Oct. 14, 2005.

86. FUKUYAMA,T RUST, supra, at 310; Pamela Paxton, Trust In Decline? Contexts (Winter 2005).

87. Carol A. Heimer, Solving the Problem of Trust, in TRUST IN SOCIETY 40, 65 (Karen S. Cook, ed. 2001).

88. NOCK, COSTS OF PRIVACY, supra, at 3.

89. MARSHALL McLUHAN, THE GUTENBERG GALAXY 31 (1962) ("The new electronic interdependence recreates the world in the image of a global village."); see also MARSHALL McLUHAN & BRUCE R. POWERS, THE GLOBAL VILLAGE: TRANSFORMATIONS IN WORLD LIFE AND MEDIA IN THE 21ST CENTURY (1989).

90. Ostrowe v. Lee, 175 N.E. 505, 506 (N.Y. Ct. App. 1931).

91. The quotation is from Theodore Tilton, husband of Elizabeth Tilton, who had a scandalous extramarital affair with the famous preacher Henry Ward Beecher during the late nineteenth century. Tilton is quoted in RICHARD WIGHTMAN Fox, TRIALS OF INTIMACY: LOVE AND Loss IN THE BEECHER-TILTON SCANDAL 35 (1999).

92. Rosenblatt v. Baer, 383 U.S. 75, 86 (1966).

93. Robert C. Post, The Social Foundations of Defamation Law: Reputation and the Constitution, 74 Calif. L. Rev. 691, 694 (1986) (quoting J. HAWES, LECTURES ADDRESSED TO THE YOUNG MEN OF HARTFORD AND NEW HAVEN 95 (1828)); see also THOMAS STARKIE, A TREATISE ON THE LAW OF SLANDER, LIBEL, SCANDALUM MAGNATUM, AND FALSE RUMOURS (1826).

94. See id. at 707-8.

95. Id. at 711.

96. Nicholas Emler, Gossip, Reputation, and Social Adaptation, in GOOD GOSSIP II7, II9 (Robert F. Goodman & Aaron Ben-Ze' ev, eds. 1994)

97. SHAKESPEARE, OTHELLO, supra, act II, sc. iii, II. 261-66.

98. RICHARD A. POSNER, THE ECONOMICS OF JUSTICE 271 (1983).

99. Richard A. Epstein, The Legal Regulation of Genetic Discrimination: Old Responses to New Technology, 74 B.U. L. Rev. I, 12 (1994).

100. Barbara Mikkelson & David P. Mikkelson, Tommy Rot, Urban Legends Reference Pages, May 6, 2006, http://www.snopes.com/racial/business/Hilfiger.asp; Tommy Hilfiger "Racist" Rumor Is Fashionable Again, About.com, http://urbanlegends.about.com/ library/weekly/ aa121698. htm.

101. ABC News, Misidentified Bryant Accuser Fires Back, ABCNews.com, Sept. 30, 2004, http://abcnews.go.com/GMAlprint?id=124910; Jill Lieber & Richard Willing, Teen Misidentified as Bryant's Accuser Fights Back, USA Today, July 28, 2003.

102. ABC News, Misidentified Bryant Accuser, supra.

103. Lieber & Willing, Teen Misidentified, supra.

104. Jennifer 8. Lee, Net Users Try to Elude the Google Grasp, N.Y. Times, July 25, 2002.

105. Richard A. Posner, Bad News, N.Y. Times, July 31, 2005.

106. David Linhardt, Employers Screen Applicants With Facebook, University Daily Kansan, Jan. 30, 2006.

107. Alan Finder, For Some, Online Persona Undermines a Resume, N.Y. Times, June 11, 2006.

108. Id.

109. Id.

110. O. Kharif, Big Brother Is Reading Your Blog, Business Week Online, Feb. 28, 2006.

111. Bree Sposato, MySpace Invaders, N.Y. Magazine, Nov. 21, 2005.

112. Ivan Tribble, Bloggers Need Not Apply, Chronicle of Higher Education, July 8, 2005.

113. Associated Press, Official Sues Students Over MySpace Page, Sept. 22, 2006.

114. Heather Armstrong: Bloggers on Blogging, Rebecca's Pocket (Aug. 2005), http://www .rebeccablood.net/bloggerson/heatherarmstrong.html.

115. http://www.dooce.com.

116. Heather Armstrong, I Have Something to Say, Dooce.com, Feb. 12, 2002, http://www .dooce.com/ archives/ daily/ 02_12_2002.html.

117. Heather Armstrong, Collecting Unemployment, Dooce.com, Feb. 26, 2002, http://www.dooce.com/archives/daily/02_26_2002.html.

118. Scott Jaschik, You May Have Been YouTubed, Inside Higher Ed, Sept. 6, 2006, http://insidehighered.com/ news/ 2006/ 09/ 06/youtube.

119. Sara Kehaulani Goo, YouTubers Ponder Google,Wash. Post, Oct 11, 2006.

120. http://www.icann-nce.org/pipermail/disc ... 06826.html. The website at this URL has been removed from the Internet.

121. Alan Feuer & Jason George, Internet Fame Is Cruel Mistress for Dancer of the Numa Numa, N.Y. Times, Feb. 26, 2005,at AI.

122. Id.

123. http://www.newnuma.com.

124.The facts about the Little Fatty incident are from Raymond Zhou, Fatty -- The Face That Launched 1,000 Clicks, China Daily, Dec. 11, 2006, http://www.chinadaily.com .cn/cndy/2006-11/15/content_733158.hrm; Clifford Coonan, The New Cultural Revolution: How Little Fatty Made It Big, The Independent, Dec. 27, 2006; Jane Macartney, Face of "Little Fatty" Finds Fame Among Chinas web Users, The Times, Nov. 21, 2006; Reuters, "Little Fatty" an Instant Internet Phenomenon in China, Dee. 8, 2006. To see more of the images, visit http://www.slideshare.net/debasish/litt ... s-internet -hero.

125. The video was posted at http://www.waxy.org/archive/2003/05/13/finding_.shtml.

126. Tu Thanh Ha, "Star Wars Kid" Cuts a Deal With His Tormentors, Globe and Mail, April 7, 2006.

127. For more background about the story, see Amy Harmon, Fame Is No Laughing Matter for the "Star WarsKid," N.Y. Times, May 19, 2003, at C3.

128. Daily Log: Star Wars Kid, Waxy.org, Apr. 29, 2003, http://www.waxy.org/archive/ 2003/04/29/star_ war.shtml.

129. Quoted in Stewart Kirkpatrick, Shame and Misfortune, The Scotsman, Apr. 29, 2004.

130. Harmon, Fame Is No Laughing Matter, supra.

131. Amanda Paulson, Internet Bullying, Christian Science Monitor, Dec. 30, 2003; Jan Wong, 15 Minutes of Shame, Globe & Mail, May 7, 2005.

132. Ha, "Star WarsKid" Cuts a Deal, supra; Tu Thanh Ha, Parents File Lawsuit Over Star WarsKid Video, Globe and Mail, July 23, 2003.

133. Ghyslain Raza, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghyslain_Raza.

134. Carl Bailik, How Big an Internet Star Was the “Star Wars” Kid?Wall St. Journal Online, Dec. 14, 2006, http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB ... 9031-HC7A4 Ifkyv8bz__bUCj6CT8PHus_20071215.html. According to one estimate by a U.K. firm, the Star Wars Kid video has been viewed about 900 million times. Bailik casts considerable doubt on these statistics. But it is probably safe to say that the video has been viewed more than 100 million times. On video websites such as YouTube, numerous versions of the video are posted, and the views of them amount to about 100 million. Id. Several years ago, Ghyslain’s “lawyer said in a court filing that the video
was so widely circulated that one Internet site solely dedicated to the two-minute clip recorded 76 million visits by October, 2004.” Ha, “Star Wars Kid” Cuts a Deal, supra.

135. Only the Very Best Videos of . . . The Star Wars Kid, Screaming Pickle, http://screaming pickle.com/humor/legends/StarWarsKid/.

136. Put the Star Wars Kid in Episode III, http://www.petitiononline.com/Ghyslain/petition .html.

137. http://www.petitiononline.com/mod_perl/ ... i?Ghyslain.

138. Daily Log: Star Wars Kid TV Tribute Roundup, Waxy.org, Mar. 20, 2005, http://www .waxy.org/archive/2005/03/20/star_war.shtml.

139. Marie-Chantale Turgeon, 10 Reasons to Blog, http://www.meidia.ca/archives/2005/06/ 10_reasons_to_b.php?l=en.

140. Eve Fairbanks, The Porn Identity, New Republic, Feb. 6, 2006.

CHAPTER 3. GOSSIP AND THE VIRTUES OF KNOWING LESS

1. April Witt, Blog Interrupted, Wash. Post Magazine, Aug. 15, 2004, at W12.

2. Id.

3. Jessica Cutler’s blog, Washingtonienne, has been taken off the Internet. Archived copies of the blog are still available online. The blog Wonkette has posted an archived copy. See The Lost Washingtonienne,Wonkette, http://www.wonkette.com/archives/the -lost-washingtonienne-wonkette-exclusive-etc-etc-004162.php. The blog is also reproduced in its entirety in Robert’s legal complaint against Jessica.

4. Julie Bosman, First With the Scoop, if Not the Truth, N.Y. Times, Apr. 18, 2004.

5. Wonkette is located at http://www.wonkette.com. At the time Wonkette linked to Jessica’s blog, it had fewer daily visitors. Although it was already quite popular at the time, its coverage of Jessica’s blog helped to catapult Wonkette to higher levels of popularity.

6. Witt, Blog Interrupted, supra.

7. Quoted in Wonkette, Washingtonienne: Eliminated by Process, May 21, 2004, http:// www.wonkette.com/archives/washingtonien ... 009677.php.

8. Witt, Blog Interrupted, supra.

9. Ana Marie Cox, Washingtonienne Speaks!! Wonkette Exclusive!! Must Credit Wonkette!! The Washingtonienne Interview!! Wonkette, May 21, 2004, http://www.wonkette.com/ politics/media/washingtonienne-speaks-wonkette-exclusive-must-credit-wonkette-the -washingtonienne-interview-9693.php.

10. http://www.jessicacutleronline.com/.

11. Witt, Blog Interrupted, supra.

12. Ana Marie Cox, Biography Page, Ana Marie Cox Website, http://www.anamariecox .com/bio.html.

13. In the interest of full disclosure, I have provided advice to Robert’s counsel subsequent to his filing of the lawsuit. Before providing advice, I made it clear that I would continue to publicly express my opinions about the case regardless of whether they were critical of Robert’s positions in the case. The opinions expressed about the case in this book are solely my own.

14. Internal Affairs: Playboy.com Poses Questions to the Infamous Washington, D.C., Sex Blogger, Playboy.com, Aug. 31, 2004, http://www.playboy.com/commerce/email/cyber club/08_31_04/story/dcintern_pop.html.

15. Witt, Blog Interrupted, supra.

16. Orin Kerr, When Professors Read Pseudonymous Student Blogs, Volokh Conspiracy, Apr. 26, 2005, http://volokh.com/archives/archive_2005 ... 1114540880.

17. Anonymous George Washington University Law School Student, Hoist By My Own Petard, Idlegrasshopper, Apr. 20, 2005, http://idlegrasshopper.blogspot.com/2005/04/ hoist-by-my-own-petard.html.

18. Former Boston Herald Columnist Fired from Teaching Job, Associated Press, July 19, 2005.

19. More Midterm Meltdowns, The Phantom Professor, Feb. 25, 2005, at http://phantom prof.blogspot.com/2005_05_01_phantomprof_archive.html. This post has been removed from the website.

20. Office Hours, The Phantom Professor, May 3, 2005, http://phantomprof.blogspot.com/ 2005_05_01_phantomprof_archive.html.

21. Scott Jaschik, The Phantom Professor, Inside Higher Education, May 11, 2005, http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2005/05/11/phantom.

22. Id.

23. Colleen McCain Nelson, SMU Blogger Unmasked, Unemployed, Dallas Morning News, May 15, 2005.

24. Id.

25. Jaschik, Phantom Professor, supra.

26. Id.

27. Id.

28. Id.

29. Daniel J. Solove, The Virtues of Knowing Less: Justifying Privacy Protections Against Disclosure, 53 Duke L.J. 967, 1005–6 (2003); see also David Bauder, Identifying Rape Victims Troubles Media, Ft. Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel, Aug. 3, 2002, at 3A.

30. Fernanda B. Viegas, Bloggers’ Expectations of Privacy and Accountability: An Initial Survey, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, vol. 10, issue 3 (2005), http:// jcmc.Indiana.edu/vol10/issue3/viegas.html.

31. Quoted in id.

32. Eric Hsu, Students’ Web Sites Put Schools in Quandary, Bergen (N.J.) Record, July 24, 2005.

33. H. J. Cummins, When Blogs and Jobs Collide, Minneapolis Star Tribune, Aug. 14, 2005.

34. Bob Sullivan, Kids, Blogs, and Too Much Information, MSNBC.com, Apr. 29, 2005, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7668788/.

35. Malcolm Gladwell, The Tipping Point 7, 9, 30–33, 35, 58–59 (2000).

36. Id. at 25.

37. Albert-László Barabási, Linked 31, 34 (2002).

38. Aaron Ben Ze’ev, The Vindication of Gossip, in Good Gossip 1, 22, 24 (Robert F. Goodman & Aaron Ben-Ze’ev, eds. 1994)

39. Jörg R. Bergmann, Discreet Indiscretions: The Social Organization of Gossip 21–22 (1993).

40. Keith Devlin, The Math Gene 255 (2000).

41. Sally Engle Merry, Rethinking Gossip and Scandal, in Reputation: Studies in the Voluntary Elicitation of Good Conduct 47 (Daniel B. Klein, ed. 1997).

