Freda Bedi Cont'd (#2)

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Part 1 of 2

Who's Who In the Lyceum [Excerpt]
Edited by A. Augustus Wright
Including a Brief History of the Lyceum by Anna L. Curtis and How to Organize and Manage a Lyceum Court by Laurence Tom K. Kersey
© 1906 by Pearson Bros.

"A man cannot with propriety speak of himself, except he relates simple facts; as, 'I was at Richmond'; or, what depends on mensuration; as, "I am six feet high': but he cannot be sure he is wise, or that he has any other excellence."

-- Dr. Johnson

Foreword.

Tools and the Man

"Who's Who in the Lyceum" is a set of tools, made and truly tempered, for work never yet wrought adequately. Whatever may be said or thought of "The Man With a Hoe," it is certain he is in better case than "The Man Without a Hoe." The crop that is yet to be harvested from the broad acres of the Lyceum field, will depend very largely upon the way these tools — here handed to the man — are handled by the man.

* * *

The Word Lyceum

The word Lyceum notably exemplifies and illustrates the fact that language grows. To-day the word includes what yesterday was absent; to-morrow it will include what to-day knows not.

As to inclusions and exclusions for to-day, clearly the word Lyceum excludes the theater and includes the drama; it excludes whatever is specifically and only theatric, and it includes whatever is specifically and wholly dramatic. It excludes whatever appeals solely to the eye or to the other senses — as senses; for example, all the gorgeous paraphernalia of usual perception ordinarily assumed at the Play to represent Life as it is, but whose very gorgeousness blinds the eye to see beneath the object to the subject, the word Lyceum excludes all such things of the senses; it includes whatever action, word or appearance reaches the soul through valid psychical appeals to the creative imagination. Life is dramatic, not theatric; of the essence and not of the form of things, life is drama. Hence the drama finds its first, noblest and most complete expression, not at the Theater, but upon the Lyceum Platform. Here are won already, and here are yet to be doubly won, the greatest triumphs of the unfettered imagination.

"Who's Who in the Lyceum" lays emphasis upon the declaration that whatever belongs indisputably to spiritual aesthetics — the realm of Life's most intimate and most significant drama — belongs to the Lyceum; whatever does not, belongs elsewhere.

Clearly, too, and for the same reason, the word Lyceum excludes the vaudeville, the circus, the amusement in which the performer is but a performer, whatever or whoever is "the whole show"; and, in truth, it excludes every sort of entertainment whose roots and branches and fruit are evidently of the earth earthy.

A Letter

"I am merely a society entertainer, having no particular connection with the so-called Lyceum movement; therefore your volume will be complete without my biographical data."

Excellent. This gentleman is commendable for his perspicacity and for the frankness of his avowal as well as for the exactness of his identification of the Lyceum, and of — himself.

In the present work the word Lyceum includes particularly all University Extension Lectureships, with all scientific, aesthetic, literary, educational and similar Lectureships, with interpretative Lecture-Recitals, together with Symphonic or even Solo Concerts, Readings, Dramatic Monologues, Dramatic Recitals of entire Dramas, and similar entertainments aiming at ends strictly aesthetic, artistic and moral.

***

Standards of Eligibility.

As to eligibility to a place in "Who's Who in the Lyceum," in instances where there is any doubt — as to this man or as to that woman — eligibility is determined, though not exclusively, by satisfactory answers to three principal questions:

(a) Is the candidate pursuing Lyceum work as an artistic vocation, or merely as a negligible avocation?

(b) On the average, how many engagements does he fill annually?

(c) What is the nature, and, to some indicative extent, what is the ideal of his work?

At times this last standard brings us perilously near to the necessities of exercising judicial functions, notwithstanding "Who's Who" is a "record, not an estimate," a census of individuals rather than an appreciation of persons. Still, no injustice is done to any, since all are brought alike to the same standards.

Significance of These Standards.

The task of determining these standards, both as to their number and as to their significance, has been exceedingly difficult, while the rigid application of them has been occasionally well-nigh impracticable.

Probably some persons are included in the published list whom some would not admit. But where liberality has seemed a virtue of necessity, the interpretation of these standards has been liberal, particularly in instances where, evidently, genius is at once young, vigorous and crescent.  

Let the brilliant luminaries of the Lyceum heavens never forget that all the light of the nightly firmament radiates not from the fixed stars alone.

Restricted Scope of This Work

"Who's Who in the Lyceum" is neither a Dun nor a Bradstreet. It is not a clearing house for decayed or decaying talent or bureaus. It is not a "Fads and Fancies," nor yet a "Dictionary of Biography." Manifestly there is herein no place for the exploitation of expert verdicts, or of popular verdicts, good, bad or indifferent. No lecturer is alike good, bad or indifferent in all places and at all times. Some of the times and many of the places are themselves also g. b. and i.; sometimes I.

Some workers have their work in their hearts, and some have their hearts in their work, and some show the marks of both estates co-ordinate. But, as to who these are, this work was made to make no sign. This work doesn't know. It might be desirable — certainly it must be desirable — for a committee to know, in advance of the Bureau's paternal suggestions, whether So-and-So, "elocutionist," is first of all a genuine woman, with a real, a warm, a living soul within her, and next is also capable — capable of working the miracles of interpretation, yea, of artistic and of Aesthetic creation, or whether, in the last analysis she is to be gibbeted as only a frivolous mixture of millinery and Delsarte. And whether So-and-So, lecturer, is artist or only artisan; whether with him lecturing is an aesthetic art, or merely a piece of stark commercial handcraft; whether, for intellectual stimulus, for artistic inspiration, for ethical suggestiveness, and for general healthful impressiveness, said So-and-So is clearly ratable at the n power, or only at the n.g. power. But on these points, and on all similar points, this work knows naught.

* * *

Caveat

Any adverse criticisms of this work's incompleteness, of its colorlessness, of its character as mere chronicle, of the brevity and condensed quality of its sketches, are vanquished easily by a fair presentation of its aim, its scope and its utilities. Indeed, all such criticisms are routed with a single sentence: "This work is a Who's Who, not a What's Who!"

Wherein this Work is Authoritative.

Since authority ever rests on truth, and truth never rests on authority, this work has been made first of all and last of all, true. If, in the nature of the case, it must be inadequate, and incomplete, still it is true, accurate, and therefore trustworthy. Time, money and sleepless care, without stint, have been expended to secure accuracy in every statement. In all instances where a published record for any reason challenged attention, by verifying the facts we have avoided perpetuating a clerical error, or repeating some one's original blunder.

As a matter of fact, no sketch is published against consent, or without consent, and with but few exceptions each sketch has received the O.K. of the subject himself.

* * *

Utilities of this Work

To Talent this work is an introduction to "men of like passions." Each artist will now be able to cultivate still further his own acquired, if not achieved modesty by a contemplation of others'. Each artist's claims will take on a fresh significance as he notes what others like himself are doing. It is a real comfort to any one to know that on the shores of any great enterprise he is not — alone.

To Bureau Managers it furnishes reliable data — data of an intimate quality; data such as would cost the individual Bureaus time, toil and money beyond their thought. Now, and for the first time, they may learn what other Bureaus are doing, or are trying to do.

To Committees it is indeed a boon. It widens their scope of observation; it shows planets, suns, fixed stars, and even nebula, in the heavens Above, or on the horizon, that the * * * * Bureau's telescope never showed.  

It is true that the information published — regarding some stars — is a trifle nebulous, but that fact is itself revelatory to the eye of the astute Committee.

It is also true this information is never intimate; in the scope of this work it could not be intimate; yet is it sufficient to indicate to any Committee the direction in which such information may be sought wisely.

To Editors, Librarians, Educators, Statesmen, Officials of the Public Service, and to others, this work affords utilities of immediate value. Moreover, it will even create utilities not yet discerned, precisely as demand creates supply and supply creates demand.

* * *

The Business Side

The business side of "Who's Who in the Lyceum" — as a venture in publication — merits a brief paragraph. Without other solicitation than that couched in the bare terms of announcement, the de luxe edition has been over-subscribed, and the general edition about fully subscribed, in advance of publication.

This result is gratifying to publishers and to the Editor, not more on business grounds than on the consideration that a discerning Lyceum Public Opinion has thus already passed favorable judgment upon the enterprise.

* * *

Curios

In the compilation of this work the inevitable tedium of routine correspondence has been relieved at times by letters bearing suggestive comments, or containing caustic criticisms, or else revealing the essential humor of situations the writers never saw.

One gentleman, a distinguished prelate of a great church — his sketch is found herein — declares his opinion on a certain matter thus: "The Lecture platform ought to stand for a message and not for a sing-song repetition of the only effort of which a man has been capable."

Talent will do themselves justice, if not more, by writing this gentleman, quoting "let the galled jade wince," and adding (?) — the rest of the sentence.

Another writer says, with charming naivete: "My work has made me, and not any Bureau."

Through the mists of ambiguity that cloud this sentence one can dimly discern the intention of the writer. Doubtless such as he are famous, not because they are on the platform, nor yet because the platform is on them, but the platform is famous because they are on it, or, in spite of it.

But the Kohinoor in this cabinet of Curios remains to outshine these other gems. To what a distance the malefic influence of "Fads and Fancies" has already traveled may be read between two lines of another letter. True, this letter was written by one, it must be confessed, the absence of whose name does not utterly ruin the work. And yet, such is the spirit of the man that this letter is one whose very paper — between said two lines — crimps and crumples itself rattlingly, phenomenally, and as if instinctively, with the writer's righteous indignation at once judicial and suspicious: "I will never allow my name to be used for purposes of advertisement."

Doubtless he scents a bribe! But the spotlessness of this man's virtuous purpose, not to say the unspotability of this man's virtuous purpose, affords a white background against which the sunlight of any publicity shows black. Let all Talent beware.  

Queries

An inspection of the data furnished herein, whether it be casual or not, will suggest certain important queries. Why are so many people booking their own dates without the aid of any Bureau? Is it because Bureaus and Talent do not understand, or is it because they do understand each other?

Again, What is the average duration of popularity in lectures as compared with entertainments? What is the Bureau's answer? And what the Committee's answer?

Again, Why are there so few good preachers who are also equally good lecturers? Is it because preachers do not know the essential difference between the functions of a sermon and those of a lecture? Is it because they think a lecture is necessarily less important and less valuable than a sermon? Is it because traditional homiletics has atrophied their sense of humor?

Again, What are the generic characteristics of the lecture themes treated upon the lecture platform of to-day? And what principles may we safely use in identifying the sweep of Lyceum lecture currents to-day?

Again, Why do so many United States Congressmen, so many Statesmen, Historians, Travelers, Scientists, Political Economists, Philosophers, Clergymen, all of the very first class, ascend the Lyceum platform? And why are there not many more of these same classes ascending the Lyceum platform?

The Future of the Lyceum is in the Hands of the Great Personalities.

The great personalities who are to dominate the Lyceum of the immediate future are not talkers simply, nor persons of culture only, nor merely people of taste, though it be at once delicate, delicious, exquisite. They are more, and they must be more. They are moral as well as intellectual giants. Manifestly, even in the midst of the commercial, the industrial, the political, the materialistic chaos of the times, these men are present as brooding spirits, gifted out of infinity and hence out of eternity; gifted with architectonic capabilities and skill.

These men are gifted with the reformative potencies of philanthropy, noble, altruistic, self-effacing, self-sacrificial. But far beyond this these men are gifted with that vaster dynamic — the preformative genius of creativeness; they do things, and they do new things; they are workers, and they work all sorts of righteousness; they are genuine poets, weaving and working life's words into psalms and paeans, fitting every tongue; they are creators — creators of a new cosmos, ideal, yet coming down out of the heavens of truth, first into the vision, next into the ambition, and then into the enthralled affection of mankind.

These men are creators, listening to whom all auditors feel supremely that the fires of artistic passion, the nice discernments of aesthetic wisdom, and the mighty sanctions of ethics exist in these creators plenarily, formatively and co-ordinately. These men are creators; they actually create new intellectual, aesthetic and even ethical situations in the imagination of their auditors; they take little words, and big, and into these they breathe the breath of all kinds of life, and thus are able to restate life in newly-created forms and in newly-ordered scopes; and then these same creators, these who thus have re-stated life, are able, with equal ease, to interpret this their own divine exegesis of life, in forms of truth, in lives of beauty, and in the saving terms of righteousness. To these creators, these great personalities, the Lyceum calls to-day. To all others the Lyceum is dumb, yea, and makes no sign.  

A Brief History of the Lyceum
by Anna L. Curtis

The Lyceum field has no mean acreage. Its plateaus and its vales stretch far beyond the vision. Yet, in any general survey thereof, and from any point of view, certain mountain peaks arrest the eye and dominate the horizon.

Trustworthy data, recently gathered, show that the number of established Lyceum lecture courses in the United States— courses in which one ticket is sold for the entire season, courses which now are regularly held from year to year — cannot be far from six thousand. This statement relates to courses of Lyceum lectureships alone, and takes no cognizance of the numberless single lectures, concerts, artistic and aesthetic entertainments, provided by local enterprise or by Lyceum bureaus.

LOWELL INSTITUTE, BOSTON

In scrutinizing the details of this general survey, the free public lectureships, provided on permanent foundations, — like the Lowell Institute Courses in Boston, or the Peabody Institute Courses in Baltimore, — must be particularly noted. These lectureships are rapidly increasing in number in every part of the land, and are constantly increasing in their efficient ministry to our national intellectual vigor. Moreover, by their strictly formal character and by their profound philosophic and inspirational quality, they attract as their clientele the very elite of local culture.