42. Nicholas Emler, Gossip, Reputation, and Social Adaptation, in Good Gossip, supra, at 117, 135.

43. Karen J. Brison, Just Talk: Gossip, Meetings, and Power in a Papua New Guinea Village 11 (1992). When gossip occurs behind people’s backs, rumors often “circulate unchecked” and are hard to combat if “diffuse and hidden.” Id. at 12.

44. Diane L. Zimmerman, Requiem for a Heavyweight: A Farewell to Warren and Brandeis’s Privacy Tort, 68 Cornell L. Rev. 291, 333–34 (1983).

45. This argument is frequently raised in support of outing gays. See, e.g., Kathleen Guzman, About Outing: Public Discourse, Private Lives, 73 Wash. U. L.Q. 1531, 1568 (1995) (“Outers offer up the victim as a ‘sacrificial lamb’ to portray themselves as purifying redeemers, able to solve the problems of discrimination.”). Outing gays, the argument goes, will help alter society’s perception of gays by demonstrating that mainstream people or role models are gay. For more background on outing, see John P. Elwood, Note, Outing, Privacy, and the First Amendment, 102 Yale L.J. 747, 776 (1992) (arguing that outing to establish a person as a gay role model should be outweighed by privacy rights, whereas outing to point out the hypocrisy of public officials should be permitted).

46. Brison, Just Talk, supra, at 112.

47. Martin Heidegger, Being and Time 158 (Joan Stambaugh, trans. 1996) (originally published in 1953).

48. Patricia Meyer Spacks, Gossip 4 (1985).

49. Brison, Just Talk, supra, at 12. Professor Cynthia Kierner observes that gossiping was a way to “jockey for social position” in postrevolutionary America. Cynthia A. Kierner, Scandal at Bizarre: Rumor and Reputation in Jefferson’s America 64 (2004).

50. Robert Post, The Legal Regulation of Gossip: Backyard Chatter and the Mass Media, in Good Gossip, supra, at 65, 65.

51. Paul M. Schwartz, Internet Privacy and the State, 32 Conn. L. Rev. 815, 843 (2000).

52. Id. at 842–43.

53. Richard A. Posner, The Economics of Justice 232–34 (1981).

54. Steven L. Nock, The Costs of Privacy: Surveillance and Reputation in America 11–12 (1993).

55. Id. at 124.

56. Jeffrey Rosen, The Unwanted Gaze: The Destruction of Privacy in America 8 (2000); see also Lawrence Lessig, Privacy and Attention Span, 89 Geo. L.J. 2063, 2065 (2001).

57. Karel Capek, The Last Judgment, in Tales from Two Pockets 159–60 (Norma Comrada, trans. 1994) (1929).

58. William H. Gass, Fiction and the Figures of Life 45 (1979); see also Georg Simmel, The Sociology of Secrecy and of Secret Societies, 11 American Journal of Sociology 441, 442 (1906) (we “never can absolutely know another” but form our conception of others based on “fragments”).

59. William James, The Principles of Psychology 282 (Harvard U. Press edition 1983) (originally published in 1890). Virginia Woolf embraced this pluralistic conception of selfhood in her novel Orlando: “Biography is considered complete if it merely accounts for six or seven selves, whereas a person may well have as many as a thousand.” Virginia Woolf, Orlando: A Biography (1928).

60. Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1959); see also Alan Westin, Privacy and Freedom 33 (1967).

61. Roy F. Baumeister, An Overview, in The Self in Social Psychology 1, 8 (Roy F. Baumeister, ed. 1999).

62. Quoted in Philip Roth, In Defense of Intimacy: Milan Kundera’s Private Lives, Village Voice, June 26, 1984, at 42.

63. Joseph Bensman & Robert Lilienfeld, Between Public and Private: Lost Boundaries of the Self 174 (1979).

64. Id. at 49.

65. Milan Kundera, Testaments Betrayed 260–61 (1995).

66. Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition 22–24 (1958).

67. Arnold M. Ludwig, How Do We Know Who We Are? A Biography of the Self 49 (1997).

68. Erving Goffman, Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity 96 (1963).

69. Id.

70. Ludwig, How Do We Know Who We Are? supra, at 117.

71. Thomas Nagel, Concealment and Exposure & Other Essays 7 (2002).

72. Goffman, Stigma, supra, at 3, 7–9, 30.

73. Susan Sontag, Illness as Metaphor and AIDS and Its metaphors 38, 143, 6, 58 (1990).

74. Stan Karas, Privacy, Identity, Databases, 52 Am. U. L. Rev. 393, 427 (2002).

75. Paul M. Schwartz, Privacy and the Economics of Personal Health Care Information, 76 Tex. L. Rev. 1, 29 (1997).

76. See, e.g., Richard H. McAdams, Cooperation and Conflict: The Economics of Group Status Production and Race Discrimination, 108 Harv. L. Rev. 1003 (1995) (reviewing market-based theories of racial discrimination).

77. Pauline T. Kim, Genetic Discrimination, Genetic Privacy: Rethinking Employee Protections for a Brave New Workplace, 96 Nw. U. L. Rev. 1497, 1500, 1538 (2002).

78. R.I.P. Jennicam, BBC, Jan. 1, 2004, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/ 3360063.stm.

79. Alan F. Westin, Privacy and Freedom 35 (1967).

80. Amitai Etzioni, The Limits of Privacy 196 (1999).

81. Fred Cate, Privacy in the Information Age 30 (1997).

82. Robert C. Post, The Social Foundations of Privacy: Community and Self in the Common Law Tort, 77 Calif. L. Rev. 957, 968 (1989).

83. Robert C. Post, Three Concepts of Privacy, 89 Geo. L.J. 2087, 2092 (2001).

84. Peter Gay, Schnitzler’s Century: The Making of Middle-Class Culture, 1815–1914, at 273 (2002).

85. Arnold H. Modell, The Private Self 95 (1993). Notes to Pages 68–72 217

86. Lawrence M. Friedman, Name Robbers: Privacy, Blackmail, and Assorted Matters in Legal History, 30 Hofstra L. Rev. 1093, 1112 (2002).

87. John Dewey, Experience and Nature 167 (Jo Ann Boydston, ed. 1987) (originally published in 1925); see also John Dewey, Human Nature and Conduct 97 (Jo Ann Boydston, ed. 1988) (originally published in 1922) (discussing “the difference between a self taken as something already made and a self still making through action”). As the psychologist Carl Schneider notes, protection against disclosure is similar to the skin of a fruit or the shell of an egg. Carl D. Schneider, Shame, Exposure, and Privacy 37 (1992); see also David L. Bazelon, Probing Privacy, 12 Gonz. L. Rev. 587, 590 (1977) (“[P]rivacy shelters the emerging individual’s thoughts from public disclosure and control so that the fear of being watched, exposed, ridiculed, or penalized does not crush the seeds of independent thinking before they can mature.”).

88. Friedrich Dürrenmatt, The Assignment 24 (Joel Agee, trans., Random House 1988).

89. Secretary’s Advisory Committee on Automated Personal Data Systems, U.S. Dep’t of Health, Education & Welfare, Records, Computers, and the Rights of Citizens (1973), http://aspe.os.dhhs.gov/datacncl/1973pr ... acemembers .htm.

90. See generally T. Markus Funk, The Dangers of Hiding Criminal Pasts, 66 Tenn. L. Rev. 287 (1998) (arguing that expunging certain juvenile crimes from a person’s record is a mistake).

91. Sarah Bilder, The Struggle over Immigration: Indentured Servants, Slaves, and Articles of Commerce, 61 Mo. L. Rev. 743, 756–57 (1996).

92. See Funk, Hiding Criminal Pasts, at 288 (suggesting that state laws permitting the expunging of juvenile criminal records are “grounded on a belief that juveniles will outgrow their reckless youthful behavior”).

93. People v. Price, 431 N.W.2d 524, 526 (Mich. Ct. App. 1988).

94. Merry, Rethinking Gossip and Scandal, supra, at 47.

95. Leora Tanenbaum, Slut! Growing Up Female with a Bad Reputation xvi, xv (2000).

96. Anita L. Allen, Why Privacy Isn’t Everything: Feminist Reflections on Personal Accountability 2 (2003).

CHAPTER 4. SHAMING AND THE DIGITAL SCARLET LETTER

1. Nate Kushner, Laura K. Krishna Is Just a Dumb Kid With a Nice Mom, A Week of Kindness, March 30, 2005, http://www.aweekofkindness.com/blog/archives/2005/ 03/laura_k_krishna_1.html. Kushner changed Laura’s real last name to Krishna after pleas from Laura and her mother to take the information offline.

2. PZ Myers, A Plagiarist Gets Her Comeuppance, Pharyngula, Mar. 29, 2005, http:// pharyngula.org/index/weblog/comments/a_plagiarist_gets_her_comeuppance/. Myers’s blog is now located at http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/.

3. http://peoriacrackhouse.blogspot.com.

4. Post of July 22, 2005 by Anonymous, Peoria Crack House, http://peoriacrackhouse. blogspot.com/2005_07_01_peoriacrackhouse_archive.html.

5. Tracy Connor, Hunt Perv Caught in a Flash, N.Y. Daily News, Aug. 26, 2005.

6. Photo Finish for Flashers, N.Y. Daily News, Aug. 28, 2005.

7. Man Caught on Camera Phone Flashing Subway Rider, Associated Press, Sept. 1, 2005.

8. Kevin Poulsen, Camera Phone Has Life After Theft, Wired, Aug. 29, 2005, http://www .wired.com/news/privacy/0,1848,68668,00.html.

9. Id.

10. JohnsGoat, Long Island Trash . . . , Long Island Press Electronic Bulletin Board, Aug. 21, 2005, http://www.longislandpress.com/bb/viewtopic.php?p=2037. The post and comments have been removed and can no longer be found on the Internet. I have an archive copy of the post and comments on file.

11. Poulsen, Camera Phone Theft, supra.

12. JohnsGoat, Long Island Trash, supra.

13. Michael B. Conforti, To Catch a Thief: Cell Phone Theft Spawns E-Harassment, Long Island Press, Sept. 1, 2005, http://longislandpress.com/?cp=162&show=article&a_id =5538.

14. JohnsGoat, Long Island Trash, supra.

15. Id.

16. Id.

17. Jim Heid, The Apple Store Squatter Saga Continues, Jim Heid’s Macintosh Digital Hub, July 11, 2005, http://www.macilife.com/2005/07/apple-s ... -continues .html.

18. Steve Rubel, Is Anyone’s Privacy Safe from the Bloggers, MicroPersuasion, Aug. 3, 2005, http://www.micropersuasion.com/2005/08/ ... _priv.html.

19. For background about norms, see Robert Ellickson, Order Without Law (1991); Lawrence Lessig, The Regulation of Social Meaning, 62 U. Chi. L. Rev. 943 (1995); Richard McAdams, Cooperation and Conflict: The Economics of Group Status Production and Race Discrimination, 108 Harv. L. Rev. 1003 (1997); Richard McAdams, The Origin, Development, and Regulation of Norms, 96 Mich. L. Rev. 338 (1997); Cass Sunstein, Social Norms and Social Roles, 96 Colum. L. Rev. 903 (1996); Lior Strahilevitz, How Changes in Property Regimes Influence Social Norms: Commodifying California’s Carpool Lanes, 17 Ind. L.J. 1231 (2000); Robert C. Ellickson, The Evolution of Social Norms: A Perspective from the Legal Academy, in Social Norms 35, 35 (Michael Hechter & Karl- Dieter Opp, eds. 2001).

20. Richard Weste, The Booke of Demeanor and the Allowance and Disallowance of Certaine Misdemeanors in Companie (c. 1619). Quoted in Norbert Elias, The Civilizing Process 112 (1994).

21. Rachel Metz, Cell-Phone Shushing Gets Creative, Wired.com, Jan. 18, 2005, http://www.wired.com/news/wireless/0,1382,66310,00.html.

22. Christine Rosen, Our Cell Phones, Ourselves, New Atlantis (Summer 2004).

23. Id.

24. The commercials are available at http://icpm.8m.com/.

25. Henry David Thoreau, Walden and Other Writings 113 (Barnes & Noble, Inc. 1993) (originally published in 1854).

26. Alain Corbin, Intimate Relations, in A History of the Private Life, vol. 4, From the Fires of Revolution to the Great War 605 (Michelle Perrot, ed., Arthur Goldhammer, trans. 1990); Michelle Perrot, The Family Triumphant, id. at 143.

27. Anita L. Allen, Lying to Protect Privacy, 44 Vill. L. Rev. 161, 162 (1991).

28. Metz, Cell-Phone Shushing, supra. The cards are available at http://www.coudal.com/ shhh.php.

29. Carl D. Schneider, Shame, Exposure, and Privacy 22–26 (1992).

30. http://rudepeople.com.

31. http://platewire.com.

32. Jennifer Saranow, The Snoop Next Door, Wall St. Journal, Jan. 12, 2007, at W1.

33. http://flickr.com/photos/uno4300/345254682/; http://flickr.com/photos/nojja/2050 62960/; http://flickr.com/photos/caterina/59500/.

34. See, e.g., Orn B. Bodvarsson & William A. Gibson, An Economic Approach to Tips and Service Quality: Results of a Survey, 36 Social Science Journal 137–47 (1999); Orn B. Bodvarsson & William A. Gibson, Economics and Restaurant Gratuities: Determining Tip Rates, 56 Amer. J. Econ. Sociology, 187–204 (1997); April H. Crusco & Christopher G. Wetzel, The Midas Touch: The Effects of Interpersonal Touch on Restaurant Tipping, 10 Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 512–17 (1984); Mary B. Harris, Waiters, Customers, and Service: Some Tips About Tipping, 25 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 725–44 (1995).

35. Ofer H. Azar, The Social Norm of Tipping: A Review, Journal of Economics, at 3 (2005) http://econwpa.wustl.edu:80/eps/othr/pa ... 503013.pdf.

36. http://www.bitterwaitress.com.