THE BOARDS OF EDUCATION.

Lectureships maintained under legislative authority, and at public expense, by Boards of Education — as in New York City and State — for the propagation of useful information in the practical arts of domestic life, for the instruction of the public in the proper arts of sanitation, and of medical and surgical assistance in emergencies, and for the publication, exploitation and illustration of current scientific discoveries and inventions — these must be noted also.

UNIVERSITY SUMMER SESSIONS AND EXTENSION COURSES.

The summer sessions held each year under the auspices of our foremost Universities, and as a constituent section of their curriculum. Universities whose principal professors are retained as lecturers, and in which sessions all sorts of technical, sociologic, pedagogic, scientific and philosophic themes are presented luminously to thousands of secular school teachers, scholars, investigators and literati, must be noted also.

The University Extension Lecture Courses, covering almost every conceivable subject of human interest, whether to scholars or to students, and constantly increasing in number, in efficiency and in prophetic significance, — these must be noted also.

And next, there is the rapidly-multiplying host of Y.M.C.A. public lectureships, and of institutional church lectureships, covering technical instruction and inspiration in the trades, in the arts and in the industrial crafts. These, appealing principally to men, and in the out-of-business hours, and though admittedly but a by-aim of the ethical and religious propaganda of institutional Christianity, nevertheless afford first-class lectureships in the creative arts and in the commercial and the industrial utilities.

LECTURESHIPS PROVIDED BY CIVIC ENTERPRISE.

Next we note the multitudinous evening lectureships which, though appealing forcibly only to special classes of students, are yet also open to the general public, lectureships provided through civic enterprise and forecast, by manual training schools, institutes of technology and city high schools, such as the Mechanic Arts High School of Boston.  

We note, also, the lectureships— restrictedly secular in the character of their instruction, and largely technical both in form and in spirit — conducted by the trade and guild schools and by schools of technique principally for their own clients, yet open to the public without charge. Such lectureships bring the enthusiasms as well as the incitements of education to thousands of citizens already mentally virile and alert.

THE SUMMER ASSEMBLIES.

The summer Assemblies — increasing at a most remarkable rate — with their free public platform, the freest in America, the most untrammeled, free for the announcement of the latest discoveries of fact in science, or in literature, or in art, free for the heralding of the grandest ideals in human thought, these Assemblies, with their schools and guilds and solidarities and incessant lectureships, these must be noted also.

The winter Assemblies, held for a single week in our largest churches, offering lectures of the highest order, three times each day, drawing talent from our greatest universities, seminaries and pulpits — these must be noted also.

WOMEN'S CLUBS

Literature and art lectureships conducted by women's clubs, by artists' clubs, and by schools of aesthetic culture, and furnishing both to their own intelligent and ambitious clientele and to the general public as well, the rudiments and the inspirations of artistic education, if not artistic life itself, — these also stand out clearly and nobly before the eye.

Between one and two thousand persons gain a livelihood upon the platform, while the number of those who devote only a part of their time to the platform cannot be fewer than three or four thousand. It seems hardly possible that this great business of to-day is but the outgrowth of a dream of yesterday. But so it is. Along in the first quarter of the century just closed, education, always a fad of the Americans, suddenly became a hobby. All sorts of societies were organized over night, societies for the diffusion of useful knowledge, mercantile associations, teachers' seminaries, literary institutes, book clubs, societies of education — every sort of society whose name sounded learned and educational. Some of them lasted only until the members could invent for them a baptismal name, and then quietly died. Few of them outlived the first ten years. Among this multitude was one insignificant little institution, established in November, 1826, as is recorded in the "American Journal of Education," by some forty or fifty farmers and mechanics of the little town of Millbury, Mass. There was nothing surprising in their forming an association. Organization was in the very air. Any town that wanted to be at all up to date had to organize something educational — two or three of them, if the town were large enough. So these Millbury farmers and mechanics formed themselves into "The Millbury Branch, No. 1, of the American Lyceum." "The American Lyceum," now an established fact and a household word in many a town, then only a dream — the dream of Josiah Holbrook, of Derby, Conn.

This historic character merits at least a paragraph. Josiah Holbrook was what an irreverent generation might call "a stone agent." A firm believer in the efficacy of natural science studies as a panacea for the cure of all sorts of educational ills, already, in 1826, he had spent several years traveling about Massachusetts and Connecticut, lecturing on geology and mineralogy, and urging every town to form its own little cabinets of specimens, and to study far more, not only these, but all the natural sciences. Wandering minstrels and traveling preachers there had been before, but never, we think, a peripatetic lecturer on the natural sciences. He was the first of this race; if not the first, at least the most genetic. Moreover, to him more than to anyone else do we owe the introduction of the natural sciences into our public school curriculums, as subjects for regular study. But his greatest title to remembrance is that he dreamed of an "American Lyceum," worked with all his strength to make that dream reality, and in truth laid the foundation for the great Lyceum system of to-day.

JOSIAH HOLBBOOK'S PLAN.

Now, what was this American Lyceum to be, as seen in Josiah Holbrook's dream? A means of popular education, of self-culture and of community instruction such as should make the wilderness of uncultivated mind blossom as the rose. Mr. Holbrook's plans, as outlined in Barnard's "Journal of Education," early in 1826, required that every town should have its own Lyceum, with library, collections of specimens in natural history, cabinets of mineralogical treasures, courses of lectures given by the members, the members themselves grouped in sections for the study of science, history and art. Delegates from the Town Lyceums were to form the County Lyceums, and from these, in turn, would be made up the State Lyceums, while the National American Lyceum was to be composed of delegates from all the State societies. Here is a scheme sufficiently large and far reaching, it would seem, to fill the ambition of the man who devised it, and whose life was devoted to its historic unfolding. Yet it was not. If Josiah Holbrook had lived to-day, probably he might have been tempted to organize an educational trust, or to corner the market in professors. As it was, he planned a World Lyceum, of which Chancellor Brougham, of England, should be president, and which should have fifty-two vice-presidents, men distinguished in science and in philanthropy, men chosen from every country in the world. And this, almost before the Millbury Lyceum, "Branch No. 1," was fully organized.

Brougham



The term "Brougham" has been used by every single American car manufacturer as well as a few foreign ones to designate a car model or trim package with richly appointed features. It refers to the elegant "Brougham" carriage popular in the 19th century. That carriage was originally built to the specifications of and named for Lord Henry Peter Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux, a British statesman who became Lord Chancellor of Great Britain. Brother Brougham was a member of Canongate Kilwinning Lodge 2 of Edinburgh Scotland.

-- Freemasons: Tales from the Craft, by Steven L. Harrison

However, we must not give Josiah Holbrook credit for an imagination too vivid and strenuous. The word "Lyceum" he borrowed from the spot where Aristotle used to lecture to the youth of Greece, while various details of his system were probably adapted from other sources. For instance, Franklin's Junto may have given him the idea of mutual instruction, and the Paris Lyceum, where Monsieur de la Harpe lectured daily from 1786 to 1794, is a possible source of his plan for instruction by series of lectures. The Paris Conservatory of Arts and Trades, founded in 1796, and the Mechanics' Institutes of England, which increased in number from one in 1823 to seven hundred in 1860, probably added somewhat to the form of Holbrook's grand scheme. But the system was his own. These other efforts at popular adult education were all comparatively small and insignificant; his was perhaps the most comprehensive system ever originated, without exception.

"The Millbury Branch, No. 1, of the American Lyceum'' was the first fruit of Holbrook's toil, lecturing, writing, distributing circulars, and travel. But Millbury happened to be only a little ahead of its neighbors. Twelve or fifteen nearby villages promptly followed its example, and early in 1827 Worcester County, Mass., could boast of having the first County Lyceum.

The Lyceum germ having now found a most fertile soil, it might have been safely left to grow and multiply without further solicitude on the part of Mr. Holbrook. But he never relaxed his efforts. Up and down and criss-cross he went, through Massachusetts and Connecticut, always talking Lyceum, and personally organizing hundreds of societies. In 1828 nearly a hundred branches of the "American Lyceum'' had been formed, and by the end of 1829 there were societies in nearly every State in the Union. Two years later their numbers were approaching a thousand, and in 1834, the high water mark was reached, at which time nearly three thousand town Lyceums were scattered throughout the United States, from Boston to Detroit and from Maine to Florida. The greatest interest was shown in New England and the South, where everyone who could stoop or talk was picking up stones for the Lyceum cabinet or working up lectures for the benefit of his fellow-members.

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Part 2 of 2

THE FIRST STATE LYCEUMS.

County Lyceums were formed almost as quickly, Massachusetts being so dissatisfied with its record of seventy-eight town and three county Lyceums in 1829, that it even appointed a State Board to promote the county organizations and thus to hasten the arrival of a State society. This Board did its work so well that early in 1831 the State organized its longed-for Lyceum. But it was not the first in point of time. Though by only six weeks, yet for once New York had beaten New England in the educational race, while Florida, a State of twelve years' standing, was but little behind. Others followed rapidly, and on May 4th, 1831, New York City received the convention for the formation of an American Lyceum. One thousand town Lyceums were represented by twenty-three delegates, and in a meeting enthusiastic to the last degree, the American Lyceum was triumphantly organized "for ever and ever," declaring its object to be "the advancement of education, especially in the common schools, and the general diffusion of knowledge." A splendid program, indeed; the pity of it is that the association had so short a life in which to carry it out. For eight years meetings were held annually in New York, the number of delegates varying from sixty to a hundred, according to the state of ways, wind and weather, three of the most important items to be considered by any convention in those days. Unfortunately, the meetings were all held in the spring, when mud was the deepest and rain the heaviest, so that, although at least eight States — New York, Maine, Massachusetts, Illinois, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Connecticut and Florida — formed State Lyceums, there was never a meeting at which all the eight were represented. In November, 1839, a National Convention was called. This was attended by more delegates than had gathered at any previous meeting; it was even more enthusiastic; it offered suggestions for almost every branch of education; it adjourned full of plans for the future, — and never met again. Thus died the American Lyceum Union, and no historic lantern throws light on the cause of its sudden exit. But its eight years of life had been worth while in every way. It forwarded education in Cuba, Venezuela and Mexico; it gave our common school system an impetus toward better things which has never been lost, and it left behind many educational, literary and lecture associations founded through its influence, some of which are still in existence, and all of which have left their influence on the educational life of the country.

The town Lyceums, also, were left, and these carried on their work, each in its own manner, some for a year, some for twenty, thirty or fifty. The purpose of all was well enough expressed in the constitution of the society in New Bedford, Mass. "The objects of this Lyceum are the improvement of its members in useful knowledge, and the advancement of popular education." As to the fee for membership, let us turn again for information to the same constitution, which probably differed little from any other, and which states that "one annual fee shall be two dollars, but the sum of thirty dollars paid at any time will entitle a person, his heirs and assigns, to one membership forever." It is not recorded how many persons availed themselves of the privileges so generously offered in this latter clause.

A list of the towns in which these Lyceums were established might be interesting, but such a list is not known to exist. More, however, seem to have been in Massachusetts than in any other State. New Bedford, Millbury, Concord, Salem, Cambridge, Littleton, Beverly, Worcester, Harvard, Topsfield, Charlestown and Boston, of which last Daniel Webster was president for several years, these are a few of the many organized in that State. In the other States, even the names of the towns seem lost. Andover, N. H., had a Lyceum, and so did Detroit, Mich., while Windham County, Conn., was the second (Worcester, Mass., being the first) to form a county Lyceum. We know that the idea was taken up with spirit throughout the South, particularly in Georgia, South Carolina and Florida. But nowhere do the Lyceums seem to have lived so long or to have left so deep an impression as in Massachusetts. Consequently, the history of the Lyceum is its history in Massachusetts, at least from 1825 to 1890.

HOME TALENT.

But, whether their existence was long or short, the central idea of all the three thousand Lyceums of 1834 was that of self-instruction and mutual education. The means by which they set about attaining this end were various, consisting of lectures, debates, essays, conversation, or a mixture of all, though in most cases the meetings varied only between lectures and debates. However, everything educational was grist for their mills, and it is recorded that in the town of Concord, when once a storm kept away the lecturer of the evening, the chairman read Governor Morton's message aloud, from beginning to end. It may well be said that our ancestors were of sterner stuff than we. These meetings were held weekly. How did the committee manage to secure such a continuous performance of lecturers and debaters? By means of home talent. For the first ten years of the system there was almost no interchange of lecturers. Every man spoke in his home town only, and spoke whenever requested, upon whatever subject he knew best. But if the membership fee was only about two dollars, how did the societies manage to pay all these scores of lecturers? Ah, here the modest beauty of the system makes us moderns blush! Until about 1840 home talent received no fee except the applause of fellow-citizens; and as lecturers from outside, if any ever came, received only traveling expenses, the main source of outlay was the lighting of the hall. Thus, in an "Historical Sketch of the Salem Lyceum," we learn that from 1830 to 1846 native Salemites delivered 127 of all the lectures given in that town, while during the next forty years only forty were given by home talent. According to the same good authority, it would seem that the town of Salem was either exceedingly extravagant, or else much more well-to-do than its neighbors. For, after 1836, the townspeople were paid, and, more than that, were paid twenty dollars for an address. It was Salem, too, which about this time gave the first hundred-dollar fee ever received by any lecturer, Daniel Webster being the honored recipient of this unheard-of honorarium. The contrast between Salem and the neighboring towns in this respect is shown by the fact that in 1841 a particularly bright and shining star was offered ten dollars in addition to his expenses as a special inducement to lecture in Concord. We may suppose that he accepted with alacrity, but it was some time before the thrifty folks of Concord could forgive the wasteful extravagance of their committee. Why should they have offered ten dollars, when five would probably have done as well?