37. http://www.bitterwaitress.com/std/index ... =1&id=2135.

38. http://www.bitterwaitress.com/std/index ... =1&id=2120.

39. Katherine Rosman, Leak Chic: Everybody’s an Anonymous Source These Days, Wall St. Journal, Dec. 15, 2005.

40. http://www.hollabacknyc.blogspot.com.

41. http://dontdatehimgirl.com/.

42. http://dontdatehimgirl.com/about_us/index.html.

43. http://dontdatehimgirl.com/faqs/.

44. Edwin Powers, Crime and Punishment in Early Massachusetts, 1620–1692, at 200 (1966).

45. Mark Spatz, Comment, Shame’s Revival: An Unconstitutional Regression, 4 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 827, 831 (2002).

46. Powers, Crime and Punishment, supra, at 270 (1966); Raphael Semmes, Crime and Punishment in Early Maryland 70 (1938).

47. Lawrence M. Friedman, Crime and Punishment in American History 40 (1993).

48. Francis Watt, The Law’s Lumber Room 48, 56 (1898).

49. William Andrews, Punishments in Oldentime: Being an Historical Account of the Ducking Stool, Brank, Pillory, Stocks, Drunkard’s Cloak, Whipping Post, Riding the Stang, etc. 5 (Research Publications 1990 on microfiche) (originally published in 1881).

50. Dan Markel, Are Shaming Punishments Beautifully Retributive? Retributivism and the Implications for the Alternative Sanctions Debate, 54 Vand. L. Rev. 2157, 2169 (2001).

51. Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter 46, 47 (Barnes & Noble edition, 1998) (originally published in 1850).

52. Barbara Clare Morton, Bringing Skeletons Out of the Closet and Into the Light: “Scarlet Letter” Sentencing Can Meet the Goals of Probation in Modern America Because It Deprives Offenders of Privacy, 35 Suffolk U. L. Rev. 97, 102–4 (2001); Toni M. Massaro, Shame, Culture, and American Criminal Law, 89 Mich. L. Rev. 1880, 1912–15 (1991).

53. Morton, Skeletons, supra, at 102–4.

54. Markel, Shaming Punishments, supra, at 2169.

55. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (Alan Sheridan, trans., Pantheon edition 1977).

56. Jeff Stryker, Using Shame as Punishment: Have Sex, Get Infamous, S.F. Chronicle, Mar. 13, 2005.

57. Dan M. Kahan, What Do Alternative Sanctions Mean? 63 U. Chi. L. Rev. 591, 632 (1996).

58. John Borland, Privacy Jam on California Highway, CNET, May 13, 2004, http://news .com.com/Privacy+jam+on+California+highway/2100-1038_3-5212280.html.

59. Eugene Volokh, Appalling Service from Dell, Volokh Conspiracy, Nov. 23, 2005, http://volokh.com/posts/1132781578.shtml.

60. Matthew Fordahl, Sony to Release Patch to Reveal Hidden Copy-Protection Software, Associated Press, Nov. 2, 2005.

61. Mark Russinovich, Sony Rootkits and Digital Rights Management Gone Too Far, Mark’s Sysinternals Blog, Oct. 31, 2005, http://blogs.technet.com/markrussinovich/archive/ 2005/10/31/sony-rootkits-and-digital-rights-management-gone-too-far.aspx.

62. Kim Hart, Angry Customers Use Web to Shame Firms, Wash. Post, July 5, 2006, at D1.

63. Lior Jacob Strahilevitz, “How’s My Driving?” for Everyone (and Everything?), 81 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1699, 1708–09 (2006).

64. The programs Strahilevitz recommends are a lot more controlled than much of the online shaming currently taking place.

65. Martha C. Nussbaum, Hiding from Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law 230, 235 (2004).

66. Id. at 235. For more on shame, see William Ian Miller, Humiliation (1993); Shame, Social Research, vol. 70, issue 4 (Winter 2003).

67. Bernard Williams, Shame and Necessity 78 (1993) (“The basic experience connected with shame is that of being seen, inappropriately, by the wrong people, in the wrong condition. It is straightforwardly connected with nakedness.”).

68. See Richard H. McAdams, The Origin, Development, and Regulation of Norms, 96 Mich. L. Rev. 338, 412 (1997).

69. Nussbaum, Hiding from Humanity, supra, at 234.

70. Ivan Moreno, Pot Smokers on the Web, Rocky Mountain News, Apr. 28, 2006, http:// www.rockymountainnews.com/drmn/local/ar ... 79,00.html.

71. http://www.colorado.edu/police/420_Phot ... /index.htm. The website has been removed from the Internet. I have a copy of the website in my files.

72. H. G. Reza, When Blame Knocks on the Wrong Door, L.A. Times, Aug. 25, 2005.

73. http://www.revengeworld.com.

74. http://www.revengeworld.com/About.cfm.

75. Rebecca Riddick, Website Encourages Blacklist of Med-Mal Plaintiffs, Law.com, July 25, 2006, http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1153744532499.

76. Robert D. Cooter, Decentralized Law for a Complex Economy: The Structural Approach to Adjudicating the New Law Merchant, 144 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1643 (1996).

77. Ofer H. Azar, The Social Norm of Tipping: Does It Improve Social Welfare? Journal of Economics, at 4 (2005), http://econwpa.wustl.edu:80/eps/othr/pa ... 03/0503013 .pdf.

78. Lawrence E. Mitchell, Understanding Norms, 49 U. Toronto L.J. 177, 243 (1999).

79. Borland, Privacy Jam, supra.

80. http://www.carpoolcheats.org/. The website is now completely removed from the Internet. Quotations from the website can be found at Borland, Privacy Jam, supra.

81. http://www.christiangallery.com/atrocity/.

82. Frederick Clarkson, Journalists or Terrorists?, Salon.com, May 31, 2001, http://archive .salon.com/news/feature/2001/05/31/nuremberg/index.html.

83. Rene Sanchez, Abortion Foes’ Internet Site on Trial, Wash. Post, Jan. 15, 1999, at A3.

84. Sharon Lerner, The Nuremberg Menace, Village Voice, Apr. 4–10, 2001, http://www.villagevoice. com/news/0114,lerner,23570,1.html.

85. Doctor Says Anti-Abortion Web Site Endangered Her Life, Associated Press, Jan. 8, 1999, http://www.cnn.com/US/9901/08/abortion.trial.03/.

86. Planned Parenthood v. American Coalition of Life Activists, 290 F.3d 1058 (9th Cir. 2002) (en banc).

87. Strahilevitz, “How’s My Driving?” supra, at 1708.

88. Gustave Le Bon, The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind 1 (1896).

89. Cass R. Sunstein, Group Judgments: Statistical Means, Deliberation, and Information Markets, 80 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 962, 1004 (2005).

90. Howard W. French, Online Throngs Impose a Stern Morality in China, N.Y. Times, June 3, 2006.

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PART 2 OF 2 (Notes Cont'd.)

CHAPTER 5. THE ROLE OF LAW

1. David Brin, The Transparent Society 8–9 (1998).

2. Quoted in Daniel J. Solove, Marc Rotenberg & Paul M. Schwartz, Information Privacy Law 635 (2d ed. 2006).

3. Robert Ellis Smith, Ben Franklin’s Web Site: Privacy and Curiosity from Plymouth Rock to the Internet 108–9 (2000).

4. Id. at 108–10.

5. Charles Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit 318 (Penguin edition 1975) (originally published in 1843–44).

6. Gini Graham Scott, Mind Your Own Business: The Battle for Personal Privacy 37–38 (1995).

7. Henry James, The Reverberator 62 (1888).

8. Quoted in Smith, Ben Franklin’s Website, supra, at 117. For an extensive and interesting account of gossip about U.S. presidents and politicians, see Gail Collins, Scorpion Tongues: Gossip, Celebrity, and American Politics (1998).

9. Janna Malamud Smith, Private Matters 81 (1997).

10. Richard Wightman Fox, Trials of Intimacy: Love and Loss in the Beecher- Tilton Scandal 20–21 (1999).

11. John D’Emilio & Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America 162–63 (2d ed. 1997). Other accounts state that Woodhull was motivated by more personal reasons. One commentator concludes that “Woodhull published the story because she was angry at one of Beecher’s sisters, who opposed including her in the suffrage leadership.” Collins, Scorpion Tongues, supra, at 68.

12. Smith, Private Matters, supra, at 73–94.

13. Fox, Trials of Intimacy, supra, at 33.

14. Daniel J. Solove, Reconstructing Electronic Surveillance Law, 72 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 1264, 1272 (2004).

15. Smith, Ben Franklin’s Website, supra, at 124.

16. E. L. Godkin, The Rights of the Citizen: IV. To His Own Reputation, Scribner’s Magazine (1890); see also E. L. Godkin, The Right to Privacy, The Nation, Dec. 25, 1890. For more background about Godkin, see Elbridge L. Adams, The Right to Privacy and Its Relation to the Law of Libel, 39 Am. L. Rev. 37 (1905); Dorothy J. Glancy, The Invention of the Right to Privacy, 21 Ariz. L. Rev. 1 (1979).

17. Don R. Pember: Privacy and the Press 21 (1972).

18. See Samuel D. Warren & Louis D. Brandeis, The Watuppa Pond Cases, 2 Harv. L. Rev. 195 (1888); Samuel D. Warren & Louis D. Brandeis, The Law of Ponds, 3 Harv. L. Rev. 1 (1889).

19. Samuel D. Warren & Louis D. Brandeis, The Right to Privacy, 4 Harv. L. Rev. 193 (1890).

20. William L. Prosser, Privacy, 48 Cal. L. Rev. 383, 383, 423 (1960).

21. James Barron, Warren and Brandeis, The Right to Privacy, 4 Harv. L. Rev. 193 (1890): Demystifying a Landmark Citation, 13 Suffolk U. L. Rev. 875, 893 (1979).

22. Smith, Ben Franklin’s Web Site, supra, at 118–19.

23. Warren & Brandeis, The Right to Privacy, supra, at 196, 195.

24. Smith, Private Matters, supra, at 76 (1997).

25. Id. at 196–97.

26. See Neil M. Richards & Daniel J. Solove, Privacy’s Other Path: Recovering the Law of Confidentiality, 96 Geo. L.J. (forthcoming Nov. 2007). The article is available online at http://ssrn.com/abstract=969495.

27. See Lake v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 582 N.W.2d 231, 235 (Minn. 1998) (noting that Minnesota was one of the few states that had not recognized the privacy torts, but reversing course and embracing the torts). The only states not recognizing any of the privacy torts are North Dakota and Wyoming. Robert M. O’Neil, The First Amendment and Civil Liability 77 (2001).

28. Harry Kalven, Jr., Privacy in Tort Law: Were Warren and Brandeis Wrong? 31 L. & Contemp. Probs. 326, 327 (1966).

29. Alfred C. Yen, Western Frontier or Feudal Society?: Metaphors and Perceptions of Cyberspace, 17 Berkeley Tech. L.J. 1207 (2002).

30. John Perry Barlow, Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, Feb. 18, 1996, http://homes.eff.org/~barlow/Declaration-Final.html.

31. David R. Johnson & David Post, Law and Borders: The Rise of Law in Cyberspace, 48 Stan. L. Rev. 1367 (1996).

32. James Grimmelman, Accidental Privacy Spills: Musings on Privacy, Democracy, and the Internet, LawMeme, Feb. 19, 2003, http://research.yale.edu/lawmeme/modules.php ?name=News&file=article&sid=938.

33. Letter of Laurie Garrett, Feb. 17, 2003, in comments to Could This Be True? MetaFilter, Feb. 11, 2003, http://www.metafilter.com/mefi/23493.

34. Grimmelman, Accidental Privacy Spills, supra.

35. Michelle Andrews, Decoding Myspace, U.S. News & World Report, Sept. 18, 2006.

36. ACLU v. Miller, 977 F. Supp. 1228 (N.D. Ga. 1997).

37. Jennie C. Meade, The Duel, http://www.law.gwu.edu/Burns/rarebooks/exhibits/duel .htm.

38. Barbara Holland, Gentlemen’s Blood: A History of Dueling 22 (2003).

39. Cynthia A. Kierner, Scandal at Bizarre: Rumor and Reputation in Jefferson’s America 40 (2004).

40. Quoted in Alison L. LaCroix, To Gain the Whole World and Lose His Own Soul: Nineteenth-Century American Dueling as Public Law and Private Code, 33 Hofstra L. Rev. 501, 517 (2004).

41. Quoted in Douglas H. Yarn, The Attorney as Duelist’s Friend: Lessons from the Code Duello, 51 Case W. Res. L. Rev. 69, 113 (2000).

42. Meade, The Duel, supra.

43. William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, vol. IV, at *199 (1768).

44. C. A. Harwell Wells, Note, The End of the Affair? Anti-Dueling Laws and Social Norms in Antebellum America, 54 Vand. L. Rev. 1805, 1807, 1831–32 (2001).

45. Kierner, Scandal at Bizarre, supra, at 39.

46. Quoted in Holland, Gentlemen’s Blood, supra, at 3.

47. As Hamilton explained: “The ability to be in the future useful, whether in resisting mischief or effecting good, in those crises of our public affairs which seem likely to happen, would probably be inseparable from a conformity with public prejudice in this particular.” Alexander Hamilton, quoted in Meade, The Duel, supra.