THE TWO SURVIVORS.

Up to a certain point the history of all the Lyceums is the same; first, home talent only; then a few speakers from nearby towns, just for variety's sake; then imported lecturers almost entirely — if the Lyceum organization lasted long enough. Comparatively few of them did reach this third stage. They passed out of existence very rapidly during the late thirties and the ten or fifteen years following, and their little libraries and collections of geological, mineralogical or natural history specimens were scattered, or went to build up other institutions. The Lyceum village of Berea, O., which Mr. Holbrook established in 1837, and which he fondly hoped would be the first of a series stretching across the continent, failed within ten years. By 1880 not one in thirty of the old Lyceums remained; now there are but two, historic Concord, and Salem. In these the Lyceum is a living force to-day, no less than in Ottawa, Kan., or in Elkhart, Ind., and the history of either for the past seventy-five years is such as would gladden the heart of Josiah Holbrook himself; it is the story of an undying devotion to all that is best and noblest in popular education.

It may be worthwhile to come a little closer to these two typical and historic Lyceums that we may learn in what respects they differ from their younger brethren, and in what particular qualities we may find the secret of their survival.

The Concord Lyceum was founded by Mr. Holbrook himself on the 7th of January, 1829. If we may believe the address made by C. H. Walcott at the celebration of its fiftieth anniversary, there were fifty-seven charter members, although that number was soon greatly increased. Each member might bring his family and two ladies, while, as a special privilege, widows, with their children, were admitted without charge. Probably it was assumed, if not figured, that widows and children would not carry away enough wisdom to rob any one else who might benefit by it. The first lecturer, oddly enough, in those days of home talent, lived at least six miles away, in the neighboring town of Waltham. His address bore the familiar title of "Popular Superstitions," but, as nothing remains to us except the name, it is impossible to judge of the lecture itself, either as to its scope or as to its literary quality. In the course of the next half century the little town of two thousand inhabitants indulged itself in 784 lectures, 106 debates and 14 concerts, these last being given after 1870. Not all the lectures were given by residents of the town, although, with citizens Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry D. Thoreau as a beginning, it hardly seems that the town would need to call in outside aid very often. As a matter of fact, Emerson gave ninety-eight of these lectures, and Thoreau, who was secretary of the Lyceum in 1840, nineteen, — all without pay, as befitted loyal townsmen. These alone were enough to insure the success of the Lyceum in Concord; but when in addition we see upon its list of lecturers for that first fifty years such men as Henry Ward Beecher, Starr King, Edward Everett Hale, Theodore Parker, Horace Greeley, Louis Agassiz, Oliver W. Holmes, James Russell Lowell, Charles A. Dana, Edwin Whipple, James T. Fields, Wendell Phillips and George W. Curtis, and these not once only, but repeatedly, we can no longer wonder at the continued success of the Concord Lyceum. The town is noted, also, as the first to include music in its Lyceum courses. This was in the winter of 1830-31. Possibly there was no way to avoid it, as said music was furnished by the Concord Band, which occasionally volunteered its services, — whenever it had learned a new piece, probably. In addition to the music, the strenuous Concordites had a course of twelve debates and thirty lectures. No wonder that a committee varying in number from three to six had to be appointed annually "to regulate the behavior of the boys." Lecture committees of to-day might take a hint here from old Concord. For a number of years only members of the Lyceum and the inevitable "widows, with their families," were allowed to attend. Then, as great lecturers came from outside, whom non-members desired to hear, the ticket system began to be adopted, and finally it supplanted the old system.

There are no records to show that the Concord Lyceum ever made any collection worthy of the name. It seems to have devoted itself almost entirely to lectures and debates, and is now similar in almost every particular to any other enterprising modern Lyceum. But the Salem Society, now known as the Essex Institute, from the incorporation into itself of several other bodies, historical or scientific, has retained, unchanged, the spirit with which it was founded early in 1830. There are, and there have been from the first, a library, and a museum of natural history, while the Institute is divided into four departments, historical, natural history, horticultural and fine arts, and two free lecture courses, with exhibitions and publications, aid the members in their study. Josiah Holbrook's idea in its perfected form exists to-day in the Salem Institute, and nowhere else.

One other institution there is, however, which should venerate the name of Holbrook, and that is the Lowell course of free lectures, of Boston, later called the Lowell Institute, which owes its foundation in 1832 by John Lowell, a cousin of the poet, to the influence of Josiah Holbrook. This Institute, according to Dr. Edward Everett Hale, was simply the culmination of the various courses already existing in Boston, and which he declares to have been conducted almost exactly on the plan of the present-day University Extension lectures, — except for two important things: there was less to pay and more to hear. The prices varied from fifty cents to two dollars a course, while the lectures might number anywhere from ten to fifteen. In "A New England Boyhood," Dr. Hale mentions as among these lecturers of the early thirties Dr. Jacob Bigelow, giving courses on botany; Henry Ware, on Palestine, and Edward Everett, on Greek antiquities.

LOWELL AS A LECTURER.

According to "James Russell Lowell and His Friends," also by Dr. Hale, there were in Boston alone, towards the end of the same decade, public courses given by at least five organizations: the Boston Lyceum, the Society for Diffusing Useful Knowledge, the Mercantile Library Association, the Mechanics' Association and the Historical Society. It was by lectures before these bodies, says Dr. Hale, that James Russell Lowell first gained a local reputation and a name, while still a boy scarcely out of college and not yet even of age. He was feeling around for his place in the world, and it was not long before his temperance lectures and afterwards those on anti-slavery had given him a reputation which made him one of the most popular lecturers up to the time of the Civil War. It was probably in the early part of his career that he wrote to the Andover Lyceum, asking if they would give "so much as five dollars" for a lecture. This letter, we are told, is still in existence, but, unfortunately for those who would like to know whether or not he got the job, the answer is not. It is to be hoped, however, that the Andover committee seized upon the chance.

It must have been some years later that Lowell's brilliant contemporary, Starr King, perpetrated that now well-worn Lyceum chestnut, "FAME. — Fifty And My Expenses," when asked for what he lectured. It was Starr King, also, who was first responsible for the saying that to be truly popular, a Lyceum lecture should be made up of five parts of sense and five of nonsense.

THE FIRST PROFESSIONAL LECTURER.

Mr. King was among the earliest professional lecturers, and yet by no means the first. The five years of the greatest development of the old Lyceum, from 1835 to 1840, marked the arrival of the professional lecturer as well as the beginning of the end for the system which made him not only possible, but necessary. And it is to Emerson that we must give the credit of discovering this new profession. True, Horace Mann lectured every weekday night for eleven years, 1837 to 1848; but these wore the years of his secretaryship for the Massachusetts Board of Education, and the lecturing was considered by him only a part of his duty, says Thomas Wentworth Higginson. But Emerson lectured ninety-eight times in Concord and twenty successive years in Salem. Higginson tells us that when he was manager of the Newburyport lecture course, in 1847, he received the strictest directions to include Emerson, no matter who else was on the course, and to pay him twenty dollars, while no one other speaker was to receive more than fifteen. Moreover, Emerson felt so confident of his position that some time in the forties he wrote a letter to the Waltham committee, stating that he would "come for the five dollars offered, but must have in addition four quarts of oats for his horse." (We are glad to say that he received the provender, though only after much discussion.) Yes, Emerson was the first professional lecturer, and it has been said of him, not only that he created that profession, but that he gave the Lyceum of this country its form and character.Almost everything he wrote after "Nature," say the "Old South Leaflets," was originally for the platform. "My pulpit is the Lyceum platform," he once said, and his devotion to it during the five-dollar days was well rewarded when in his later years he received from $150 to $500 for a single lecture.

But Emerson did not long hold the platform alone as a professional lecturer. John B. Gough began lecturing in 1842, and Wendell Phillips three years later. In this same year of 1845, by the way, Dr. A. A. Willits, now well named the Dean of the American Platform, delivered his first lecture, in Philadelphia, on the subject of "The Model Wife." It may be interesting to know that this lecture, though sixty-one years of age, is still in Dr. Willits's repertoire, and is still available.

Rev. Dr. A.A. Willits, "Apostle of Sunshine"

Rev. A.A. Willits, D.D., was elected pastor September 24, 1882, and entered upon the pastorate January 8, 1883.

By an act of the Legislature of Kentucky the name of the [Chestnut Street Presbyterian Church] was changed to "Broadway Tabernacle Presbyterian Church" February 14, 1876, and again to "Warren Memorial Presbyterian Church" January 7, 1882.

Rev. A.A. Willits, D.D., resigned the pastorate February 1, 1890.

-- Warren Memorial Presbyterian Church, The New-York Observer, Volume 91, January 4, 1912

Tuesday Afternoon, July 13, 1909

The meeting was called to order by President Billingsly at the Auditorium.

In the absence of the speakers who were announced to discuss the "Mission of Elementary Schools," that subject was passed and the "Relation of the State Normal Schools to Public Education" was ably discussed by Dr. A.E. Booth, of Nashville, and C.W. Anderson, of Brownsville.

Dr. Frederick W. Moore, of Vanderbilt University, made a strong address on "Advantages of Federation of Colleges." Dr. Brown Ayres, of Knoxville, and Dr. Conger, of Jackson, who were also assigned to this subject were not present.

No further business being presented, the Association adjourned to meet at 8:15 to hear the lecture of Dr. Willits on "The Model Wife and Mother."

The Association attended the lecture at night, but no business was transacted, and adjourned to meet at 9:00 o'clock Wednesday morning.

-- Biennial Report of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction for Tennessee for the Scholastic years ending June 30, 1909-1910, submitted to the Governor, R.L. Jones, State Superintendent

THE MODEL WIFE. -- Rev. Dr. A.A. Willits, in a recent lecture delivered in Brooklyn, described the model wife of ancient times. Among other traits of her character to which he referred was her industry. He said:

"She was the model woman for that period, for this age and for all ages to come. Costume and customs had changed, but all the essential features of womanly character are as fitting now as then." The speaker then read the description of her in the book of Proverbs, and remarked that all that human genius had labored for centuries to embody in marble, on canvas, or in the pages of poetry, for conception of that which was true, and beautiful, and graceful in woman, we might challenge the whole world to bring a picture of woman worthy to be compared with this. The whole picture was lighted up with the glow of a most cheerful, healthful activity. She not only superintended the duties of her household, but worked with her own hands. The daughters of modern society might here find a useful hint. The idea prevailed, nowadays, to a great extent among young ladies, that work was degrading; that it belonged to common people. The modern idea of womanly beauty was an ethereal creature, with fair features and a frail body, supported by whalebone. The hearty, vigorous, blushing rose used to be the emblem of beauty, but it is now the lily, even though lily white be made accessory to such a result. It might be truly said of them, "They toil not, neither do they spin, yet Solomon, in all his glory, was not arrayed like one of these." The idea of domestic industry being vulgar, is one of the conceits of modern days. Neither rich nor poor were exempt from the divine law that industry was healthful and proper. You, ladies, to become model wives, should be industrious.

-- The Guardian, A Monthly Magazine For Young Men and Ladies, Rev. B. Bausman, D.D., Editor, Volume XXVIII, 1877

THE PLATFORM A REFORM AGENT.

Others rapidly followed, — George William Curtis, E. P. Whipple, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Bayard Taylor, and then, as the spirit of reform and agitation swept over the country, the platform became one of the strongest and most effective brooms used in the sweeping. Every well-known lecturer was a reformer, and a reformer to whom his cause was dearer than was life itself. Temperance, woman's suffrage and the anti-slavery movement,— these were the three great causes which gave to these inspired men and women veritable words of flame. Lowell threw himself with enthusiasm, first into the cause of temperance, then of anti-slavery. Gough never swerved from the position he had taken in 1842 as an antagonist of drink, but Lucy Stone, Anna Dickinson, Wendell Phillips, George William Curtis, Henry Ward Beecher, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Edward H. Chapin, Charles Sumner, and many others who had entered the Lyceum in behalf of temperance or woman's rights, these, subordinating the lesser cause to the greater, as 1850 approached, joined William Lloyd Garrison and Fred Douglass in denouncing and arguing against slavery and the slave-holders.

Then came the days of hostile audiences, of hisses and catcalls, and even bodily assault upon the lecturer. On several occasions Garrison narrowly escaped injury, and it is recorded of Miss Stone that it was only her quick wit which saved her and her companion from an angry mob gathered to attack them after an anti-slavery meeting. Terrified for Miss Stone as he saw the hostile faces confronting them, her friend exclaimed, "What can I do to protect you?'' "Oh," she replied, "this gentleman will take care of me," — at the same time placing her hand on the arm of one of the ringleaders. The man gaped in astonishment, but meekly accepted the trust. He escorted Miss Stone in safety through the staring mob, which was so absorbed in staring, by the way, that even her friend as well came off scot-free.