48. Van Vechten Veeder, The History and Theory of Defamation, 3 Colum. L. Rev. 546, 548 (1903).

49. Kierner, Scandal at Bizarre, supra, at 40.

50. Wells, Anti-Dueling Laws, supra, at 1823.

51. Holland, Gentlemen’s Blood, supra, at 3.

52. Kierner, Scandal at Bizarre, supra, at 39, 41.

53. Id. at 45.

54. Id. at 44, 42, 61.

55. LaCroix, Dueling, supra, at 511–12, 454, 547–50, 552. Lawrence Lessig notes that although legal prohibitions on dueling were ineffective, another type of legal sanction “might actually have been more effective.” People engaging in duels were restricted from holding public office. Since holding public office was “a duty of the elite,” the restriction gave gentlemen a reason for “escaping the duel” without “appealing to selfinterest or the rules of commoners.” Lessig, however, concedes that “even this sanction was ineffective for much of the history of the old South” because legislatures “would grandfather all duels up to the time of the legislation and would repass the grandfather legislation every few years.” Lawrence Lessig, The Regulation of Social Meaning, 62 U. Chi. L. Rev. 943, 971–72 (1995).

56. Wells, Anti-Dueling Laws, supra, at 1839.

57. David S. Parker, Law, Honor, and Impunity in Spanish America: The Debate Over Dueling, 1870–1920, 19 Law & Hist. Rev. 311, 319, 325 (2001).

58. LaCroix, Dueling, supra, at 515.

59. John Lyde Wilson, The Code of Honor, or Rules for the Government of Principals and Seconds in Duelling 6 (1858), quoted in LaCroix, Dueling, supra, at 559.

60. LaCroix, Dueling, supra, at 565.

61. Madison v. Yunter, 589 P.2d 126, 130 (Mont. 1978).

62. Quoted in Joanne B. Freeman, Slander, Poison, Whispers, and Fame: Jefferson’s “Anas” and Political Gossip in the Early Republic, 15 Journal of the Early Republic 25, 31 (1995).

63. Quoted in id. at 30.

64. Veeder, History, supra, at 563.

65. Rodney A. Smolla, The Law of Defamation §1:2, at 1–4 (2d ed. 2000).

66. Veeder, Defamation, supra, at 548.

67. Restatement (Second) of Torts §559.

68. Id. at §578.

69. Zechariah Chafee, Government and Mass Communication 106–7 (1947).

70. Rodney A. Smolla, Dun & Bradstreet, Hepps, and Liberty Lobby: A New Analytic Primer on the Future Course of Defamation, 75 Geo. L.J. 1519 (1987).

71. See Lake v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 582 N.W.2d 231, 235 (Minn. 1998) (finally recognizing a common-law tort action for invasion of privacy, noting that Minnesota remained one of the few holdouts).

72. Restatement (Second) of Torts §652B.

73. Id. at §652E.

74. Id. at §652C.

75. Id. at §652C comment (c).

76. Id. at §652D.

77. Rodney A. Smolla, Accounting for the Slow Growth of American Privacy Law, 27 Nova L. Rev. 289, 289 (2002).

78. Richard A. Posner, Overcoming Law 545 (1995).

79. Doe v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield United of Wisconsin, 112 F.3d 869, 872 (7th Cir. 1997).

80. Mike, Todd Hollis and Defamation Suits, Crime & Federalism, June 8, 2006, http://fed eralism.typepad.com/crime_federalism/2006/06/todd_hollis_and.html

81. Comment ofmtneergal to Robert J. Ambrogi, Don’tSueHerBoy, Law.com Inside Opinions: Legal Blogs, June 30, 2006, http://legalblogwatch.typepad.com/legal_blog _watch/2006/06/dontsueherboy.html.

82. Comment of Big Larry to Robert J. Ambrogi, id.

83. Laura Parker, Jury Awards $11.3M Over Defamatory Internet Posts, USA Today, Oct. 11, 2006.

84. Jacob A. Stein, Defamation, Washington Lawyer (Nov. 2001).

85. Lyrissa Barnett Lidsky, Silencing John Doe: Defamation and Discourse in Cyberspace, 49 Duke L.J. 855, 857 (2000).

86. Robert N. Bellah, The Meaning of Reputation in American Society, 74 Cal. L. Rev. 743, 744 (1986).

87. Jerome A. Barron, The Search for Media Accountability, 19 Suffolk U. L. Rev. 789, 789–90 (1985).

88. Lyrissa Barnett Lidsky, Defamation, Reputation, and the Myth of Community, 71 Wash. L. Rev. 1, 14 (1996).

CHAPTER 6. FREE SPEECH, ANONYMITY, AND ACCOUNTABILITY

1. John Milton, Areopagitica (George H. Sabine, ed. 1954) (originally published in 1644).

2. U.S. Const. amend. I.

3. Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15, 24–25 (1971).

4. New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 279–80 (1964).

5. Chaplinksy v. New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568, 572 (1942).

6. New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 271–72 (1964).

7. Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323 (1974).

8. Id. at 342.

9. New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 280 (1964).

10. Randall P. Bezanson, The Developing Law of Editorial Judgment, 78 Neb. L. Rev. 754, 774–75, 763–64 (1999).

11. Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323, 340–41 (1974).

12. Id. at 341 (quoting Rosenblatt v. Baer, 383 U.S. 75, 92 (1966) (Stewart, J. concurring)).

13. William L. Prosser, Privacy, 48 Cal. L. Rev. 383, 423 (1960).

14. Thomas I. Emerson, The System of Freedom of Expression 556 (1970).

15. Eugene Volokh, Freedom of Speech and Information Privacy: The Troubling Implications of a Right to Stop People from Speaking About You, 52 Stan. L. Rev. 1049, 1050–51 (2000).

16. Laurent B. Frantz, The First Amendment in the Balance, 71 Yale L.J. 1424, 1424 (1962); Alexander Meiklejohn, The First Amendment Is an Absolute, 1961 Sup. Ct. Rev. 245, 246.

17. Konigsberg v. State Bar of Cal., 366 U.S. 36, 61, 63 (1961) (Black, J., dissenting).

18. Hugo L. Black, The Bill of Rights, 35 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 865, 867 (1960).

19. Elizabeth S. Black, Hugo Black: A Memorial Portrait, The Supreme Court Historical Society (1982), http://www.supremecourthistory.org/04_l ... mes/04_c17 _j.html.

20. T. Alexander Aleinikoff, Constitutional Law in the Age of Balancing, 96 Yale L.J. 943, 943 (1987).

21. See, e.g., Sable Communications, Inc. v. FCC, 492 U.S. 115, 126 (1989) (striking down a ban on indecent dial-a-porn services under strict scrutiny).

22. Gerald Gunther, The Supreme Court, 1971 Term—Foreword: In Search of Evolving Doctrine on a Changing Court: A Model for a Newer Equal Protection, 86 Harv. L. Rev. 1, 8 (1972).

23. Volokh, Freedom of Speech, supra, at 1083–84.

24. See, e.g., Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc., 472 U.S. 749, 758 (1985) (“We have long recognized that not all speech is of equal First Amendment importance.”). Cass Sunstein has argued that a workable system of free speech depends upon “making distinctions between low and high value speech, however difficult and unpleasant that task may be.” Cass R. Sunstein, Low Value Speech Revisited, 83 Nw. U. L. Rev. 555, 557 (1989).

25. Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Ass’n, 436 U.S. 447, 456 (1978).

26. Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc., 472 U.S. 749, 758–59 (1985) (quoting First Nat’l Bank of Boston v. Bellotti, 435 U.S. 765, 776 (1978)).

27. Although the Supreme Court has applied strict scrutiny to restrictions on speech of public concern, it has not done so to restrictions on speech of private concern. See, e.g., Florida Star v. B.J.F., 491 U.S. 524, 532 (1989) (refusing “to hold broadly that truthful publication may never be punished consistent with the First Amendment. Our cases have carefully eschewed reaching this ultimate question.”); Bartnicki v. Vopper, 532 U.S. 514, 529 (2001) (noting that the Court has “repeated refusal to answer categorically whether truthful publication may ever be punished consistent with the First Amendment.”).

28. Diane L. Zimmerman, Requiem for a Heavyweight: A Farewell to Warren and Brandeis’s Privacy Tort, 68 Cornell L. Rev. 291, 294, 362 (1983).

29. See, e.g., C. Edwin Baker, Scope of the First Amendment Freedom of Speech, 25 UCLA L. Rev. 964, 990–1009 (1978) (explaining three theoretical models addressing the scope of First Amendment speech protection); Richard H. Fallon, Jr., Two Senses of Autonomy, 46 Stan. L. Rev. 875 (1994) (asserting and applying two theories relating to the autonomy-based First Amendment doctrine); Martin H. Redish, The Value of Free Speech, 130 U. Pa. L. Rev. 591, 593 (1982) (“[F]ree speech ultimately serves only one true value, which I have labeled ‘individual self-realization.’ ”).

30. Sean M. Scott, The Hidden First Amendment Values of Privacy, 71 Wash. L. Rev. 683, 723 (1996).

31. See Paul M. Schwartz, Privacy and Democracy in Cyberspace, 52 Vand. L. Rev. 1609, 1665 (1999) (noting that privacy shapes “the extent to which certain actions or expressions of identity are encouraged or discouraged”).

32. Julie E. Cohen, Examined Lives: Informational Privacy and the Subject as Object, 52 Stan. L. Rev. 1373, 1426 (2000); see also Anita L. Allen, Uneasy Access: Privacy for Women in a Free Society 44 (1988) (“The value of privacy is, in part, that it can enable moral persons to be self-determining individuals.”); Ruth Gavison, Privacy and the Limits of Law, 89 Yale L.J. 421, 455 (1980) (“Privacy is also essential to democratic government because it fosters and encourages the moral autonomy of the citizen, a central requirement of a democracy.”).

33. Richard S. Murphy, Property Rights in Personal Information: An Economic Defense of Privacy, 84 Geo. L.J. 2381, 2397 (1996).

34. Alan F. Westin, Privacy and Freedom 37 (1967).

35. See Alexander Meiklejohn, Political Freedom: The Constitutional Powers of the People 26, 154–55 (1960).

36. Owen M. Fiss, Free Speech and Social Structure, 71 Iowa L. Rev. 1405, 1411 (1986).

37. Quoted in John H. Summers, What Happened to Sex Scandals? Politics and Peccadilloes, Jefferson to Kennedy, 87 Journal of American History 825, 826 (2000).

38. As Keith Boone contends: “Privacy seems vital to a democratic society [because] it underwrites the freedom to vote, to hold political discussions, and to associate freely away from the glare of the public eye and without fear of reprisal.” C. Keith Boone, Privacy and Community, 9 Soc. Theory & Prac. 1, 8 (1983).

39. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty 18 (David Spitz, ed. 1975) (originally published in 1859).

40. Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616, 630 (1919) (Holmes, J., dissenting).

41. Frederick Schauer, Reflections on the Value of Truth, 41 Case W. Res. L. Rev. 699, 706 (1991); see also Anita L. Allen, The Power of Private Facts, 41 Case W. Res. L. Rev. 757, 766 (1991) (arguing that allocations of power can sometimes be more valuable than the protection of true speech); Julie E. Cohen, Privacy, Ideology, and Technology: A Response to Jeffrey Rosen, 89 Geo. L.J. 2029, 2036 (2001) (“The belief that more personal information always reveals more truth is ideology, not fact, and must be recognized as such for informational privacy to have a chance.”). For a critique of Schauer’s position, see Erwin Chemerinsky, In Defense of Truth, 41 Case W. Res. L. Rev. 745 (1991).

42. Pearse v. Pearse, 63 Eng. Rep. 950, 957 (Ch. 1846) (Bruce, V.C.).

43. Restatement (Second) of Torts §652D.

44. Id. at § 652D cmt. d.

45. Id. at § 652D cmt. h.

46. See Michaels v. Internet Entertainment Group, Inc., 5 F. Supp. 2d 823, 837 (C.D. Cal. 1998) (acknowledging the president of Internet Entertainment Group’s estimate that the company would lose one third of its $1,495,000 subscription revenue without the Bret Michaels and Pamela Anderson sex video).

47. Barber v. Time, Inc. 159 S.W.2d 291, 295 (Mo. 1942).

48. Shulman v. Group W. Productions, Inc., 955 P.2d 469 (Cal. 1998).

49. Zimmerman, Requiem, supra, at 357 (recognizing the argument that editors of an article have a right to strengthen the force of their evidence by naming names).

50. Bonome v. Kaysen, 32 Media L. Rep. 1520 (Mass. Super. 2004).

51. Id.

52. http://underneaththeirrobes.blogs.com/.

53. Article III Groupie, Hotties in the Holding Pen: Untimely SFJ Nominations, Underneath Their Robes, July 17, 2004, http://underneaththeirrobes.blogs.com/main/2004/06/ greetings_welco.html.

54. Jeffrey Toobin, SCOTUS Watch, New Yorker, Nov. 21, 2005, http://www.newyorker .com/talk/content/articles/051121ta_talk_toobin

55. Jonathan Miller, He Fought the Law. They Both Won, N.Y. Times, Jan. 22, 2006, at sec. 14NJ, at 1.

56. Will Baude, The Other 10 Questions for Article III Groupie, Crescat Sententia, Aug. 29, 2005, http://www.crescatsententia.org/archive ... tml#005865.

57. Comment to Orin Kerr, Article III Groupie Comes Out of the Closet, Volokh Conspiracy, Nov. 14, 2005, http://volokh.com/posts/1131979281.shtml.

58. Miller, He Fought the Law, supra.

59. Amanda Lenhart & Susannah Fox, Bloggers: A Portrait of the Internet’s New Storytellers, Pew Internet & American Life Project, July 19, 2006, http://www.pewinternet.org/ pdfs/PIP%20Bloggers%20Report%20July%2019%202006.pdf.

60. Talley v. California, 362 U.S. 60 (1960).

61. Smith, Ben Franklin’s Web Site, supra, at 41–43.

62. McIntyre v. Ohio Elect. Comm’n, 514 U.S. 334, 342–43 (1995).

63. Gary T. Marx, Identity and Anonymity: Some Conceptual Distinctions and Issues for Research, in Documenting Individual Identity 311, 316, 318 (Jane Caplan and John Torpey, eds. 2001).

64. A. Michael Froomkin, Flood Control on the Information Ocean: Living with Anonymity, Digital Cash, and Distributed Databases, 15 J.L. & Comm. 395, 408 (1996).

65. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations 854 (Modern Library edition 1994) (originally published in 1776).

66. McIntyre v. Ohio Election Comm’n, 514 U.S. 334, 382 (1995) (Scalia, J. dissenting).

67. http://harrietmiers.blogspot.com/.

68. http://jmluttig.blogspot.com/.

69. Joyce Pellino Crane, Internet Bullying Hits Home for Teen: Anonymous Attacks a Growing Concern, Boston Globe, June 30, 2005.

70. Margaret K. Collins, Push to Criminalize False Info on Web, NorthJersey.com, Sept. 20, 2006/.

71. Denise Grady, Faking Pain and Suffering on the Internet, N.Y. Times, Apr. 23, 1998, at G1.

72. Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community 177 (2000).

73. Katharine Q. Seelye, Rewriting History: Snared in the Web of a Wikipedia Liar, N.Y. Times, Dec. 4, 2005. Wikipedia is located at http://en.wikipedia.org/.

74. Ken S. Myers, Wikimmunity: Fitting the Communications Decency Act to Wikipedia, 20 Harv. J.L. & Tech. 163 (2006).

75. Alexa.com keeps track of the current most visited websites around the world. See http://www.alexa.com/site/ds/top_500.

76. John Seigenthaler, A False Wikipedia “Biography,” USA Today, Nov. 29, 2005, http:// www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorial ... edit_x.htm.

77. Id.

78. Katharine Q. Seelye, A Little Sleuthing Unmasks Writer of Wikipedia Prank, N.Y. Times, Dec. 11, 2005.

79. Seigenthaler, False Wikipedia “Biography,” supra.

80. Seelye, A Little Sleuthing, supra.

81. John Seigenthaler, Sr., Wikipedia, Sept. 30, 2006, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John _Seigenthaler_Sr.

82. Simon Freeman, Wikipedia Hit By Surge in Spoof Articles, The Times (London), Dec. 15, 2005, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0, ... 68,00.html.

83. Comment to Daniel J. Solove, Fake Biographies on Wikipedia, Concurring Opinions, Dec. 1, 2006, http://www.concurringopinions.com/archi ... aphie.html.

84. Yuki Noguchi, On Capitol Hill, Playing WikiPolitics, Wash. Post, Feb. 4, 2006, at A1.

85. Evan Hansen, Wikipedia Founder Edits Own Bio, Wired News, Dec. 15, 2005, http:// www.wired.com/news/culture/0,1284,69880,00.html.

86. Orin Kerr, More on Wikipedia (Plus Updates), Volokh Conspiracy, Oct. 18, 2004, http://volokh.com/posts/1098119066.shtml.

87. Wikipedia, Wikipedia: Replies to Common Objections, Dec. 20, 2006, http://en .wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Replies_to_common_objections.

88. Tal Z. Zarsky, Thinking Outside the Box: Considering Transparency, Anonymity, and Pseudonymity as Overall Solutions to the Problems of Information Privacy in the Internet Society, 58 U. Miami L. Rev. 991, 1028, 1032, 1044 (2004).

89. The Electronic Frontier Foundation, a digital rights organization, created a manual to help people better protect themselves from being traced. Electronic Frontier Foundation, How to Blog Safely (About Work or Anything Else), Apr. 6, 2005, http://www.eff .org/Privacy/Anonymity/blog-anonymously.php.

90. Ralph Gross & Alessandro Acquisti, Information Revelation and Privacy in Online Social Networks (The Facebook Case), ACM Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society, Nov. 7, 2005, at §4.2.

91. Michael Barbaro & Tom Zeller, Jr., A Face Is Exposed for AOL Searcher No. 4417749, N.Y. Times, Aug. 9, 2006, at A1.

92. See Talley v. State of California, 362 U.S. 60, 64 (1960).

93. McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm’n, 514 U.S. 334, 342 (1994).

94. See, e.g., Columbia Insurance Co. v. Seescandy.com, 185 F.R.D. 573 (N.D. Cal. 1999); Dendrite International, Inc. v. John Doe No. 3, 775 A.2d 756 (N.J. Super. A.D. 2001); Doe v. Cahill, 884 A.2d 451 (Del. 2005).

95. In some cases, courts have required that people demonstrate that their case is strong enough to defeat a summary judgment motion. The plaintiff “must introduce evidence creating a genuine issue of material fact for all elements of a defamation claim within the plaintiff’s control.” See Doe v. Cahill, 884 A.2d 451, 462–63 (Del. 2005).

96. The facts are taken from the complaint in Clifton Swiger v. Allegheny Energy, Inc. (E.D. Pa.).

97. The facts in this section are taken from Zeran v. America Online, Inc., 129 F.3d 327 (4th Cir. 1997); Zeran v. America Online, Inc., 958 F. Supp. 1124 (E.D. Va. 1997); and Zeran v. Diamond Broadcasting, Inc., 203 F.3d 714 (10th Cir. 2000).

98. Zeran v. America Online, Inc., 129 F.3d 327 (4th Cir. 1997).

99. 47 U.S.C. §230(c)(1).

100. Zeran v. America Online, Inc., 129 F.3d 327, 330 (4th Cir. 1997).

101. Id.

102. Barnes v. Yahoo! Inc., 2005 WL 3005602 (D. Oregon 2005

103. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. §512.

104. Carafano v. Metrosplash.com, Inc., 339 F.3d 1119 (9th Cir. 2003).

105. Appellants Reply Brief, Carafano v. Metrosplash.com, Inc. No. 02-55658, 2003 WL 22023295 (Feb. 11, 2003).

106. Carafano v. Metrosplash.com, Inc., 339 F.3d 1119, 1125 (9th Cir. 2003).

107. The facts are taken from Jori Finkel, The Case of the Forwarded E-mail, Salon.com, July 13, 2001, http://archive.salon.com/tech/feature/2 ... curity_net work/index.html; Batzel v. Smith, 333 F.3d 1018 (9th Cir. 2003).

108. Batzel v. Smith, 333 F.3d 1018, 1035 (9th Cir. 2003).

109. Id. at 1038, 1040 (Gould, J. dissenting).

CHAPTER 7. PRIVACY IN AN OVEREXPOSED WORLD

1. Jerome Burdi, Burning Man Gets Hot over Steamy Videos, Court TV, Aug. 26, 2002, http://archives.cnn.com/2002/LAW/08/26/ctv.burning.man/.

2. Evelyn Nieves, A Festival with Nudity Sues a Sex Web Site, N.Y. Times, July 5, 2002. Burning Man’s suit was filed before the Video Voyeurism Prevention Act was introduced. Among the claims were intrusion, appropriation, public disclosure, breach of contract, and trespass.

3. Id.

4. Gill v. Hearst Pub. Co., 253 P.2d 441 (Cal. 1953).

5. Restatement (Second) of Torts §652D (comment c).

6. Cefalu v. Globe Newspaper Co., 391 N.E.2d 935, 939 (Mass. App. 1979).

7. Penwell v. Taft Broadcasting, 469 N.E.2d 1025 (Ohio App. 1984).

8. http://www.earthcam.com/.

9. http://flickr.com/.

10. YouTube Serves Up 100 Million Videos a Day Online, Reuters, July 16, 2006.

11. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moblog.

12. Katie Dean, Blogging +Video = Vlogging, Wired.com, July 13, 2005, http://www.wired .com/news/digiwood/0,1412,68171,00.html.

13. Andrew Jay McClurg, Bringing Privacy Law Out of the Closet: A Tort Theory of Liability for Intrusions in Public Places, 73 N.C. L. Rev. 989, 1041–42 (1995).

14. Nader v. General Motors Corp., 255 N.E.2d 765, 772 (N.Y. App. 1970) (Brietel, J. concurring).

15. Helen Nissenbaum, Privacy as Contextual Integrity, 79 Wash. L. Rev. 119, 144–45 (2004).

16. McClurg, Privacy Law, supra, at 1041–43.

17. Marcia Chambers, Colleges: Secret Videotapes Unnerve Athletes, N.Y. Times, Aug. 9, 1999, at D4.

18. Clay Calvert, Voyeur Nation: Media, Privacy, and Peering in Modern Culture (2000).

19. See, e.g., La. Rev. Stat. Ann. §14:283; N.J. Stat. Ann. §2C:18-3; N.Y. Penal Law §250.45.

20. RCW 9A.44.115.

21. Washington v. Glas, 54 P.3d 147 (Wash. 2002)

22. 18 U.S.C. §1801.

23. Quoted in Anick Jesdanun, Facebook Feature Draws Privacy Conerns, Associated Press, Sept. 7, 2006.

24. Dave Wischnowsky, Facebook Alienates Users, Chicago Tribune, Sept. 8, 2006.

25. Peter Meredith, Facebook and the Politics of Privacy, Mother Jones, Sept. 14, 2006.

26. Quoted in Jesdanun, Facebook Feature, supra.

27. Wischnowsky, Facebook Alienates Users, supra.

28. Mark Zuckerberg, An Open Letter from Mark Zuckerberg: Creator of Facebook, Sept. 8, 2006. The letter appeared on the Facebook website when users logged in. It has since been removed.

29. Bruce Schneier, Lessons from the Facebook Riots, Wired, Sept. 21, 2006.

30. Lisa Lerer, How Not to Get a Job, Forbes, Oct. 13, 2006.

31. The Greatest CV Ever Filmed, Oct. 10, 2006, http://www.metro.co.uk/weird/article .html?in_article_id=20878&in_page_id=2&expand rue.

32. Paul Tharp, Wannabe Banker’s Video Resume Backfires, N.Y. Post, Oct. 12, 2006.

33. Michael J. de la Merced, A Student’s Video Résumé Gets Attention (Some of It Unwanted), N.Y. Times, Oct. 21, 2006.

34. Comments to Andrew Ross Sorkin, The Resume Mocked Around the World, DealBook, Oct. 19, 2006, http://dealbook.blogs.nytimes.com/2006/ ... ume-mocked -round-the-world-vayner-speaks/.

35. Interview with Aleksey, Rita Cosby Live, MSNBC, Oct. 23, 2006.

36. Creepy Orwellian Trance of Aleksey Vayner Fails to Generate Fun, IvyGate Blog, Nov. 20, 2006, http://ivygateblog.com/blog/2006/11/cre ... f_aleksey_ vayner_fails_to_translate_into_fun.html.

37. Douchebag Hall of Fame: The Inevitable Charter Member, Gawker, Oct. 16, 2006, http://www.gawker.com/news/douchebag-ha ... f-fame-the -inevitable-charter-member-207845.php.

38. Interview with Aleksey on ABC, 20/20, Dec. 29, 2006.

39. Merced, Student’s Video Résumé, supra.

40. “Whatsoever things I see or hear concerning the life of men, in my attendance on the sick or even apart therefrom, which ought not to be noised abroad, I will keep silence thereon, counting such things to be as sacred secrets.” Hippocratic Oath, quoted in Daniel J. Solove, Marc Rotenberg & Paul M. Schwartz, Information Privacy Law 350 (2d ed. 2006).

41. Mark Twain, The Autobiography of Mark Twain xxxv (Charles Neider, ed.).

42. Hammonds v. AETNA Casualty & Surety Co., 243 F. Supp. 793, 801 (D. Ohio 1965).

43. Upjohn Co. v. United States, 449 U.S. 383, 389 (1981).

44. Wendy Meredith Watts, The Parent-Child Privileges: Hardly a New or Revolutionary Concept, 28 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 583, 592 (1987); Glen Weissenberger, Federal Evidence §501.6, at 205–9 (1996).

45. In re Grand Jury, 103 F.3d 1140, 1146 (3d Cir. 1997) (“The overwhelming majority of all courts—federal and state—have rejected such a privilege.”).

46. See, e.g., State v. DeLong, 456 A.2d 877 (Me. 1983) (refusal to testify against father); Port v. Heard, 594 F. Supp. 1212 (S.D. Tex. 1984) (refusal to testify against son); United States v. Jones, 683 F.2d 817 (4th Cir. 1982) (refusal to testify against father in grand jury).

47. In re A&M, 61 A.2d 426 (N.Y. 1978).

48. The Supreme Court has held that in Fourth Amendment law, people lack a reasonable expectation of privacy when they trust others with their information. See, e.g., Smith v. Maryland, 442 U.S. 735, 744 (1979) (a person “assumes the risk that the [phone] company [will] reveal to the police the numbers he dialed.”). Undercover agents are not regulated by the Fourth Amendment because people assume the risk of betrayal. See Hoffa v. United States, 385 U.S. 293, 302 (1966); Lewis v. United States, 385 U.S. 206, 210–11 (1966).

49. Nader v. General Motors, Inc., 225 N.E.2d 765, 770 (N.Y. 1970).

50. See, e.g., Argyll v. Argyll [1967] 1 Ch. 302 (1964) (spouse liable for breach of confidence); Stephens v. Avery, [1988] 1 Ch. 449 (1988) (friend liable for breach of confidence); Barrymore v. News Group Newspapers, [1997] F.S.R. 600 (1997) (lover liable for breach of confidence).

51. Barrymore, supra, at 602.

52. Id. at 600, 601.

53. Douglas v. Hello! Ltd, [2003] 3 All Eng. Rep. 996.

54. Neil M. Richards & Daniel J. Solove, Privacy’s Other Path: Recovering the Law of Confidentiality, 96 Geo. L.J. (forthcoming Nov. 2007). The article is available online at http://ssrn.com/abstract=969495.

55. Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard’s Almanac (July 1735) quoted in John Bartlett, Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations 309:15 (Justin Kaplan, ed., Little Brown, 16th ed. 1992).