But Miss Stone was at this time thoroughly accustomed both to ridicule and to passive and active opposition. It was in 1847, as Major Pond tells us in his "Eccentricities of Genius," that a Maiden (Mass.) minister thus announced her anti-slavery address: "I am requested by Mr. Mowey to announce that a hen will endeavor to crow like a cock at the Town Hall this afternoon. Those of you who are interested in such an exhibition will, of course, attend." Unfortunately, we are not told of the size of the audience gathered by this appeal.

In these years the first effort of every speaker was to get an audience; the second, to make it friendly. All sorts of devices were used in order to change hostility or open indifference into eager, warm-hearted sympathy. An excellent case in point is one related of Wendell Phillips by Dr. E. E. Hale. Phillips was billed to lecture in a certain town, but nothing had been said about the address itself up to the time of his arrival. Then it appeared that the committee was "stuck"; half of them wanted "The Lost Arts," and the others an anti-slavery talk, while no one would give in. "Well," said Phillips, "I'll give both; 'The Lost Arts first, and then an anti-slavery speech to all who wish to stay for it." And he did. Of course, no one left the hall after the first lecture, and he had the sympathetic and even enthusiastic audience which he desired for his second.

The war passed on, and left the reputations of these men and women higher than ever. Anna Dickinson had changed Vermont from a Democratic to a Republican State; Mary Livermore had brought about the great Sanitary Commission Fairs for the benefit of the wounded soldiers; Beecher had sold slaves in Plymouth Church, and secured in an hour thousands of dollars for the freedmen. Not one of the great agitators but was overwhelmed with laurels won before and during the war. Here was material ready to hand from which to reconstruct the lecture system, which had been well-nigh destroyed during the five years' struggle. And it was reconstructed. At least there were many lectures given. But for several years there was no system about it. Only too often did a committee inform a lecturer that it would "try to pay" the fee named. He would come, lecture with all his might, and then would receive the proceeds of a collection, which rarely even paid expenses. The definitely-stated fees were quite as surprising in their nature and amount. Beecher was one day paid with twelve bushels of potatoes, and in Andover, N. H., Gough once received a ham as his fee.

It seems, perhaps, unworthy of our great speakers that the "filthy lucre" should have been of the slightest consequence to them. It must have been, however, as they soon began to vigorously "kick against the pricks" of this system, and within a year or two after the Civil War many lecturers absolutely refused to speak at all unless guaranteed a definite compensation. The collection method was evidently unsatisfactory; what system could be devised which would suit?

THE ASSOCIATED WESTERN LITERARY SOCIETIES.

The enterprising West took the first step toward solving the problem. In this supposedly raw and uncultured land there were, it appears, even at this time, numerous oases in the shape of literary societies. A number of these societies, anxious to hear the great literary and military lights of the East, but each unable by itself to bear the necessary expense, decided that in union was strength, and in 1867 organized themselves into the "Associated Western Literary Societies." The combination was successful from the start. In 1867-8, the first secretary, Mr. G. L. Torbert, of Dubuque, Ia., brought thirty-five lecturers West, as we are told by Thomas Wentworth Higginson, and managed to give them tolerably consecutive dates among the one hundred and ten allied societies stretching from Pittsburg, Pa., to Leavenworth, Kan. The next year, C. S. Carter, of Michigan University, enticed even more speakers into the "golden West,'' and the societies fairly reveled in the learning and oratory which was showered over them. As a separate institution, however, the association lasted only until 1870, when it was merged into the American Literary Bureau of New York, then in its third vigorous year. Mr. James K. Medbury, the founder of this Bureau, did not long enjoy a monopoly of the big new field just opened for cultivation. In fact, the year 1868 marked not only the establishment of his own Bureau, but also that of its rival, the Boston Lyceum Bureau (now Redpath) by James Redpath. Benjamin Webb Williams followed in 1869 with the Williams Lecture and Musical Bureau, and the day of helter-skelter lecturing had passed forever. The object of all three of these pioneer Bureaus was the same, — to systematize the lecture business, and do away with ham and potatoes as lecture fees. And the lecturers, at least, were willing to be systematized. Business poured in upon the Bureaus, — more business than they could well manage in those days, when stenography and typewriters were unknown. There were still giants in those days, and the list of names on the first Bureau announcement ever issued sounds very much like a hasty review of the greatest men of the century, — Bronson Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry Ward Beecher, Wendell Phillips, Charles Sumner, Henry Wilson (Senator from Massachusetts), George William Curtis, John B. Gough, General Swift (of Massachusetts), Horace Greeley, Russell H. Conwell and Fred Douglass. Twelve names, hardly one of which is not recalled with love and admiration to-day, although, with one exception, that of Russell Conwell, belonging to a past generation; and there were other lecturers, as good or nearly so. Those were palmy days for the Lyceum, the palmiest it had known, for, if the array of talent was the most remarkable in the history of the institution, the prices paid for it were equally remarkable. Before 1850 there had been but few recorded instances of fees of over fifty dollars, while Daniel Webster's occasional compensation of a hundred must have seemed like a dream to him, — and probably a nightmare to others. But now, in the early seventies, money was dirt cheap, and the prices paid were fabulous. From Major Pond's "Eccentricities of Genius" we learn that Mark Twain, then just beginning to lecture, received $300 a night, which doesn't seem at all bad for a beginner. Beecher received five hundred dollars ordinarily, although in 1872 he received from the Redpath Bureau the first thousand-dollar fee ever paid to any lecturer. No, the Bureau lost nothing; on the contrary, it gained double the amount paid Mr. Beecher. Few lecturers could come up to this standard. P. T. Barnum, as an unreformed circus-man, and Robert Collyer, the blacksmith-preacher, received two hundred each, and Anna Dickinson anywhere from one hundred and fifty dollars to twice that sum.

The fair, held in the vibrant, new city in the heart of the American continent, rather than in the old, European-founded city of New York, was bigger and more spectacular than any previous exposition. The organizers quite specifically set out to surpass the standards set by the very successful Paris Exposition of 1889. "The country of P. T. Barnum was not about to be outdone by France." The fairground was several times the area of the Paris exposition. It cost many times more. In the handbook distributed at the fair by the Department of Publicity, Europe was dwarfed by American statistics. The Manufactures Hall, the largest roofed structure ever erected, was three times larger than St. Peters, four times the size of the Colosseum in Rome, and the entire army of Russia could be mobilized on its floor.39 Early plans to build higher than the Eiffel Tower were abandoned, and instead the first and largest Ferris wheel ever built was installed as the symbol of American ingenuity in engineering and, to an even greater extent than the dome, as the symbol of America's predestination to world supremacy.

-- Presenting Japanese Buddhism to the West: Orientalism, Occidentalism, and the Columbian Exposition, by Judith Snodgrass

Gough, whose earliest lectures, given in 1842, brought him less than a dollar each, and whose first settled fee was eight dollars, according to Benjamin Webb Williams, who paid it to him, now received from three hundred to five hundred dollars a night for his wonderful temperance addresses. These were ordinary compensations for the kings of the platform. As for those of coarser clay, it would seem, from an old circular of the American Literary Bureau, that they would accept one hundred dollars if they could get it. Unfortunately for them, however, most of their fees were arranged on the sliding scale, — ''from one hundred dollars to twenty-five dollars'' for instance, was by no means an uncommon quotation, on this circular, at least, — and it is to be wondered how often the recompense did elide to the top. These home-made lecturers would probably not have objected to a high tariff on the foreign product when the Williams Bureau imported Archdeacon Farrar and paid him $2,150 for two lectures. But Major Pond far surpassed this record when he gave Henry M. Stanley, just returned from the depths of Africa and the Pygmy forest, the sum of $100,000 for one hundred lectures. The gross receipts for Stanley's first lecture, it may be mentioned, were $17,800.

MUSIC IN THE LYCEUM.

But this was all too good to last, and about 1875 the Lyceum began to show signs of weakness. The field was constantly growing, and there were not enough lecturers to go around. Several of the veteran lecturers were dead, and in their zeal to book those that were well known, the Bureaus had failed to train up younger men to take their places. The difference between demand and supply was too great for comfort, and the Bureau managers turned to music as the one thing which might prop up their tottering courses. "Were there no readers in those days?" you may ask. Yes, there were a few, notably Mrs. Scott Siddons, Charlotte Cushman and Helen Potter, all of whom drew salaries as high as those of the greatest lecturers of the time. Lecture courses consisted usually of ten numbers of straight talk, including one, possibly two, evenings of readings. But the number of readers was small, indeed, as compared to the large number who fill the ranks to-day, and they could do little to eke out the lecture courses. Music was the last recourse, and the Mendelssohn Quintette Club, the first concert company on any Bureau list, was organized by Mr. Redpath in 1873. This was soon followed by the Camilla Urso Company and the English Lyceum Opera Company. Then [url]Ole Bull[/url] was secured for fifty concerts. It cost $25,000, but the Bureau did not begrudge the money. Other concert companies were formed, and introduced a new element into the Lyceum, — the advance agent, the first of which order was employed by the old Boston Bureau (now the Redpath Lyceum Bureau, Hathaway & Pond, managers). Ten years later, in 1887-8, Mr. Hathaway had five men on the road.

And here begins the modern Bureau system, of which we need say but little. Several Bureaus had sprung up during the seventies, notably the Slayton, of Chicago, and the Antrim Entertainment Bureau, of Philadelphia.

In a letter from Greenacre dated July 31, 1894, Vivekananda mentioned, "One Mr. Colville from Boston is here; he speaks every day, it is said, under spirit control."80 In her "Reminscences" Alice Hansbrough added:

While he was under contract with that lecture bureau (Slayton-Lyceum Bureau of Chicago] during his first visit to the West, he travelled with a very well-known spiritualist named Colville, who apparently was also under contract to the same bureau. Swamiji used to say, "If you think X is hard to live with, you should have travelled with Colville." The man seems to have had a nurse to look after him all time.81

Sarah Farmer wrote that she received the inspiration for the Greenacre Religious Conference while listening to a lecture by W.J. Colville in Boston in 1892.82 English born Wilberforce J. Colville (1859-1917), an inspirational speaker and author of little formal education, from the age of fourteen would enter into a trance and an entity would appear to speak through him. While apparently unconscious, he answered questions on a variety of subjects suggested by the audience, demonstrating knowledge he did not normally possess. Under the pressure of some foreign influence, his lips moved mechanically. At the audience's request, he frequently composed impromptu poems. Colville toured England and the United States where he settled down permanently, and authored many books on the occult.83

-- Western Admirers of Ramakrishna and His Disciples, by Gopal Stavig

Contract With Chicago Bureau for Forty Weeks Beginning Next May



J. Riley Wheelock, conductor and proprietor of Wheelock's Indian band, closed yesterday in Philadelphia, a deal with the Chicago Slayton Lyceum Bureau, wherein the band will tour to the coast next summer and the south next fall under the exclusive management of the bureau. The band will number fifty, and open its season in Chicago, in May. Mr. Wheelock is to be congratulated. We are sure his band will again be a great success.

--The Sentinel, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 26 Oct. 1906

By 1894, the band and the Carlisle Women's Choir, performed throughout the East. On April 15, 1894, the New York Times did a feature on Wheelock with his portrait and band, reviewing their performance at the city's Lenox Lyceum. The review noted "few metropolitan bands can boast of greater care and accuracy in the execution of their music." "Among other offerings, the band played Mozart and Wagner as well as two selections compose by Wheelock himself: "The Carlisle Indian School March" and a piece entitled "American Medley." "The concert's patrons read as a "Who's Who" of New York's elite families, including Mrs. J. Pierpont Morgan, Mrs. Russell Sage, Mrs. James Harriman and Mrs. Elihu Root.

-- Dennison Wheelock, by Wikipedia

During the next decade they came into existence over night, and now there are over one hundred and fifty bureaus, large and small, as compared to three in 1870. A half dozen of the largest of these book over 3,000 dates apiece each winter. Eighteen thousand lectures, readings and entertainments given throughout the country every winter! And in addition there are all the other one hundred and forty-four Bureaus to be heard from, besides the many engagements which are made without any Bureau assistance. It seems as though the numbers must run up into the hundreds of thousands.

And this is entirely irrespective of nearly four hundred Chautauqua Assemblies which now exist, of the thousands of lectures which are given yearly in University Extension courses, and of the other thousands which are annually provided by the Boards of Education of New York and other cities desirous of educating their citizens beyond the narrow limits of a school-room. It may be, and has been, objected that these last two institutions, at least, are not in any way a part of the Lyceum, and it is true that both speakers and methods of work are apt to be somewhat dissimilar from those employed in the Lyceum "proper," yet in their great, central idea, the education and inspiration of the people, these institutions are one with the Lyceum, and should be given brief space in a sketch of the latter.

The free lecture course of New York City was established, according to "The Nation," in 1888, through the influence of Commissioner Miles O'Brien. That year two hundred lectures were given at six centers; ten years later there were forty-five centers and two thousand lectures, and in 1903 over 1,200,000 people of Greater New York attended the lectures arranged by the Board of Education. Why are these lectures so wonderfully popular? Because they are absolutely democratic, and because they give the people what they want and are asking for in physiology, natural science, travel, history, art, literature, social science and matters of municipal interest. New York's experiment has proved a success and well worthy of imitation. Within the last few years, in fact, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, Milwaukee and other cities have followed in her train, and it is to be hoped that still others will join the grand procession.

UNIVERSITY EXTENSION.

As for the University Extension movement, that was imported from England in 1890, by Provost Pepper, of the University of Pennsylvania. Uncertain how the experiment would turn out, the first course of lectures, a series on chemistry, was given in Boxborough, a little suburb of Philadelphia. The Roxboroughans approved, and the American Society for University Extension was at once organized, on December 23d, 1890. The idea was eagerly seized upon, and many colleges, large and small, attempted to increase their influence, presenting series of lectures on various topics, — science, art, history, literature, etc. In nearly every case, however, as at Leland Stanford and the Universities of New York and California, the plan was soon given up entirely, simply for lack of lecturers. The American Society, already mentioned, and the University of Chicago, alone seem to have solved the problem, having collected each a staff of lecturers, whose main business it is to lecture for the University Extension. And right here is a good place to quote Edward Everett Hale's statement that the University Extension of to-day is almost exactly the Lyceum of the past. In truth, it bears a much stronger resemblance to the platform of old than does the present Lyceum. Nothing but lectures on an Extension course, the lectures always educational, humorous only by mistake or by accident, and usually given in series, — these three characteristics of the old Lyceum are reproduced, almost exactly in University Extension. And so the old Lyceum in the guise of University Extension has once more taken firm root in the land. During the eleventh year after the work began, the Chicago and Philadelphia Associations presented to the people very nearly one thousand lectures each, while the number given now is far in advance of this. As W. T. Stead has well said, "University Extension is the University on wheels."

THE WORK OF CHAUTAUQUA ASSEMBLIES.

As to the Chautauqua, — well, to quote the late Sam Jones, "We are not religious enough to run a camp meeting, and county fairs are no longer popular; so we organize a Chautauqua." And yet the great Chautauqua movement started in a training school for Sunday School teachers, which held its first meeting at Lake Chautauqua, N. Y., August, 1874, under the direction of Bishop John H. Vincent and Lewis Miller, as the Chautauqua Sunday School Association. Designed at first only for the study of the Bible and of such things as would directly assist in teaching the Bible, its idea gradually expanded to cover general education for out-of-school people. Now for ten weeks each year at Chautauqua Institution, N. Y., there are, besides the Bible study, classes in nearly every branch of learning, kindergarten, gymnasium, athletic sports, lectures, entertainments, — nearly everything, it would seem. And it is this Chautauqua Summer Assembly as an ideal which is copied in greater or less degree by all the various Chautauquaa of the country, whether their yearly term of existence is one week or one month. All have lectures, preferably instructive or inspiring, entertainments of the better class, Bible study, and as many others of the characteristic features as the differences of time and place will allow. It is a school for people out of school. True, the instruction lasts, at most, but for a month or two but the intellectual stimulus given to reading and thought afterwards may uplift and inspire a whole community.

We are told of a certain Western city which had a rather poor minister. However, the people were well enough satisfied with him until they founded a Chautauqua and developed under its stimulus. But the minister didn't, and it was not long before he became so unsatisfactory that he had to leave the town. And the mental growth in this place is only a sample of that in many others.

The Chautauqua Assembly, like the Lyceum, has come to stay. Last summer nearly four hundred Assemblies were held, and every issue of the Lyceum magazines gives accounts of the incorporation of others. It may seem an odd thing, perhaps, that this movement is most flourishing in the Central West and in the South rather than in supposedly cultured New England. The truth is, however, that Iowa and Illinois are much more like old New England than New England itself is now. "Westward the course of Chautauquas takes its way," and last summer, while Iowa numbered perhaps sixty Chautauquas, Illinois forty, Indiana twenty, and Ohio twenty-five, all New England could not muster ten. In the South, too, the Chautauqua idea has found an eager acceptance, and nowhere in the Union are there more enterprising or better-conducted Assemblies than are scattered all through the territory south of Mason and Dixon's line.

Of the Chautauqua idea President Roosevelt has said: "I know of nothing in the whole country which is so filled with blessing for the nation." "Except the Lyceum courses," he might have added, for the two go hand in hand. Both absolutely popular and democratic in their origin and working out, they represent and reflect the thought of the day as does no other movement. Here the great questions of our time are discussed before audiences open to conviction, yet who will weigh every statement made, and here the man with, a message for people who think may most quickly reach those people. The Chautauqua and Lyceum platforms, "one and inseparable," have become the great forum of America, one of the greatest educational influences of our time, and a sure bulwark of our democracy.

THE LYCEUM TO-MORROW

Before leaving these fertile acres of the Lyceum field historic, and while the spirit of divination seems abroad, stand on any one of these mountain peaks and look. You are not a prophet? Very well, yet may you be a seer. What see you? What of the future of the Lyceum?

To what issue point all these fingers of vision, all the Lyceum signs of the times?

Professor James, of Harvard, standing on Mount Philosophy, in his current lectureship — Lowell Institute, 1906 — discussing "Pragmatic Philosophy," makes implicitly but little more than a fresh appeal in behalf of the scientific method. We may go with him, even though we recognize that he does not go to the end of his quest. We may ignore for the nonce the truth that pragmatic philosophy is itself unpragmatic by as much as it pronounces a priori judgments, and in that it denies, or doubts, or ignores all pragmatic values in idealistic verities; and yet, at the same time we may reasonably and piously salute pragmatic philosophy in its apotheosis of common sense; in our mental attitude towards the material universe, its mysteries and their significance. Common sense gives us trustworthy — if not the only trustworthy — points of observation and of experiment.

CORONATION OF COMMON SENSE.

Unquestionably — from our Mount of Vision we may clearly see it — unquestionably the Lyceum of to-day stands, and the Lyceum of to-morrow will stand, for the coronation of this plain common sense of the people, and for the annunciation and for the defense of fact, of truth, of reality, of actual human experience. Its platform is as broad as human thought, and as free as the air. And upon it there shall yet be won the most signal victories of political cleanness, of civic righteousness, of educational sanity, of ethical and social justice, yea, of religious freedom.  

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Josiah Holbrook
by Wikipedia
Accessed: 2/27/20


Josiah Holbrook
Born: June 17, 1788, Derby, Connecticut
Died: July 14, 1854 (aged 66), Lynchburg, Virginia
Nationality: American
Occupation: Educator

Josiah Holbrook (1788–1854) was the founder of the Lyceum movement in the United States. He spent most of his life promoting the movement and manufacturing scientific tools for use in lyceums.

Early life

Holbrook was born and raised on the family farm June 17, 1788, in Derby, Connecticut. His father was Colonel Daniel Holbrook.[1]

Col. Daniel Holbrook, Revolutionary patriot, born in Derby September 21, 1747; died April 24, 1813. Located in Colonial Cemetery, Derby. Assisted in establishing American independence while acting in the capacity of captain of militia and committee. History of Derby, p. 729, says: He was colonel in the militia and active in the Revolutionary war. History of Seymour, on page 56, May, A.D. 1793, signs Daniel Holbrooks, Esq., lieutenant-commandant of Thirty-second Regiment of Militia. Capt. Daniel Holbrook in Major Smith's regiment in 1779. (Connecticut Men in the Revolution, p. 549.) Capt. Daniel Holbrook in the Second Militia Regiment. (Connecticut Men in the Revolution, p. 625). He accepted the oath of fidelity September 16, 1777 (History of Derby, p. 186); was one of the inspectors of provisions March, 1780 (History of Derby, p. 184). Was moderator of the first action on legal town meeting after the closing of the port of Boston. In consequence of the famous tea party on November 26, 1774, resolved to adhere to the doings of the Continental Congress held in Philadelphia September 5, 1774 (History of Derby, p. 168); was of the committee December, 1778, to provide clothing for soldiers, and on June 27, 1780, to enlist and pay bounties; on December 11, 1780, one of the committee to care for soldiers' families. (History of Seymour, pp. 46, 47, 48.

Inscription on headstone: "Col. Daniel Holbrook, died April 24th, 1813, aged 66."

-- Report of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, Volume 6, October 11, 1902-October 11, 1903, "Home and Country", by Daughters of the American Revolution

Education

Holbrook received private education in the way of college prep studies under pastor Amasa Porter of Derby, England.[2] He entered Yale College in 1806.[1] While there scientist Benjamin Silliman got him interested in chemistry and mineralogy.[3] He graduated from there in 1810.[4] Holbrook then did some teaching in farm technology in the northeastern states, where he also lectured on geology.[5]

Family

Holbrook married Lucy Swift in 1814. They had two sons. His wife died in 1819. Holbrook's parents died about this same time and he inherited the family farm. He then learned animal husbandry in addition to the scientific farm techniques he was already working with. Farming and agriculture was where he devoted his labors then.[1]

Schools and lyceums

Holbrook organized the first industrial school in the United States.[6][7] It was modeled after the agronomy ideas of Philipp Emanuel von Fellenberg of Switzerland.[7] Holbrook's school was the main motivator in the new movement of lyceum schooling and industrial training in the United States.[8] Holbrook was the inspiration behind the American Lyceum Association, the second national education association.[9] Its purpose was, (1) to get better government support for public schools; (2) to upgrade the skills of teachers; (3) to have college prep courses in public schools; (4) to upgrade school text books and materials of instruction; (5) to teach the natural sciences as regular courses; (6) to upgrade teaching equipment; and (7) to get young ladies involved in early education for careers.[7][9]

Holbrook published in early 1826 an article in Henry Barnard's Journal of Education proposing the organizing of the lyceum school concept. He then founded the first lyceum school in the United States.[10] It was formed in Millbury, Massachusetts later in 1826. Towns in other States followed his example and by 1827 these other schools were combined together, forming the first nationwide organization of lyceum schools. He wanted a broad social structure that would provide a common education for young adults to help in their future careers.[5] Holbrook was successful in his Boston business and used his profits for producing equipment to use in educational establishments.[11] He traveled throughout the New England states promoting the lyceum school idea with instruction pamphlets he created and lectures he did. In 1832–1833 he edited the Family Lyceum.[12]

The lyceum system concept that Holbrook started flourished in New England and the Midwestern United States. It served as a platform for scientific techniques, scholar endeavors, religion, and politics. It helped promote a need for a uniform educational system in the United States that would include professional teacher training. Some notable speakers in these Lyceum schools included Louis Agassiz, Daniel Webster, Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., Nathaniel Hawthorne, William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, Frederick Douglass, and Susan B. Anthony.[13] Holbrook attempted an international lyceum, however other formal educational systems eventually took the place of his schools and the lyceum idea was discontinued in the early 20th century.[5]

Later life and death

Holbrook moved to Washington, D.C. in the later 1840s. He continued to write articles promoting the concept of the lyceum school. He went on geological expeditions and on one such trip at Lynchburg, Virginia, in 1854 he drowned at Blackwater Creek.[5][14]

Works

• Scientific Tracts (1830–1832)[15]
• The Family Lyceum (1832–1833)[15]

References

1. "Josiah Holbrook". The Lyceum Circuit. The E Pluribus Unum Project / Gifted and Talented student programs for the public schools in Worcester, MA. 2016. Retrieved August 5, 2016.
2. "Josiah Holbrook / Who he was... / What he did... /Articles he wrote..." Lyceum Site. Assumption College. 2016. Retrieved August 5, 2016.
3. Tumblin, J. C. (Jim). "Fountain Citians who made a Difference: The Holbrooks". Retrieved August 5,2016.
4. Holbrook 1885, p. 17.
5. "Josiah Holbrook Facts". Your Dictionary. Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2010. Retrieved August 5, 2016.
6. Holbrook 1885, p. 18.
7. Monroe 1911, p. 111.
8. Parlette 1918, p. 4.
9. Proceedings 1907, p. 465.
10. Lush, Paige Clark (2009). Music and Identity in Circuit Chautauqua: 1904–1932 (Ph.D.). Lexington, Kentucky: University of Kentucky. p. 2. Retrieved August 5, 2016. Though there were several earlier informal lyceum attempts, the first formal lyceum in the United States was founded by Josiah Holbrook (1788–1854) in 1826.
11. Malley, Richard C. (2016). "What in the World". Connecticut Historical Society. Retrieved August 6,2016.
12. Light 1833, p. 1.
13. Miller, Sabrina (2014). "Josiah Holbrook". PB Works. Retrieved August 5, 2016.
14. The New England Farmer. J. Nourse. 1854. p. 398.
15. Ray 2005, p. 277.

Sources

• Holbrook, Alfred (1885). Happy Life of a Teacher. Elm Street Printing Company. This was the first manual labor school that I have any knowledge of.
• Light, George (1833). Family Lyceum. George W. Light & Company.
• Monroe, Paul (1911). A Cyclopedia of Education. Gale Research Company. Holbrook, as early as 1819, organized the first industrial school in the United States after the pattern of Fellenberg's institution at Hofwyl.
• Parlette, Ralph Albert (1918). The Lyceum Magazine.
• Proceedings (1907). American Lyceum Association.
• Ray, Angela G. (2005). The Lyceum and Public Culture in 19th-century United States. Michigan State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87013-745-7.

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Peabody Institute
by Wikipedia
Accessed: 2/27/20

REPORTS OF COMMITTEES. LYCEUM AND LIBRARY COMMITTEE. TO THE TRUSTEES OF THE PEABODY INSTITUTE.