56. Times Mirror Co. v. Superior Court, 244 Cal. Rptr. 556 (Cal. Ct. App. 1988).

57. Y.G. v. Jewish Hospital, 795 S.W.2d 488 (Mo. Ct. App. 1990).

58. Multimedia WMAZ, Inc. v. Kubach, 443 S.E.2d 491 (Ga. 1994).

59. Duran v. Detroit News, Inc., 504 N.W.2d 715 (Mich. Ct. App. 1993).

60. Fisher v. Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction, 578 N.E.2d 901 (Ohio Ct. Cl. 1988).

61. Lior Jacob Strahilevitz, A Social Networks Theory of Privacy, 72 U. Chi. L. Rev. 919 (2005).

62. Id. at 952, 967.

63. Joanne B. Freeman, Slander, Poison, Whispers, and Fame: Jefferson’s “Anas” and Political Gossip in the Early Republic, 15 Journal of the Early Republic 25, 33 (1995).

64. Id.

65. Giannecchini v. Hospital of St. Raphael, 780 A.2d 1006 (Conn. Super. 2000).

66. Dr. Laura Schlessinger, Men Leave Because Liberal Feminism Gives Permission, New Orleans Times Picayune, July 11, 1999, at E7; Dr. Laura’s Anti-Female Rant, N.Y. Post, Sept. 14, 2006.

67. Patrizia DiLucchio, Dr. Laura, How Could You?, Salon.com, Nov. 3, 1998, http:// archive.salon.com/21st/feature/1998/11/03feature.html.

68. Id.

69. Polly Sprenger, Dr. Laura Drops Her Suit, Wired, Dec. 15, 1998, http://wired-vig .wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,16843,00.html.


70. Marcus Errico, Dr. Laura Dishes on Nude Photos, E Online, Nov. 4, 1998, http://www .eonline.com/print/index.jsp?uuid=3159acb0-ee3e-454a-ab74-ac7f972390c6&content Type=newsStory.

71. DiLucchio, Dr. Laura, supra.

72. 17 U.S.C. §102(a).

73. Jonathan Zittrain, What the Publisher Can Teach the Patient: Intellectual Property and Privacy in an Era of Trusted Privication, 52 Stan. L. Rev. 1201, 1203 (2002).

74. Lawrence Lessig, Privacy as Property, 69 Social Research 247, 250 (2002).

75. Zittrain, What the Publisher Can Teach the Patient, supra, at 1206–12.

76. See, e.g., Lawrence Lessig, The Future of Ideas 107–11 (2001); Raymond Shih Ray Ku, Consumers and Creative Destruction: Fair Use Beyond Market Failure, 18 Berkeley Tech. L.J. 539, 567 (2003) (“[C]onsumer copying does little to reduce the incentives for creation because, for the most part, the creation of music is not funded by the sale of copies of that music.”); Mark A. Lemley, Beyond Preemption: The Law and Policy of Intellectual Property Licensing, 87 Cal. L. Rev. 113, 124–25 (1999) (“[G]ranting property rights to original creators allows them to prevent subsequent creators from building on their works, which means that a law designed to encourage the creation of first-generation works may actually risk stifling second-generation creative works.”); Neil Weinstock Netanel, Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society, 106 Yale L.J. 283, 295 (1996) (“An overly expanded copyright also constitutes a material disincentive to the production and dissemination of creative, transformative uses of preexisting expression.”).

77. Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. 186, 190 (2003) (declaring that copyright is “compatible with free speech principles.”).

78. Restatement (Second) of Torts §652C.

79. Jonathan Kahn, Bringing Dignity Back to Light: Publicity Rights and the Eclipse of the Tort of Appropriation of Identity, 17 Cardozo Arts & Ent. L.J. 213, 223 (1999).

80. Pavesich v. New England Life Insurance Co., 50 S.E. 68, 70 (Ga. 1905).

81. Id. at 80.

82. William Prosser, Privacy, 48 Cal. L. Rev. 383, 406 (1960).

83. Paulsen v. Personality Posters, Inc., 299 NYS2d 501 (1968).

84. Rosemont Enterprises, Inc. v. Random House, Inc., 294 N.Y.S.2d 122 (1968).

85. See Hosking v. Runting, [2004] NZCA 34, at [46] (“As the law currently stands, a successful action requires information that is confidential, communication of that information to another in circumstances importing an obligation of confidence and unauthorised use or disclosure.”); International Corona v. Lac Minerals, [1989] 2 S.C.R. 574 (stating elements of breach-of-confidentiality tort); ABC v. Lenah, [2004] HCA 63, at [34] (discussing the breach-of-confidentiality tort).

CHAPTER 8. CONCLUSION

1. Google keeps a cache of old versions of websites, so even after a name is removed from a website, it still exists in Google’s cache and is accessible to a person doing a search. But the cache is refreshed at regular intervals, so it will eventually disappear. There is also a project called the Internet Archive that saves old versions of the Internet. See http:// www.archive.org. But information can be removed from the Internet Archive upon request. See Frequently Asked Questions, http://www.archive.org/about/faqs.php.

2. ReputationDefender, http://www.reputationdefender.com/. For more about the company, see Ellen Nakashima, Harsh Words Die Hard on the Web, Wash. Post, Mar. 7, 2007, at A1.

3. Robert C. Ellickson, Order Without Law: How Neighbors Settle Disputes 62, 54, 5 (1991).

4. Tracey Meares, Drugs: It’s a Question of Connections, 31 Val. L. Rev. 579, 594 (1997).

5. John H. Summers, What Happened to Sex Scandals? Politics and Peccadilloes, Jefferson to Kennedy, 87 Journal of American History 825, 825 (2000).

6. Id. at 835.

7. Id. at 842.

8. See Rodney A. Smolla, Free Speech in an Open Society 134 (1992) (“When the press avoided reporting on the sexual liaisons of John Kennedy, however, it engaged in a paternalistic decision that the behavior was not probative of Kennedy’s fitness for public life.”); Jeffrey B. Abramson, Four Criticisms of Press Ethics, in Democracy and the Mass Media 229, 234 (Judith Lichtenberg, ed. 1990) (“There was also the nonreporting of the love lives of Lloyd George, Franklin Roosevelt, Dwight Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Martin Luther King, Jr.”).

9. See Ellen O’Brien, Chelsea Comes of Age, but Not Before Our Eyes, Boston Globe, Sept. 4, 1994, at 1; Joan Ryan, Clintons Let Go—Chelsea Enters Stanford, S.F. Chron., Sept. 20, 1997, at A1; see Howard Kurtz, First Daughter’s Privacy No Longer Off Limits, Chi. Sun-Times, Nov. 27, 1998, at 32 (“For six years the media followed an unspoken pact to avoid coverage of Chelsea Clinton, allowing the president’s daughter to grow up outside the harsh glare of publicity.”).

10. Ryan, Clintons Let Go, supra.

11. See, e.g., Gail Collins, The Children’s Crusade, N.Y. Times, May 1, 2001, at A23 (arguing that “it’s always news when the offspring of important elected officials break the law,” but noting that when “there’s no legal issue involved, it’s a judgment call”); Joanne Ostrow, Don’t Beat About the Bush Kids, Denver Post, June 10, 2001, at K1 (questioning whether “the media [went] overboard in reporting Jenna Bush’s recent underage drinking citation”).

12. David Bauder, Identifying Rape Victims Troubles Media, Sun-Sentinel (Ft. Lauderdale), Aug. 3, 2002, at 3A; Richard Roeper, Case Shows Absurdity of Media’s Rape ID Policy, Chi. Sun-Times, Aug. 5, 2002, at 11.

13. See id. (“So the media were tripping all over themselves trying to stick to policy—but hardly anyone questioned whether the policy itself is outdated.”); Chris Frates, L.A. Radio Show Names Bryant’s Accuser, Denver Post, July 24, 2003, at B1.

14. J. M. Balkin, How Mass Media Simulate Political Transparency, 3 Cultural Values 393, 402 (1999).

15. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty 11 (Norton edition, David Spitz, ed. 1975) (originally published in 1859).

16. Anita L. Allen, Coercing Privacy, 40 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 723, 737 (1999).

17. Harvey Jones & José Hiram Soltren, Facebook: Threats to Privacy, Dec. 14, 2005, at 20–21
http://ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonlyres/Electri ... ence/6-805 Fall-2005/8EE6D1CB-A269-434E-BEF9-D5C4B4C67895/0/facebook.pdf.

18. Id. at 20.

19. Ralph Gross & Alessandro Acquisti, Information Revelation and Privacy in Online Social Networks (The Facebook Case), ACM Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society, Nov. 7, 2005, at §4.4.

20. Emily Nussbaum, My So-Called Blog, N.Y. Times Magazine, Jan. 11, 2004.

21. Marie-Chantale Turgeon, 10 Reasons to Blog, http://www.meidia.ca/archives/2005/06/ 10_reasons_to_b.php?l=en.

22. Electronic Frontier Foundation, How to Blog Safely (About Work or Anything Else), May 31, 2005, http://www.eff.org/Privacy/Anonymity/bl ... mously.php.

23. Quoted in Brian Leiter, Top Law School Warns Students: Watch What You Post! Sept. 1, 2005, http://leiterlawschool.typepad.com/leit ... hool_.html.

24. Nussbaum, So-Called Blog, supra.

25. See Lawrence Lessig, Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace 5–6, 236 (1999); Joel R. Reidenberg, Rules of the Road for Global Electronic Highways: Merging Trade and Technical Paradigms, 6 Harv. J. L. & Tech. 287, 296 (1993); see also Joel R. Reidenberg, Lex Informatica: The Formulation of Information Policy Rules Through Technology, 76 Tex. L. Rev. 553 (1998).

26. Lessig, Code, supra, at 5–6, 236. For a discussion of how physical architecture can influence behavior, see Neal Kumar Katyal, Architecture as Crime Control, 111 Yale L.J. 1039 (2002).

27. Jones & Soltren, Facebook, supra, at 6.

28. Gross & Acquisti, Information Revelation, supra, at §3.5.

29. Jones & Soltren, Facebook, supra, at 20.

30. Judith Donath & danah boyd, Public Displays of Connection, 22 BT Technology Journal 71, 78 (2004).

31. Conversation with Chris Hoofnagle, December 2006.

32. Fair Credit Reporting Act, 15 U.S.C. §1681b(b).

33. Alessandro Acquisti & Ralph Gross, Imagined Communities: Awareness, Information Sharing, and Privacy on the Facebook, Privacy Enhancing Technologies Workshop (PET), 2006, §4.4, at 13.

34. Michelle Andrews, Decoding Myspace, U.S. News & World Report, Sept. 18, 2006.

35. Jorge Luis Borges, The Library of Babel, in Collected Fictions 112, 112, 115 (Andrew Hurley, trans. 1998) (story originally published in 1941).

36. John Battelle, The Search: How Google and Its Rivals Rewrote the Rules of Business and Transformed Our Culture 65–93 (2005).

37. Id. at 252.

38. Id. at 254.

39. Albert-Lásló Barabási, Linked 164–65 (2002). For more about search engines, see Frank Pasquale, Rankings, Reductionism, and Responsibility, 54 Clev. St. L. Rev. 115 (2006). 40. Ellen Lee, Social Sites Becoming Too Much of a Good Thing, S.F. Chron., Nov. 2, 2006 at A1 (discussing creation of Facebook); Battelle, Search, supra, at 77–90

[admin]

Index

Note: Boldface page numbers refer to illustrations.

Abortion doctors, 100–101
Above the Law, 139
Absolutism, 127–28, 191
Accessibility of information, and privacy,
169–70, 191
Accountability: and reputation, 31–
32; and norm violations, 33; and
anonymity, 139, 140–42, 143,
146, 148–49
Acquisti, Alessandro, 26–27, 197
Actual malice, 126
Adams, John, 30, 118
AIDS, 70, 141
Allegheny Energy Service, 148–49
Allen, Anita, 74, 85, 197
Alternative dispute resolution, 124,
192
American Coalition of Life Activists
(ACLA), 100
Anderson, Pamela, 132, 183
Anonymity: and sexual assault victims,
36, 59, 195; in blogs, 59,
139, 141, 147, 149–50; and
shaming, 92, 101; and authoritarian
approach to privacy law, 113;
in lawsuits, 120, 121, 148; and
privacy/free speech balance, 136–
46, 191; and accountability, 139,
140–42, 143, 146, 148–49;
virtues of, 139–40; and openness,
142–46; law of, 146–49; traceable
anonymity, 146–47, 149; expectations
of, 165
AOL, 150–53
Apple Story Lady, 83–84
Appropriation tort, 119, 162, 186–
87
Arbitration, 124, 192
Arendt, Hannah, 68
Armstrong, Heather, 39
Article III Groupie, 136–39, 137
Australia, 188
Autonomy, 130, 132, 134, 160
Azar, Ofer, 99

Ballance, Bill, 183–84
Barabási, Albert-László, 62
Barlow, John Perry, 110–11
Barron, Jerome, 122
Barrymore, Michael, 175
Battelle, John, 204–5
Batzel, Ellen, 157–59
Beecher, Henry Ward, 107, 212n91
Ben Ze’ev, Aaron, 63
Berstein, Carl, 134
BitterWaitress, 87–88, 90
Black, Hugo, 127–28
Blackstone, William, 114
Blogger (website), 20, 21
Blogosphere: as norm-enforcing tool,
6; norms of, 9, 194–96; size of, 21;
error-correction machinery of, 37,
195; democratizing nature of, 48–
49; and ethics, 59, 195; and linking,
62; and customer complaints,
93; and defamation law, 121
Blogs (Web logs): and privacy, 1–2,
191, 198–99; circulation of, 2; instant
gratification of blogging, 5;
dissemination of information on,
11; mainstream media distinguished
from, 19–20, 23–24, 194–
96, 199–200; and self-expression,
19, 49; interactive nature of, 20–
21, 149–50; requirements for, 20–
21; increase in posts, 21, 22; types
of, 21–23; and journalism, 23–24;
as diaries, 24, 59, 198–99; employers’
monitoring of, 38; and
sex, 50–54; and gossip, 51, 52,
59, 181; anonymity in, 59, 139,
141, 147, 149–50; and linking,
61–62, 78; and ethics, 69; immunity
for bloggers, 153–54, 159,
160, 191; variations of, 164
Boone, Keith, 228n38
Borges, Jorge Luis, 204
Boston University, 55–56
boyd, danah, 27, 202
Boyden, Bruce, 144
Brandeis, Louis: and privacy, 108–
9, 190; and privacy law, 109–10,
113, 119–20; and tort remedies,
110, 113; and public disclosure,
128, 129, 162; and appropriation,
162; and confidentiality law,
176
Branding, 91, 95
Brandt, Daniel, 144, 147
Brazil, 28
Breach-of-confidentiality tort, 175–
76, 188, 234n85
Brin, David, 105
Brin, Sergey, 9
Brison, Karen, 64, 65
Bryant, Kobe, 36–37, 195
Burning Man Festival, 161–62, 167–
68, 231n2
Burr, Aaron, 115, 115
Bush, George W., 195, 235n11
Büyükkökten, Orkut, 28