Gentlemen: -- I transmit herewith the reports of the librarians and of the sub-committees of the Lyceum and Library Committee. They present in full the work of the Institute for the year ending Feb. 1, 1902.

Respectfully submitted,
J.W. Hudson,
Chairman Lyceum and Library Com.
Peabody, Feb. 1, 1902.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE FOR THE YEAR ENDING JAN. 31, 1902.

In accordance with custom, the report of the Library committee is herewith submitted.

As the present year marks the fiftieth anniversary of the gift of George Peabody to his native town, it may not be out of place to turn back to that occasion on which his memorable letter was read to the citizens of united Danvers at the Centennial dinner, June 16, 1852.

It was the crowning act in a day of general festivity. The importance of this first offering by Mr. Peabody cannot be rightly measured by the standards of today, nor is it easy at this time to realize the impression produced by what would now be regarded as an act of modest munificence. But it was the precursor of further benefactions in the interest of education, from which this Institute was reared and made ready for its mission of usefulness, a generation in advance of those which from his example have arisen throughout the land.

That the provisions of the gift were founded on wisdom and foresight, time has well proven. It was right that a heritage so precious should be properly safeguarded, and that the interpretation of “Education – a debt due from present to future generations,” should be in a spirit of liberality, toleration and fairness.

It is remarkable how few changes have been found necessary, either in the manner of electing trustees or choosing committees, since the Institute first opened its doors to the public. The regulations adopted with the approval of Mr. Peabody differ very little from those in force today. The duties devolving on the earlier Library committees were comparatively simple, after the first catalogs were issued and the library got in working order. On the other hand the work of the Lyceum committee was commensurate with the power and influence wielded by the great platform orators in the palmy days of the New England lyceum.

As the library grew and new books multiplied, the necessity for care and discrimination in making additions became manifest. If a member of the committee had an acquaintance with books and a love for them, so much the better for himself and the library.

In offering the report of the committee for this year, it is with the assurance that its members have performed their duties with fidelity and intelligence. The meetings have been well attended and as far as possible the merits of each book were discussed before a decision was made. Questions of doubt were settled by a vote of the committee. As a rule every book deemed essential to the library was purchased, but the monthly expenditures were in every case in proportion to the amount of money at the disposal of the committee.

It may be stated, as a hopeful sign, that books of a reprehensible character have diminished during the past y ear, and that while the number of frivolous and inconsequential publications is as great as ever, there have been fewer of that kind that offend decency and morality.

Among the notable books purchased were, in history – Halsey’s “Old New York Frontier”; biography – Booker Washington’s “Up from Slavery”; Allen’s “Life of Phillips Brooks”, Balfour’s “Life of Robert Louis Stevenson”; Riis’ “Making of an American” and Scudder’s “Life of James Russell Lowell”; in science and art – Wharton and Codman’s “Decoration of Houses”, “History of American Art” by Hartman, King’s “American Mural Painting”, “The Book on Oriental Rugs,” by Mumford, and that on “Colonial Furniture” by Lockwood; in fiction – Churchill’s “Crisis”, Parker’s “Right of Way” and Mary E. Wilkins’ “Portion of Labor”.

Bound volumes of the Salem Evening News have been added to the library, accessible at all times for consultation.

It is well to call the attention of the public to the practice recently inaugurated by certain publishers in making net prices for their books. This course will obviously cause a hardship to small libraries, and is already proving a detriment to institutions whose incomes are limited. The Massachusetts Library Club and the American Library Association have taken up the matter, and at the present time are conferring with the publishers with the expectation of obtaining some relief.

The tendency of today is to popularize the library as much as possible, to make it easy and comfortable for the indolent borrower and relieve him of trouble or effort when he wishes for a book. In some places there is already a movement for a house to house delivery, and in others cards are sent out announcing that certain books are ready for the borrower. How far paternalism can be carried in this line, is an interesting question.

The executive work of the library has been carried on in a most efficient manner. An intelligent system pervades every department. The enthusiasm and devotion of the librarian has infuse itself to the assistants, and courtesy and attention prevail at all times. The committee desire to express their appreciation of the care and watchfulness which the janitor, John D. McKeen, has exercised in the discharge of his duties, and they note with pleasure the harmony and loyalty on all sides, so essential to success.

Thomas Carroll, Chairman.

LYCEUM AND LIBRARY COMMITTEE. TO THE LYCEUM AND LIBRARY COMMITTEE.

Gentlemen: -- In the interest of economy your committee has deemed it advisable for the season of 1901 and 1902 to deal with the Central Lyceum Bureau, and with the exception of Mr. Frank Cousins all the lecturers have been engaged in this way.

We have been obliged to announce some lectures to take place on Tuesday and Wednesday evenings instead of on the customary Thursday evening, but the change was unavoidable and although it may not have suited some, it certainly pleased others, as they were not obliged, as in former years, to decide whether to devote a Thursday evening to a lecture or to the time-honored Salem Oratorio Society.

Mr. De Witt Miller, who was booked to appear at the Institute January second, failed to do so. It seems that the train which he was on was so behind time that he could not reach Peabody in season for his appointment. However, he telegraphed us in time to announce on the bulletin board at the Institute that there would be no lecture and the hall was not lighted up. The bureau has substituted for him Prof. Pearson, who will lecture in February.

As usual the illustrated lectures have been well attended, and the others have had a conspicuous number of empty seats.

The good order maintained for the past few years still continues and we hope that it will become habitual.

Appended is the course.

Nov. 14, Frank Cousins. Subject, “Historic Salem.” (Illus.)

Nov. 27, Rev. John Jay Lewis. Subject, “The Canadian Rockies – The Wonderland of the World.” (Illus.)

Dec. 11, Leonard Garver. Subject, “Jean Valjean. A Character Study in Conscience.”

Jan. 21, Hon. J. Wight Giddings. Subject, “Uncle Sam’s People.”

Feb. 5, Prof. P.M. Pearson. Subject, “Harris and His Contemporaries.”

Feb. 18, Frank R. Roberson. Subject, “Japan.” (Illus.)

Feb. 26, Fr. Francis C. Kelley. Subject, “The Yankee Volunteer.”

R.B. Mackintosh,
For the Lyceum Committee.

REPORT OF THE EBEN DALE SUTTON REFERENCE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. TO THE LYCEUM AND LIBRARY COMMITTEE OF THE PEABODY INSTITUTE:

The report of the Eben Dale Sutton Reference Library Committee for the year ending Jan. 31, 1902, is respectfully submitted.

The committee in charge of this library would report that they have attended to their duties conservatively and conscientiously; the books purchased are all reference books of high standing, interspersed with a few books on art. Among the most notable are The Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology by Baldwin; The World’s Orators; The Publications of the Topsfield Historical Society; Sir Joshua Reynolds; Cyclopaedia of American Horticulture; Dictionary of Architecture and Building; Volume V of Murray’s English Dictionary; The Salon, 1901; Stark’s Old Boston; The Mohawk Valley; Century Library of Music.

It is thought by the committee that the library might be of more use if it could be open more evenings in a week. The idea is not a new one with us, for the innovation was tried in 1888 of opening every evening in the week, and was abandoned for lack of patronage, to Wednesday and Saturday evenings only. But thinking that possibly conditions had changed in a decade, we decided to open Monday evening as an experiment and observe the use made of the library on that evening and then if sufficient patronage warranted it, follow by opening other evenings. At present the library is open daily (Sundays excepted) from 2 to 6 P.M., and Monday, Wednesday and Saturday from 7 till 9 P.M. The tables have been rather poorly lighted since the electric light was introduced and an effort is now being made to improve it. To this end, the handsome gas drop-lights are being made over into electric lamps, and when they are finished it is hoped to have more light and better placed for reading. The lamps now in use are temporary. If the new lamps, when installed, are satisfactory, the complete plan is to wire to them from the floor under the tables thus doing away with the long length of cord pendent from the ceiling. This work can be be done in summer when the carpet is up.

The statistics of the library will be found appended by the librarian, who has attended to her duties most acceptably.

For the Committee by

Fred W. Bushby, Chairman….

READING ROOM COMMITTEE. TO THE LYCEUM AND LIBRARY COMMITTEE.

The report of the Reading Room Committee for the year ending January 31, 1902, is respectfully submitted.

The attendance during the past year has continued good, also the decorum of the younger element has been good, always being under the watchful eye of Mr. McKeen.

We are taking at the present time sixty-one magazines and periodicals combined, having added World’s Work and the International Studio during the year, the latter in place of Art Education, discontinued. There have been several works bound during the year, which are mentioned in the report of the Librarian.

Alvah O. Moore, Chairman.

LIBRARIAN’S REPORT. TO THE LYCEUM AND LIBRARY COMMITTEE.

The report of the Librarian for the year ending January 31, 1902, is respectfully submitted.

While the year just closed has been uneventful, it can be considered a successful one measured by the standard of circulation, which was 39,417 as compared with 34,824 in 1900-1 and 37,473 in 1899-1900.

The increase was due, in large measure, to the changes in the rules governing the issue of borrowers’ cards made by the Library Committee, which went into effect October 1, 1901. These changes were as follows: The reduction of the age limit of borrowers from 14 to 12 years, and the privilege extended to every borrower of receiving a special card in addition to his regular card, upon which special card any book in the library not classed as fiction may be taken out. That these changes have been appreciated by the public is evidenced by the fact that 104 children between the ages of 12 and 14 have taken out cards, and 203 borrowers have taken out special cards.

At the same time a new registration of borrowers was begun, each borrower being required to sign a new application slip, and receiving a new number. Since October 1st, 1,106 borrowers have registered; of this number 904 are old borrowers re-registered and 202 have never before had cards.

The most important event in the library field the past year was the decision of the Library of Congress to undertake to supply copies of the printed catalog cards prepared for its own use to such libraries as wished to subscribe for them, at a nominal price. At a meeting of the Massachusetts Library Club held in Boston in October last, Mr. Herbert Putnam, Librarian of Congress, gave a detailed description of what it was proposed to undertake, the scheme being in brief to supply to libraries desiring, printed cards for any or all new copyrighted books as issued, for miscellaneous books as acquired by the Library of Congress, and also cards for any other books now in that library as fast as the same are reached in the process of re-classification now going on. As more than 90 per cent of the books we purchase are copyrighted books, and as the work of rewriting the cards in our card catalog is still far from completion, the entire proposition is of special interest to us, consequently our subscription was promptly entered and we have already received over 1,000 cards upon our orders.

Pressure of other work has interfered materially with the work on our card catalog, but 3,440 cards representing 1,777 books have been re-written or procured from the Library of Congress, under the above mentioned subscription.

Gifts to the library have been more numerous than usual. Among the more notable are the following: From the Art Class of 1900-1 of the Peabody Woman’s Club, 500 half-tone pictures illustrating the work of famous artists of the world. These pictures are mounted on 8x10 mounts and arranged in envelopes by authors and may be taken out the same as books. Their use thus far has been confined chiefly to the teachers in the public schools, but they will prove of great service to anyone engaged in the study of art.

From Mr. William B. Trask of Dorchester, we received forty volumes from the library of the late Isaac Bullock. Mr. Bullock was a native and long-time resident of this town, and a constant patron of this library in its earlier days. These books are of a miscellaneous character, and include the school books used by Mr. Bullock in 1810, together with many volumes of the classics, and all are copiously annotated and illustrated with drawings made by Mr. Bullock.

From Mrs. Alfred McKenzie of Peabody we received fourteen volumes of works on Spiritualism from the library of her late husband.

Our membership in the Library Art Club has been continued, and the following exhibitions have been held:

Views in Holland, Feb. 4-27.
Views of English Country Churches, Mar. 25-Apr. 15.
Views of Orvieto, Italy, May 6-27.
Views of Florence, 2d series, July 1-22.
Views of Venice, 4th series, Aug. 12-Sept. 2.
Lowell & Co.’s Engravings, Oct. 14-Nov. 4.
Views in Old Nuremburg, Nov. 26-Dec. 17.
Masterpieces of Grosvenor House, Dec. 17-Jan. 6, 1902.

Weekly deliveries have been continued through our West Peabody delivery station, and 2,130 books have been issued in this manner.

In the reading room, World’s Work and the International Studio have been added to the list of periodicals on file, the latter in place of Art Education discontinued, and the Delineator, Electrical World and Engineer, Ladies’ Home Journal, Land of Sunshine and Woman’s Home Companion, not heretofore bound, are now bound as the volumes are completed.

The total number of periodicals now currently bound is fifty, a net increase of twelve in the past three years.

The counter for the display of new books has again been extended, in order that a section might be devoted exclusively to books for boys and girls, and they appear to thoroughly appreciate it. Some 450 books are now constantly assigned to this counter.

An additional alcove of the regular pattern will be required the coming year to relieve the crowding again becoming apparent in our fiction shelves.

Acknowledgment is due to our janitor, Mr. McKeen, for his hearty cooperation in all ways and at all times in the work of the library.

Statistics in the usual form are appended, with a list of donors of bound volumes and of periodicals on file in the Reading Room.

Lyman P. Osborn, Librarian.

-- Annual Report of the Trustees of the Peabody Institute, of Peabody, by Peabody Institute (Peabody, Mass.).

Peabody Institute
Type: Private conservatory; Preparatory school
Established: 1857 / opened 1866; 1977 / 1985 (became part of JHU)
Parent institution: Johns Hopkins University
Dean: Fred Bronstein, DMA
Location: Baltimore (main campus), Maryland, US
Campus: Urban/Suburban
Newspaper: The Peabody Post
Website http://www.peabody.jhu.edu


Peabody Institute, East Mount Vernon Place, c. 1902


George Peabody Library, (east wing) - built 1878

The Peabody Institute of The Johns Hopkins University (JHU) is a music and dance conservatory and university-preparatory school in the Mount Vernon-Belvedere neighborhood of northern Baltimore, Maryland, United States, facing the landmark Washington Monument circle at the southeast corner of North Charles and East Monument Streets (also known as intersection of Mount Vernon Place and Washington Place).

The Peabody Institute was founded in 1857 and opened in 1866 by merchant/ financier and philanthropist George Peabody, (1795–1869), and is the oldest conservatory in the United States.[1] Its association in recent decades begun in 1977 with JHU allows students to do research across disciplines.[2]

History

George Peabody, (1792-1869), founded the Institute with a bequest of about $800,000 from his fortune made initially in Massachusetts and later augmented in Baltimore, (where he lived/worked from 1815 to 1835) and vastly increased in banking and finance during following residences in New York City and London, where he became the wealthiest American of his times.

Completion of the white marble Grecian-Italianate west wing / original building housing the Institute, designed by Edmund George Lind, was delayed by the Civil War. It was dedicated in 1866, with Peabody himself, traveling across the North Atlantic Ocean, speaking at the ceremonies on the front steps in front of landmark Washington Monument circle before a large audience of notaries and citizens including hundreds of assembled pupils from the Baltimore City Public Schools.[3] Under the direction of well-known musicians, composers, conductors, and Peabody alumni, the conservatory, concerts, lecture series, library and art gallery, led by men of literary and intellectual lights along with an annual awarding of gold, silver and bronze medals with certificates and cash prizes to top graduates of the city, known as the "Peabody Prizes", attracted a considerable national attention to the Institute and the city's growing culture. Under strong academic leadership, the Peabody evolved into an internationally renowned cultural and literary center through the late 19th and the 20th centuries, especially after a major expansion in 1877-1878, with the completion of its eastern half housing the George Peabody Library with iconic five stacked tiers of wrought iron balconies holding book stacks/shelves, surmounted by a beveled glass skylight, one of the most beautiful and distinctive libraries in America.[4]

The Institute building's 1878 east wing on East Mount Vernon Place containing the affiliated George Peabody Library, joined the other rows of architecturally significant structures of townhouses, mansions, art gallery, clubs, hotels, churches around the Nation's first memorial to its first President which developed into the Mount Vernon-Belvedere neighborhood, carved from the rolling hills north of Baltimore Town on the estate and nearby mansion of "Belviedere", home of Revolutionary War commander of famous "Maryland Line" troops in the Continental Army, Colonel John Eager Howard, (1752-1827). The Institute grew from a local academy, with an art and sculpture gallery, public lecture series, and the extensive non-circulating reference library which predated the later first public library system in America. That library was created and endowed in 1882 by Peabody's friend and fellow "Bay-Stater", merchant/philanthropist Enoch Pratt, (1808–1896). (In turn, both Peabody and Pratt inspired steel industrialist and multi-millionaire Andrew Carnegie, (1835–1919) of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, who endowed more than 2,500 libraries and buildings across America).

In 1978, "The Peabody" began working with The Johns Hopkins University (founded by will/bequest by another extremely wealthy merchant, Johns Hopkins, (1792-1873) in 1876), under an affiliation agreement. In 1985, the Institute officially became a division of "The Hopkins".

Peabody is one of 156 schools in the United States that offers a Doctorate of Musical Arts degree. It houses two libraries: the historical George Peabody Library (originally the Peabody Institute Library) established when the Institute opened in 1866, renowned for its collection of 19th-century era and other rare books and the Arthur Friedheim Library (named for Russian-born pianist/conductor Arthur Friedheim,1859-1932), a separate music reference academic library added to supplement the Institute's original library (now the separate George Peabody Library in the east wing) that includes more than 100,000 books, scores, and sound recordings.

The Conservatory was later supplemented by a preparatory school ("Peabody Prep"), and an auditorium/music hall. Under instructions from Peabody's original 1857 bequest - an art and sculpture gallery, non-circulating public research library, with a public lecture series, and a system of awarding gold, silver and bronze medals, and certificates with money prizes for top honor graduates of Baltimore's then only public secondary schools; (the all-male Central High School of Baltimore, founded 1839 (now The Baltimore City College, since 1868) and female Eastern and Western High Schools, founded 1844). "Peabody Prizes" are awarded to top high school graduates beginning the following year at commencement exercises and continued for 122 years as an honored annual tradition with public announcements to city's media. Additional structures to the south and east of somewhat jarring modernistic light tan/brown brick along East Centre Street and Saint Paul Street (with a street-level parking garage) were constructed in 1971 with two corner towers. During the early 1990s, several remaining townhouses on East Mount Vernon Place to the east intersection with St. Paul were acquired and rebuilt leaving their front original facades facing the historic Monument squares /pocket parks but rebuilt interiors and extended to the rears. Along with other townhouses acquired to the south with distinctive iron scrollwork balconies facing North Charles Street /south Washington Place, for a senior citizens hostel. This enabled The Peabody to round out its tight campus of attached buildings on the entire city block bounded by Charles, Mount Vernon Place, St. Paul and Centre Streets.

Preparatory

Peabody Preparatory offers instruction and enrichment programs for school-age children across various sites in Baltimore and its surrounding counties: "Downtown" (Baltimore, main campus), Towson, Annapolis (Maryland Hall for the Creative Arts) and Howard County (in cooperation with three schools).[5]

Peabody Children's Chorus

The Peabody Children's Chorus is for children ages 6 to 18. It is divided into three groups: Training Choir, Choristers, and Cantate, grouped by age in ascending order. They practice weekly in Towson or Columbia, Maryland, and sing in concerts biannually under the instruction of Doreen Falby, Bradley Permenter, and Julia Sherriff. Cantate, ages 12 to 18, frequently perform with other groups, such as the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra, The Baltimore Chamber Orchestra, The Mid-Atlantic Symphony Orchestra, and the Baltimore Choral Arts Society, and have toured both regionally and internationally.

Notable students

• Tori Amos, singer, songwriter; the youngest student ever admitted to the Institute.
• Dominick Argento, composer
• Zuill Bailey, cellist
• Manuel Barrueco, guitarist
• Carter Brey, cellist
• Petrit Çeku, Guitarist
• Angelin Chang, pianist
• George Colligan, pianist/trumpeter/drummer/composer
• Joshua Fineberg, composer
• James Allen Gähres, conductor (music)
• Philip Glass, composer[6]
• Hilary Hahn, violinist
• Michael Hedges, guitarist
• Michael Hersch, composer
• Margarita Höhenrieder, pianist
• Kim Kashkashian, violist
• Kevin Kenner, pianist
• O'Donel Levy, guitarist
• David Meece, singer, songwriter
• Su Meng, Guitarist
• Sylvia Meyer, harpist; the first female member of the National Symphony Orchestra
• Thomas F. McNulty, a president of the WWIN-FM Baltimore and a member of the Maryland House of Delegates from 1942-1946
• Piotr Pakhomkin, Guitarist
• Rebecca Pitcher, actress; primarily known for playing Christine in the Broadway adaption of The Phantom of the Opera
• Awadagin Pratt, pianist
• Lance Reddick, actor, musician
• Ilyich Rivas, conductor (music)
• Lillian Smith, author of Strange Fruit
• Ana Vidović, Guitarist
• André Watts, pianist
• Igor Zubkovsky, cellist

Notable faculty

• Diran Alexanian, cello
• Manuel Barrueco, guitar
• Oscar Bettison, composition
• George Frederick Boyle, piano
• Garnett Bruce, opera
• Elliott Carter (1946–48), composition
• Jay Clayton, jazz
• Thomas Dolby, Music for New Media
• Du Yun, composition
• David Fedderly, tuba
• Leon Fleisher, piano
• Elizabeth Futral, voice
• Asger Hamerik, Director (1871–1898)
• Michael Hersch, composition
• Ernest Hutcheson, piano
• Jean Eichelberger Ivey, composition, electronic music
• Katharine Lucke (1875-1962) - organ, composition
• Nicholas Maw (1935–2009), composition
• Anthony McGill, clarinet
• Gustav Meier, conducting
• Edward Palanker, clarinet
• Amit Peled, cello
• Marina Piccinini, flute
• Joel Puckett, theory
• Kevin Puts, composition
• Hollis Robbins, humanities
• Berl Senofsky, violin
• John Shirley-Quirk, voice
• Robert van Sice, percussion
• Gary Thomas, Jazz
• Barry Tuckwell, horn
• Frank Valentino, voice
• John Walker, organ
• Chen Yi, composition (1996-1998)

See also

• Music school
• Music schools in the United States

References

1. "GEORGE PEABODY.; Death of the Great Philanthropist—His Last Hours Passed in London—His Career and Benefactions". The New York Times. November 5, 1869. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
2. "Peabody to Affilliate [sic] With Johns Hopkins". The New York Times. January 1, 1977. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
3. Wierzalis, Bill and Koontz, John P., Images of America: Mount Vernon Place (2006) p. 60-61. Arcadia Publishing ISBN 0-7385-4238-5
4. Holland, Bernard (January 4, 1990). "The Peabody, Ready or Not, Is Pushed to Go Out on Its Own". The New York Times. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
5. Preparatory Campuses
6. Fadulu, Lolade. "'I Expected to Have a Day Job for the Rest of My Life'". The Atlantic. Retrieved April 20, 2018.

External links

• Official website

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Lowell Institute
by Wikipedia
Accessed: 2/27/20

The Lowell Institute is a United States educational foundation located in Boston, Massachusetts, providing both free public lectures, and also advanced lectures.[1] It was endowed by a bequest of $250,000 left by John Lowell, Jr.,[2] who died in 1836. The Institute began work in the winter of 1839/40,[3] and an inaugural lecture was given on December 31, 1839, by Edward Everett.[4]

Bequest

Lowell's will set up an endowment with a principal of over $1 million (in 1909), stipulating 10% of its net annual income was to be added back to help it grow. None of the fund was to be invested in a building for the lectures. The trustees of the Boston Athenaeum were made visitors of the fund, but the trustee of the fund is authorized to select his own successor. In naming a successor, the Institute's trustee must always choose in preference to all others some male descendant of Lowell's grandfather, John Lowell, provided there is one who is competent to hold the office of trustee, and of the name of Lowell. The sole trustee so appointed is solely responsible for the entire selection of the lecturers and the subjects of lectures.[citation needed]

The first trustee was Lowell's cousin, John Amory Lowell, who administered the trust for more than forty years, and was succeeded in 1881 by his son, Augustus Lowell. He in turn was succeeded in 1900 by his son Abbott Lawrence Lowell, who in 1909 also became president of Harvard University.[1]

Activities

Popular lectures

The founder provided for two kinds of lectures, one popular, and the other more advanced. The popular lectures have taken the form of courses usually ranging from half a dozen to a dozen lectures, and covering almost every subject. The payments to the lecturers have always been large, and lectures of many eminent people from America and Europe have been sponsored. A number of books have been published which consist of those lectures or have been based upon them.[1][citation needed]

During the mid-20th century, the Lowell Institute decided to enter the broadcasting business, which led to the creation of the WGBH-FM radio station in 1952, and the WGBH-TV television station in 1955. The WGBH Educational Foundation is now one of the largest producers of public television content and public radio programming in the United States.[citation needed]

As of 2013, the Lowell Institute sponsors an annual series of free public lectures on current scientific topics, under the aegis of the Museum of Science Boston. In addition, the Lowell Institute sponsors the Forum Network,[5] a public media service of the WGBH Educational Foundation which distributes free public lectures over the Internet, from a large number of program partners in and beyond Boston.

Advanced lectures

As to the advanced lectures, the founder seems to have had in view what is now called university extension, and in this he was far ahead of his time. In pursuance of this provision, public instruction of various kinds has been given from time to time by the Institute. The first freehand drawing in Boston was taught there, but was given up when the public schools undertook it. In the same way, a school of practical design was carried on for many years, but finally in 1903 was transferred to the Museum of Fine Arts.[1] Instruction for working men was given at the Wells Memorial Institute until 1908, when the Franklin Foundation took up the work,[1] which resulted in the Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology (BFIT). A Teacher's School of Science was maintained in co-operation with the Boston Society of Natural History, later renamed the Museum of Science Boston, which still continues to sponsor professional development courses for secondary school science teachers.

For many years, advanced courses of lectures were given by professors of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and in 1903 these were superseded by an evening "School for Industrial Foremen"[1] sharing classroom and laboratory facilities. Over time, this became known as the Lowell Institute School, remaining on the MIT campus until 1996, when it was transferred to the Northeastern University Engineering School. The Lowell Institute School now is a division of the School of Professional Studies at Northeastern, offering full- and part-time programs leading to certificates, and associate's or bachelor's degrees.[6]

In 1907, under the title of "Collegiate Courses", a number of the elementary courses in Harvard University were offered free to the public under the same conditions of study and examination as in the university.[1] This program eventually became the Harvard University Extension School, now offering hundreds of courses, and certificate and academic degree programs to residents of Greater Boston.