Canada, 28, 188
Capek, Karel, 67
Carafano, Christianne, 155–57
Cardozo, Benjamin, 33
Carpool Cheats, 99–100
Cate, Fred, 72
Cell phone cameras, 33, 80, 164,
166, 168
Cell phone thief, 80–83, 82, 94
Cell phone use, norms of, 85, 86,
166
Censorship: and authoritarian approach
to privacy law, 112–13;
and privacy/free speech balance,
131; and blogs, 199
Children, 24, 197, 200, 204
China, 28–29, 43–44, 101–2
Citizen journalism, 8, 9
Cleveland, Grover, 107, 194
Clinton, Bill, 194–95
Clinton, Chelsea, 195, 235n9
Cohen, Julie, 130
College life, and blogs, 54–58
Commercial speech, 128
Communications Decency Act
(CDA), Section 230, 152–54, 155,
156–59, 191
Concurring Opinions, 61–62, 62
Confidentiality: and privacy law,
170–83, 187, 191, 193; and risk
of betrayal, 173–76; breach-ofconfidentiality
tort, 175–76, 188,
234n85; and social networks,
176–81; extension of liability for
breach of, 181–82; dangers of too
much confidentiality, 182–83; and
control, 184
Consumer Action, 93–94
Context: and personal information,
66–67; and complicated self, 68–
70; and privacy, 72, 165; and reputation,
74
Control: Internet’s potential for, 4–
5; social control, 6, 32, 65, 72; of
reputation, 11, 33–35, 189; of
personal information, 29, 170,
184–86, 188; of gossip, 65; of Internet
shaming, 94, 96, 101–2;
and privacy law, 183–87, 188,
191; and appropriation tort, 186–
87
Cooley, C. F., 30–31
Cooter, Robert, 98
Copyright Act, 185
Copyright law, 155, 184, 185–86,
188, 234n76
Corporations, shaming of, 93–94,
95
Coudal, Jim, 86
Cox, Ana Marie, 52, 53–54
Cremers, Tom, 157–58
Customer service, and shaming, 93–
94
Cutler, Jessica, 50–54, 74, 124,
130–31, 134–36, 139, 173,
214n13
Cyworld, 28–29

Daily Rotten, 21
Damages, limits to, 122, 124, 154,
155, 192
Day, Benjamin, 106
DealBook, 171–72
Declaration of Independence of Cyberspace,
110–11
Defamation. See Reputation
Defamation law: and personal information,
113; history of, 116; and
reputation, 116, 117, 118, 120,
121, 122; and rumors, 118, 158–
59; false light compared to, 119;
and blogs, 120–21, 191; and
threat of lawsuits, 123; limitation
in scope of, 125, 126; and Section
230 immunity, 152, 154, 155,
156, 157, 158, 191
Democracy, and privacy/free speech
balance, 130–31, 132, 160,
228n38
Democratic National Convention
(2004), 24, 53–54
Dewey, John, 73
Diaries, blogs as, 24, 59, 198–99
Dickens, Charles, 106
Disclosure, 74. See also Public disclosure
Discrimination, 70
Doctors Know Us, 98
Dog poop girl, 1–2, 3, 5–8, 49, 78,
92, 94, 168
Donath, Judith, 27, 202
Don’t Date Him Girl, 89–90, 121
Dooced, 39–40
DotMoms, 23
Douglas, Michael, 175
Draplin, Aaron, 86
Drezner, Daniel, 19–20
Dueling, 114–17, 115, 190, 224–
25n55
Due process, and shaming, 96–98
Dürrenmatt, Friedrich, 73

EarthCam, 164, 164
Eastman Kodak Company, 107–8,
108
Edison, Thomas, 107
Electronic Frontier Foundation, 199,
230n89
Eliot, George, 140
Ellickson, Robert, 193–94
Emerson, Thomas, 127
Emler, Nicholas, 63
Employment: and information on Internet,
38–40, 190, 203; and disease,
70–71
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 145
England, 174–76, 188
Epstein, Richard, 35
Escobar, Pablo, 178, 180
Etiquette, 84–85, 92
Etzioni, Amitai, 71
Europe, 28, 87, 114, 120

Facebook, 24, 27, 38, 169–70, 197,
198, 201, 204, 205
Fairbanks, Eve, 49
False light, 119
Farrell, Henry, 19–20
First Amendment: and censorship,
113; and defamation law, 118,
125, 126; and privacy law, 119–
20; and absolutism, 127–28; balancing
approach, 128–29; and
Seigenthaler, 143; and anonymous
speech, 148; and copyright laws,
186
Fiss, Owen, 131
Flickr, 87, 164
Fourth Amendment, 233n48
Fox News, 97
France, 114
Franklin, Benjamin, 131, 140, 176
Freedom: effect of free flow of information
on, 4, 17, 65–66; of Internet,
4–5, 6, 17; and privacy/free
speech balance, 12; and reputation,
30
Freeman, Joanne, 181
Free speech: and defamation law,
118, 119; and privacy law, 119;
good versus bad speech, 125–29,
227n24; threats to, 125; private
versus public concern, 128–29,
227n27; value of, 129–30; and individual
autonomy, 130; and
anonymity, 140. See also First
Amendment; Privacy/free speech
balance
Friedman, Lawrence, 72–73, 91
Friend Space, 26
Friendster, 24, 38, 202
Fukuyama, Francis, 31

Garrett, Laurie, 111–12
Gass, William, 67
Gawker, 22, 172
Gay, Peter, 72
Gays, outing gays, 216n45
General Motors, 174
George Washington University, 54–
55
Georgia, 113
Germany, 28
Gladwell, Malcolm, 60–61, 63, 89
Global village, 33, 37
Godkin, E. L., 107–8, 109, 110
Goffman, Erving, 68, 69, 70
Google: unforgiving memory of, 8;
as search engine, 9–13, 48, 204–5;
search prompt of, 10; and information
fragments preserved on Internet,
17, 33; and social network
site profiles, 27; and YouTube, 40;
and background checks, 41, 190,
203; and Wikipedia, 145; and
gossip, 181; cache of old versions
of websites, 234n1
Gossip: on Internet, 4, 11–12, 33,
59–60, 62–63, 74, 75, 113, 124,
176, 181–82, 190; history of, 11,
13, 33, 60, 65, 74, 105, 108,
216n49; and reputation, 32, 63–
64, 181, 189, 190; and blogs, 51,
52, 59, 181; good/bad qualities of,
63–65, 74, 205; and rumors, 64;
and truth, 64–65; and privacy,
109; and privacy law, 112, 127;
and dueling, 114, 116; newsworthiness
of, 132; and speaking
about one’s life, 134; and Section
230 immunity, 159; and social
networks, 179, 180; written versus
oral gossip, 181; and mainstream
media, 194; and selfexposure
problem, 196
Gould, Judge Ronald, 158–59
Greif, Avner, 31
Grimmelmann, James, 112
Gross, Ralph, 26–27, 197
Guare, John, 25
Gutenberg, Johann, 18, 208n1

Hamilton, Alexander, 115, 115,
116, 140, 224n47
Harrison, Benjamin, 194
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 11, 91
Hearst, William Randolph, 106
Heidegger, Martin, 64
Henry, O. (pseud. William Sydney
Porter), 140
Henry IV, king of France, 114
Hilfiger, Tommy, 36
Hippocratic Oath, 173, 232n40
Holla Back NYC, 89
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 131
Hoofnagle, Chris, 203
Horsley, Neal, 100–101
“How’s My Driving?” programs, 94,
101
Hurricane Katrina, 23, 122

Identifying information, and newsworthiness,
133–34
Identity: and reputation, 31, 33; and
second chances, 73; shame’s effect
on, 94–95
India, 28
Individual autonomy, 130, 132,
134, 160
Information: permanence and
searchability of, 4, 7–8, 17, 33,
42, 165; dissemination of, 11;
consequences of information fragments,
17, 38, 67, 96; and privacy
law, 17, 112–13, 125, 161; and
forms of media, 18; control of, 35,
184–86; quality of, 35–38, 41;
less versus more information, 65–
73; and defamation law, 117; and
First Amendment, 127; identifying
information, 133–34; accessibility
of, 169–70, 191. See also Personal
information
Instapundit, 23
Internet: and privacy, 1–2, 110; free
dimensions of, 4–5, 6, 17; gossip
on, 4, 11–12, 33, 59–60, 62–63,
74, 75, 113, 124, 176, 181–82,
190; permanence and searchability
of information on, 4, 7–8, 11, 33,
42, 165; rumors on, 4, 11, 118,
124; shaming on, 4, 6, 11, 78–83,
92–99, 101–2, 168, 190, 195; details
about lives on, 9–10; and
reputation, 30, 74; and global village,
33; quality of information
on, 35–38, 41, 48; and error correction,
37, 123, 124, 192; linking
function of, 61–62, 78; legal approaches
to privacy law, 110–13,
196; and defamation law, 118;
and traceable anonymity, 146; interactivity
of, 149; consequences
of exposure, 198, 199–200; architecture
of, 200–204; extent of,
204–5. See also Blogosphere;
Blogs (Web logs)
Internet Entertainment Group, 183–
84
Internet protocol, 143, 144, 147,
148
Intrusion upon seclusion, 119
Italy, 28, 114

Jackson, Andrew, 114
James, Henry, 106
James, William, 68–70
Japan, 28
Jay, John, 140
Jefferson, Thomas, 181
JenniCam, 71
“John Doe” lawsuits, 120, 121, 148
Johnson, David, 111
Johnson, Samuel, 115
Journalism: citizen journalism, 8, 9;
and blogs, 23–24; ethics of, 36,
59, 78, 194, 195; yellow journalism,
106–7, 108, 109. See also
Mainstream media
Judgments: and context, 66–67; rational
and irrational judgment,
70–71
Juvenile records, expungement of,
73

Kahn, Jonathan, 186
Kansas City, Missouri, 92
Kaysen, Susanna, 135–36
Kennedy, John F., 142, 194, 235n8
Kennedy, Robert, 142–43
Kerr, Orin, 54–55, 145
Kierner, Cynthia, 115, 116, 216n49
Kirk, Rita, 58
Kodak camera, 107–8, 108, 109
Kozinski, Alex, 137–38
Kundera, Milan, 68
Kushner, Nate, 76–78

LaCroix, Alison, 116
Lat, David, 138–39
Law: role in privacy/free speech balance,
12, 13, 120–23, 125, 190–
96; and reputation, 34; and
norms, 84, 196, 205; and shaming,
92, 94, 96, 98; of anonymity,
146–49; and confidentiality, 174–
76; limits of, 193–94, 196; norms
compared to, 193–94; and self-exposure
problem, 196–200. See
also Defamation law; Privacy law
Lawsuits: and role of law, 113, 120–
23, 190, 191; and reputation disputes,
115, 116, 117, 122; “John
Doe” lawsuits, 120, 121, 148;
threat of, 120, 123, 152, 190; and
exhausting informal mechanisms,
123–24, 154, 190, 191–92. See
also Tort remedies
Le Bon, Gustave, 101
Lessig, Lawrence, 4, 185, 200, 224–
25n55, 234n76
Letterman, David, 71
Libel, 118, 122, 126
Lidsky, Lyrissa, 122
Liner, Elaine, 57–58
Literacy, 18
Little Fatty, 43–44, 44
LiveJournal, 24
Local government, and shaming, 78–
79
Looking glass self, 31, 211n79
Love, Courtney, 39
Lucas, George, 48, 186
Ludwig, Arnold, 69
Luttig, J. Michael, 141

Madison, James, 140
Maghribi traders, 31–32
Mainstream media: and blog stories,
2; size and scope of, 18–19; blogs
distinguished from, 19–20, 23–24,
194–96, 199–200; journalistic
ethics of, 36, 59, 78, 194, 195;
error-correction machinery of, 37,
78; and Star Wars Kid, 46–47;
and Washingtonienne, 53; blogs as
rivals to, 61; and JenniCam, 71;
limits of expression within, 91;
and norm enforcement, 97; and
Article III Groupie, 138; norms of,
194–96
Malkin, Michelle, 52
Marital communication, 174
Marketplace of ideas, and
privacy/free speech balance, 131–
32
Massachusetts, 92
Masterson, Chase, 155–57
Matchmaker.com, 156–57
McClurg, Andrew, 165
McKinley, William, 194
McLuhan, Marshall, 33
McNealy, Scott, 105
Meares, Tracey, 194
Media. See Mainstream media
Mediation, 124, 192
Medical malpractice, 98
Meehan, Martin, 144–45
Meiklejohn, Alexander, 130–31
Men, women’s websites for shaming,
89–90
Merry, Sally Engle, 74
MetaFilter, 111–12
Michaels, Bret, 132, 183
Miers, Harriet, 141
Milgram, Stanley, 25
Mill, John Stuart, 131, 196
Miller, Arthur, 30
Milton, John, 125
Minnesota, 223n27, 225n71
Mitchell, Lawrence, 99
Moblogs (mobile weblogs), 164
Modell, Arnold, 72
Moon hoax, 106
Movable type, 18–19, 18, 19, 19
Murdock, Rupert, 26
Museum Security Network, 157–58
MySpace, 24, 26–27, 28, 38, 39,
141, 200, 201, 204

Nader, Ralph, 174
Nagel, Thomas, 69
Newspapers, history of, 18, 106–7,
108, 109
Newsworthiness test, 129, 132–36
New York City subway flasher, 80,
83, 92, 94, 168
New Yorker, 30, 138
New York Post, 171
New York Times, 144, 147, 171, 195
New York Times v. Sullivan (1964),
126
New Zealand, 188
Nissenbaum, Helen, 165
Nock, Steven, 30, 32
Norms: and privacy, 2, 49, 71, 72,
167, 169, 193; enforcement of, 6–
7, 9, 12, 64, 85–87, 95, 97, 98–
99, 189; of blogosphere, 9, 194–
96; history of, 13, 85; and reputation,
31, 116; changing of, 32, 65,
85; and shaming, 32, 83–90, 92,
94, 102; and gossip, 63–64, 65;
and public versus private self, 69;
and law, 84, 196, 205; internalization
of, 98–99; and Internet users,
110–11; and middle-ground approach
to privacy law, 113; development
of, 122; and context, 165;
of confidentiality, 179; law compared
to, 193–94; and outing
gays, 216n45
North Dakota, 223n27
Nuremberg Files, 100–101
Nussbaum, Martha, 94–95, 96

Oakland, California, 92
Openness: of Internet, 111; and
anonymity, 142–46; and default
settings, 201

Page, Larry, 9
Park, Don, 1, 2, 6, 8, 11
Parker, David, 117
Patient-physician confidentiality,
173, 174
Peoria Crack House, 79–80, 83
Personal email, exposure of, 2, 29–
30
Personal information: exposure of,
2, 29; on social network websites,
24, 26, 27; control of, 29, 170,
184–86, 188; and reputation, 30,
189; less versus more of, 65–73;
Personal information (continued)
and shaming, 79; and defamation
law, 113; speaking about one’s
life, 134–36; suppression of, 182;
and self-exposure problem, 196–
200, 203–4
Phantom Professor, The, 56–58, 56
Pharyngula, 77
Planned Parenthood, 101
PlateWire, 86–87
Politics, 20, 24, 59, 130–31, 144–
45
Porter, William Sydney (Henry, O.),
140
Posner, Richard, 35, 37, 66, 120,
138
Post, David, 111
Post, Robert, 34, 65, 72
Poulson, Kevin, 81
Prisons, and shaming, 92
Privacy: and blogs, 1–2, 191, 198–
99; and Internet, 1–2, 110; and
norms, 2, 49, 71, 72, 167, 169,
193; conception of, 4, 7–8, 11; expectations
of, 7–8, 49, 165, 166,
167, 168, 169, 177, 178, 180,
197, 233n48; and public places,
7–8, 12–13, 161–70; and Google
searches, 9–11; and reputation,
35, 72, 114–20; and ethics of
mainstream media, 36, 59; posting
of private information online, 37–
38; and establishment of trust, 66;
public versus private self, 68–70;
and societal scrutiny, 71–72; and
context, 72, 165; and second
chances, 72–73, 218n87; threats
to, 105–8; and yellow journalism,
106–7, 108, 109; and gossip, 109;
and accessibility of information,
169–70, 191; self-exposure problem,
196–200; nuanced view of,
198–99. See also Privacy law
Privacy/free speech balance: conception
of, 4; and Internet’s rapid
spread of information, 11; role of
law in, 12, 13, 120–23, 125, 190–
96; tension in, 12, 142, 190, 205;
history of, 13; and control of reputation,
35; blogs’ role in, 58; and
authoritarian approach to privacy
law, 113, 120; and privacy invasion,
119–20; and absolutism,
127–28, 191; and newsworthiness
test, 129, 132–36; and publicdisclosure
test, 129–32; and democracy,
130–31, 132, 160,
228n38; and individual autonomy,
130, 132, 160; and marketplace
of ideas, 131–32; and
anonymity, 136–46, 191; and
harmful speech, 149–59
Privacy law: role for, 12, 13, 120–
24, 125, 190–96; and information,
17, 112–13, 125, 161; history
of, 108–10; and new technology,
109, 110, 163–66, 169, 205;
authoritarian approach to, 110,
112–13, 190, 196, 200, 203; libertarian
approach to, 110–12,
154, 190; middle-ground approach
to, 110, 113, 120, 154,
190; and reputation, 117, 119–20;
public disclosure of private facts,
119, 126–27, 128, 129, 132–36,
162–63; and strict scrutiny, 128,
227n27; and Section 230 immunity,
155, 156, 191; and public
places, 161–70, 187, 188, 193; binary
understanding of privacy,
162–63, 166, 167, 169, 170, 184,
190; and video voyeurism, 166–
68; and confidentiality, 170–83,
187, 191, 193; and control, 183–
87, 188, 191
Private citizens, and defamation law,
126
Prosser, William, 109, 127, 187
Prostitution solicitation, 92
Pseudonymous speech, 146
Public debate, 20, 126, 131
Public disclosure, of private facts,
119, 126–27, 128, 129, 132–36,
162–63
Public figures, 126, 194
Public places: and privacy, 7–8, 12–
13, 161–70; social network websites
as, 26, 27; and public roles,
68; and privacy law, 161–70, 187,
188, 193
Public versus private self, 68–70
Pulitzer, Joseph, 106
Putnam, Robert, 32, 141

Randolph, John, 115
Randolph, Richard, 115–16
Randolph, William, 116
Rehabilitation, 73, 95
Reidenberg, Joel, 200
Reingold, Howard, 8–9
Reputation: threat to control of, 4;
control of, 11, 33–35, 189; and
personal information on Internet,
30, 189; and accountability, 31–
32; and trust, 31–32, 66, 116; and
gossip, 32, 63–64, 181, 189, 190;
fragility of, 34, 36–37, 49; and rumors,
34, 36–37, 74, 189, 190;
and privacy, 35, 72, 114–20; and
shaming, 94, 95–96; and dueling,
114, 115–17; and defamation law,
116, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122; and
privacy law, 117, 119–20; and
public disclosure of private facts,
135; and anonymity, 140, 141,
144, 145–46, 150; and privacy/free
speech balance, 160; and confidentiality,
182; and public figures, 194
ReputationDefender, 192
Responsibility: and shaming, 6–7;
and role of law, 124; for harmful
speech, 149–59
Restatement of Torts, 132, 163
Revenge World, 98
Revere, Paul, 61
Reynolds, Glenn, 23–24
Rhode Island, 92
Ringley, Jennifer, 71
Rosen, Jeffrey, 66–67
Rudeness, 32, 94
Rude People, 86
Rumors: on Internet, 4, 11, 118,
124; history of, 11, 105; and reputation,
34, 36–37, 74, 189, 190;
and gossip, 64; and libertarian approach
to privacy law, 112; and
dueling, 114, 116; and defamation
law, 118, 158–59; and anonymity,
140, 141, 144; and Section 230
immunity, 159; and privacy/free
speech balance, 193
Russinovich, Mark, 93

Sand, George, 140
Sanger, Larry, 145
Scalia, Antonin, 140–41
Schlessinger, Dr. Laura, 183–84
Schneider, Carl, 218n87
Schneier, Bruce, 170
Schwartz, Paul, 65
Scott, Sean, 130
Screaming Pickle, The, 47–48
Secrecy, 173, 177, 178, 179
Section 230 immunity, 152–54, 155,
156–59, 191
Seigenthaler, John, 142–44, 145,
146, 147
Seigenthaler, John (son), 143
Self-conception, and reputation, 31,
211n79
Self-exposure problem, 196–200,
203–4
Selfhood, 68–70, 73, 217n59
Sex: and blogs, 50–54; and norms,
85; and reputation, 116; and individual
autonomy, 130; and speaking about one’s life, 135, 136; and
mainstream media, 194
Sexual assault, and journalistic
ethics, 36, 59, 195
Shakespeare, William, 30, 34
Shaming: on Internet, 4, 6, 11, 78–
83, 92–99, 101–2, 168, 190, 195;
and extent of punishment, 7, 95–
96; history of, 11, 13, 78, 90–92,
105; function of, 12, 205; and
norm enforcement, 12, 85–87, 90;
and norms, 32, 83–90, 92, 94,
102; and alienation, 94–95; and
reputation, 94, 95–96; and lack of
due process, 96–98; and vigilantism,
99–101, 102; and privacy
law, 123; and Section 230 immunity,
159; and privacy/free speech
balance, 193
Shannon, Mark, 151
SHHH card, 86, 86
Six degrees of separation, 25–26
Slander, 118, 126
Slashdot, 62
Small village, global village compared
to, 32, 33, 37
Smith, Adam, 140
Smith, Bob, 157–58
Smith, Robert Ellis, 107
Smolla, Rodney, 119–20
Snap camera, 107–8, 109
Social control, 6, 32, 65, 72
Social epidemics, 60–61
Social networks, 25, 26, 60–61, 63,
176–81, 180, 202
Social network websites: dissemination
of information on, 11, 193;
personal information shared on,
24, 26, 27; concept of, 25–26;
and social ties, 26–28; as worldwide
phenomenon, 28–29; employers’
use of, 38; and selfexpression,
49; and authoritarian
approach to privacy law, 113;
and confidentiality requirements,
192; architecture of, 200–204; default
settings of, 200–201, 201;
and socialization, 200; concept of
“friend,” 202–3
Sontag, Susan, 70
Sony BMG, 93
Sorkin, Andrew, 171–72
South, dueling in, 114, 116–17
Southern Methodist University, 56–
58
South Korea, 28
Spacks, Patricia Meyer, 65
Spain, 28
Star Wars Kid, 44–48, 45, 49, 98,
124, 213–14n134
Stigma, 70
Strahilevitz, Lior, 94, 178–80,
221n64
Strict scrutiny, 128, 227n27
Summers, John, 194
Sunstein, Cass, 6, 227n24
Superficial, 22
Surveillance cameras, 163–64

Tabloids, 106, 195
Taft, William Howard, 194
Taiwan, 28
Tanenbaum, Leora, 74
Teacher, Jim, 24
Technorati, 21, 22
Teenagers, 21, 24, 39, 42, 196–97,
198, 204
Telephone, 107. See also Cell phone
use
Thomas, Clarence, 172
Thoreau, Henry David, 85
Tice, Dianne M., 211n79
Tilton, Elizabeth, 107, 212n91
Tilton, Theodore, 107, 212n91
Tipping, norms of, 87–89, 99
Tipping point, and gossip, 60–61,
62
Toobin, Jeff, 138
Tort remedies: for privacy invasion,
110, 113, 119–20, 127, 129–30,
132, 225n71; for defamation,
118, 126; appropriation tort, 119,
162, 186–87; breach-ofconfidentiality
tort, 175–76, 188,
234n85. See also Lawsuits
Traceable anonymity, 146–47, 149
Trust: and reputation, 31–32, 66,
116; decline in, 32; and quality of
information, 35; and background
checks, 41; establishment of, 66;
and second chances, 73; and
anonymity, 141, 145; and confidentiality,
175, 176
Truth: and gossip, 64–65; determination
of, 66; and public versus
private self, 68–69; and defamation
law, 118, 126, 127; and public
disclosure of private facts, 119,
126–27; and privacy/free speech
balance, 131, 132
Twain, Mark, 140, 173–74
UBS, 170–73

Underground Newspaper, 59–60
Underneath Their Robes, 136–39
United Kingdom, 28
University of Colorado, 96–97
Upskirt photos, 166, 167
U.S. Constitution, 113. See also First
Amendment; Fourth Amendment
U.S. Supreme Court, 34, 118, 126,
127–29, 139, 148, 227n27,
233n48

Vengeance, and shaming, 98
Video voyeurism, 166–68
Video Voyeurism Prevention Act,
167, 231n2
Vigilantism, and shaming, 99–101,
102
Vlogs (video blogs), 164
Volokh, Eugene, 93, 127, 128
Volokh Conspiracy, The, 54–55, 93
Voltaire, 140
Voyeur Video, 162, 231n2

Wales, Jimmy, 142, 145
Warren, Samuel: and privacy, 108–
9, 190; and privacy law, 109–10,
113, 119–20; and tort remedies,
110, 113; and public disclosure,
128, 129, 162; and appropriation,
162; and confidentiality law, 176
Warshavsky, Seth, 184
Washington, 167
Washingtonienne, 50–53, 124, 130–
31, 136, 139, 173, 214n3
Waxy.org, 46, 48
Westin, Alan, 71
Wikipedia, 47, 142–46, 143
Wilson, John Lyde, 117
Wilson, Woodrow, 194
Winfrey, Oprah, 36
Witchcraft, 34
Wonkette, 22, 52–54, 139, 214nn3,
5
Woodhull, Victoria, 107, 223n11
Woodward, Bob, 134
Woolf, Virginia, 217n59
Wyoming, 223n27

Xanga, 24

Yahoo! chat rooms, 154–55
Yahoo! message boards, 148–49
Yellow journalism, and privacy,
106–7, 108, 109
YouTube, 39–40, 164, 171,
213n134

Zeran, Kenneth, 150–53
Zeta-Jones, Catherine, 175
Zimmerman, Diane, 64, 129
Zittrain, Jonathan, 185
Zuckerberg, Mark, 27, 169

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About the Author

Daniel J. Solove is associate professor, George Washington University Law School, and an internationally known expert in privacy law. He is frequently interviewed and featured in media broadcasts and articles, and he is the author of The Digital Person: Technology and Privacy in the Information Age. He lives in Washington, D.C., and blogs at the popular law blog http://www.concurringopinions.com.