See also

• Lowell Technological Institute

References

1. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lowell Institute". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2. Elias Nason (1874). A gazetteer of the state of Massachusetts. Boston: B.B. Russell. p. 103.
3. Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Lowell, John, American merchant and philanthropist" . Encyclopedia Americana.
4. Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Lowell Institute" . Encyclopedia Americana.
5. "About the Forum Network". WGBH Educational Foundation. Retrieved 2017-01-06.
6. "Lowell Institute School". Northeastern University College of Professional Studies. Northeastern University. Retrieved 2012-02-27.

Further reading

• Charles F. Park, A History of the Lowell Institute School, 1903-1928 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1931)
• Harriette Knight Smith, The History of the Lowell Institute (Boston: Lamson, Wolffe and Company, 1898)
• Edward Weeks, The Lowells and Their Institute (Boston: Little, Brown, 1966)
• Margaret W. Rossiter. "Benjamin Silliman and the Lowell Institute: The Popularization of Science in Nineteenth-Century America." New England Quarterly, Vol. 44, No. 4 (Dec., 1971)
• Howard M. Wach. "Expansive Intellect an

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Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux
by Wikipedia
Accessed: 2/27/20


The Right Honourable The Lord Brougham and Vaux PC QC FRS
Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain
In office: 22 November 1830 – 9 July 1834
Monarch: William IV
Prime Minister: Earl Grey
Preceded by: Lord Lyndhurst
Succeeded by: Lord Lyndhurst
Member of the House of Lords
Lord Temporal
In office: 22 November 1830 – 7 May 1868
Hereditary Peerage
Preceded by: Peerage created
Succeeded by: The 2nd Lord Brougham and Vaux
Member of Parliament for Knaresborough
In office: February 1830 – August 1830
Preceded by: George Tierney
Succeeded by: Henry Cavendish
Member of Parliament for Winchelsea
In office: 1815 – February 1830
Preceded by: William Vane
Succeeded by: John Williams
Member of Parliament for Camelford
In office: 1810 – November 1812
Preceded by: Lord Henry Petty
Succeeded by: Samuel Scott
Personal details
Born: 19 September 1778, Cowgate, Edinburgh
Died: 7 May 1868 (aged 89), Cannes, Second French Empire
Nationality: British
Political party: Whig
Spouse(s) Mary Anne Eden (1785–1865)
Alma mater: University of Edinburgh


Sir Henry Brougham by John Adams Acton 1867

Henry Peter Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux, PC, QC, FRS (/ˈbruː(ə)m ... ˈvoʊks/; 19 September 1778 – 7 May 1868) was a British statesman who became Lord High Chancellor and played a prominent role in passing the 1832 Reform Act and 1833 Slavery Abolition Act.

Born in Edinburgh, Brougham helped found the Edinburgh Review in 1802 before moving to London, where he qualified as a barrister in 1808. Elected to the House of Commons in 1810 as a Whig, he was Member of Parliament for a number of constituencies until becoming a peer in 1834.

Brougham won popular renown for helping defeat the 1820 Pains and Penalties Bill, an attempt by the widely disliked George IV to annul his marriage to Caroline of Brunswick. He became an advocate of liberal causes including abolition of the slave trade, free trade and parliamentary reform. Appointed Lord Chancellor in 1830, he made a number of reforms intended to speed up legal cases and established the Central Criminal Court. He never regained government office after 1834 and although he played an active role in the House of Lords, he often did so in opposition to his former colleagues.

Education was another area of interest. He helped establish the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge and University College London, as well as holding a number of academic posts, including Rector, University of Edinburgh.

The Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (SDUK), was founded in 1826, mainly at the instigation of Lord Brougham,[1] with the object of publishing information to people who were unable to obtain formal teaching, or who preferred self-education. A Whiggish London organisation that published inexpensive texts intended to adapt scientific and similarly high-minded material for the rapidly expanding reading public, it was wound up in 1848.


Lecture-Hall of the Greenwich Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, on its opening 15 February 1843

An American group of the same name was founded as part of the Lyceum movement in the United States in 1829. Its Boston branch sponsored lectures by such speakers as Ralph Waldo Emerson, and was active from 1829 to 1947.[2] Henry David Thoreau cites the Society in his essay "Walking," in which he jestingly proposes a Society for the Diffusion of Useful Ignorance.[3]

-- Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, by Wikipedia

If Josiah Holbrook had lived to-day, probably he might have been tempted to organize an educational trust, or to corner the market in professors. As it was, he planned a World Lyceum, of which Chancellor Brougham, of England, should be president, and which should have fifty-two vice-presidents, men distinguished in science and in philanthropy, men chosen from every country in the world.

-- Who's Who In the Lyceum, edited by A. Augustus Wright

In later years he spent much of his time in the French city of Cannes, making it a popular resort for the British upper-classes; he died there in 1868.

Life

Early life


Brougham Hall in 1832.

Brougham was born and grew up in Edinburgh, the eldest son of Henry Brougham (1742–1810), of Brougham Hall in Westmorland, and Eleanora, daughter of Reverend James Syme. The Broughams had been an influential Cumberland family for centuries. Brougham was educated at the Royal High School and the University of Edinburgh, where he chiefly studied natural science and mathematics, but also law. He published several scientific papers through the Royal Society, notably on light and colours and on prisms, and at the age of only 25 was elected a Fellow. However, Brougham chose law as his profession, and was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1800. He practised little in Scotland, and instead entered Lincoln's Inn in 1803. Five years later he was called to the Bar.

Not a wealthy man, Brougham turned to journalism as a means of supporting himself financially through these years. He was one of the founders of the Edinburgh Review and quickly became known as its foremost contributor, with articles on everything from science, politics, colonial policy, literature, poetry, surgery, mathematics and the fine arts.[1] In the early 19th century, Brougham, a follower of Newton, launched anonymous attacks in the Edinburgh Review against Thomas Young's research, which proved light was a wave phenomenon that exhibited interference and diffraction. These attacks slowed acceptance of the truth for a decade, until François Arago and Augustin-Jean Fresnel championed Young's work. Another example of Lord Brougham's scientific incompetence is his attack upon Sir William Herschel (1738–1822), a story is described by Pustiĺnik and Din.[2] Herschel, as Royal Astronomer, found a correlation between the observed number of sunspots and wheat prices.[3] This met with strong and widespread rejection, even ridicule as a "grand absurdity" from Lord Brougham. Herschel had to cancel further publications of these results. Seventy years later, the English economist W. S. Jevons indeed discovered 10–11-year intervals between high wheat prices, in agreement with the 11-year cycle of solar activity discovered at those times. Miroslav Mikulecký, J. Střeštík and V. Choluj[4] found by cross-regression analysis shared periods between climatic temperatures and wheat prices of 15 years for England, 16 years for France and 22 years for Germany. They now believe they have found a direct evidence of a causal connection between the two.

Early career


Henry Brougham in 1825

The success of the Edinburgh Review made Brougham a man of mark from his first arrival in London. He quickly became a fixture in London society and gained the friendship of Lord Grey and other leading Whig politicians. In 1806 the Foreign Secretary, Charles James Fox, appointed him secretary to a diplomatic mission to Portugal, led by James St Clair-Erskine, 2nd Earl of Rosslyn, and John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent. The aim of the mission was to counteract the anticipated French invasion of Portugal. During these years he became a close supporter of the movement for the abolition of slavery, a cause to which he was to be passionately devoted for the rest of his life. Despite being a well-known and popular figure, Brougham had to wait before being offered a parliamentary seat to contest. However, in 1810 he was elected for Camelford, a rotten borough controlled by the Duke of Bedford. He quickly gained a reputation in the House of Commons, where he was one of the most frequent speakers, and was regarded by some as a potential future leader of the Whig Party. However, Brougham's career was to take a downturn in 1812, when, standing as one of two Whig candidates for Liverpool, he was heavily defeated. He was to remain out of Parliament until 1816, when he was returned for Winchelsea. He quickly resumed his position as one of the most forceful members of the House of Commons, and worked especially in advocating a programme for the education of the poor and legal reform.[1]

In 1828 he made a six-hour speech, the longest ever made in the House of Commons.[5]

Defence of Queen Caroline

In 1812 Brougham had become one of the chief advisers to Caroline of Brunswick, the estranged wife of George, Prince of Wales, the Prince Regent and future George IV. This was to prove a key development in his life. In April 1820 Caroline, then living abroad, appointed Brougham her Attorney-General. Earlier that year George IV had succeeded to the throne on the death of his long incapacitated father George III. Caroline was brought back to Britain in June for appearances only, but the king immediately began divorce proceedings against her. The Pains and Penalties Bill, aimed at dissolving the marriage and stripping Caroline of her Royal title on the grounds of adultery, was brought before the House of Lords by the Tory government. However, Brougham led a legal team (which also included Thomas Denman) that eloquently defended the Princess. Brougham threatened to introduce evidence of George IV's affairs and his secret marriage to a Catholic woman. This could have potentially thrown the monarchy into chaos, and it was suggested to Brougham that he hold back for the sake of his country. He responded with his now famous speech in the House of Lords:

"An advocate, in the discharge of his duty, knows but one person in all the world, and that person is his client. To save that client by all means and expedients, and at all hazards and costs to other persons, and amongst them, to himself, is his first and only duty; and in performing this duty he must not regard the alarm, the torments, the destruction which he may bring upon others. Separating the duty of a patriot from that of an advocate, he must go on reckless of consequences, though it should be his unhappy fate to involve his country in confusion."

The speech has since become legendary among defence lawyers for the principle of zealously advocating for one's client.[6] The bill passed, but by the narrow margin of only nine votes. Lord Liverpool, aware of the unpopularity of the bill and afraid that it might be overturned in the House of Commons, then withdrew it. The British public had mainly been on the Princess's side, and the outcome of the trial made Brougham one of the most famous men in the country. His legal practice on the Northern Circuit rose fivefold, although he had to wait until 1827 before being made a King's Counsel.[1]

In 1826 Brougham, along with Wellington, was one of the clients and lovers named in the notorious Memoirs of Harriette Wilson. Before publication, Wilson and publisher John Joseph Stockdale wrote to all those named in the book offering them the opportunity to be excluded from the work in exchange for a cash payment. Brougham paid and secured his anonymity.[7][8]

Lord Chancellor

NO SLAVERY!
ELECTORS OF THE COUNTY OF YORK
You honourably distinguished yourselves
In the ABOLITION OF THE SLAVE TRADE
by your zealous support of
WILLIAM WILBERFORCE
Who can be more worthy of your choice as a
REPRESENTATIVE FOR THE COUNTY
the enlightened friend and champion of Negro Freedom
HENRY BROUGHAM
by returning him
YOU WILL DO AN HONOUR TO THE COUNTY
and
A SERVICE TO HUMANITY[9]

Brougham remained member of Parliament for Winchelsea until February 1830 when he was returned for Knaresborough. However, he represented Knaresborough only until August the same year, when he became one of four representatives for Yorkshire. His support for the immediate abolition of slavery brought him enthusiastic support in the industrial West Riding. The Reverend Benjamin Godwin of Bradford devised and funded posters that appealed to Yorkshire voters who had supported William Wilberforce to support Brougham as a committed opponent of slavery[9] However, Brougham was adopted as a Whig candidate by only a tiny majority at the nomination meeting: the Whig gentry objecting that he had no connection with agricultural interests, and no connection with the county.[10] Brougham came second in the poll, behind the other Whig candidate; although the liberals of Leeds had placarded the town with claims that one of the Tory candidates supported slavery, this was strenuously denied by him.[11]

In November the Tory government led by the Duke of Wellington fell, and the Whigs came to power under Lord Grey. Brougham joined the government as Lord Chancellor, although his opponents claimed he previously stated he would not accept office under Grey.[12] Brougham refused the post of Attorney General, but accepted that of Lord Chancellor, which he held for four years. On 22 November, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Brougham and Vaux, of Brougham in the County of Westmorland.[1]


Brougham as Lord Chancellor (1830-1834)

The highlights of Brougham's time in government were passing the 1832 Reform Act and 1833 Slavery Abolition Act but he was seen as dangerous, unreliable and arrogant. Charles Greville, who was Clerk of the Privy Council for 35 years, recorded his 'genius and eloquence' was marred by 'unprincipled and execrable judgement.'[13] Although retained when Lord Melbourne succeeded Grey in July 1834, the administration was replaced in November by Sir Robert Peel's Tories. When Melbourne became Prime Minister again in April 1835, he excluded Brougham, claiming his conduct was one of the main reasons for the fall of the previous government; Baron Cottenham became Lord Chancellor in January 1836.[1]

Later life


Bust of Henry Brougham in the Playfair Library of Edinburgh University's Old College


The title page of British Constitution (1st ed., 1844), written by Brougham

Brougham was never to hold office again. However, for more than thirty years after his fall he continued to take an active part in the judicial business of the House of Lords, and in its debates, having now turned fiercely against his former political associates, but continuing his efforts on behalf of reform of various kinds. He also devoted much of his time to writing. He had continued to contribute to the Edinburgh Review, the best of his writings being subsequently published as Historical Sketches of Statesmen Who Flourished in the Time of George III.

In 1834 he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

In 1837 Brougham presented a bill for public education, arguing that "it cannot be doubted that some legislative effort must at length be made to remove from this country the opprobrium of having done less for the education of the people than any of the more civilized nations on earth".[14]

In 1838, after news came up of British colonies where emancipation of the slaves was obstructed or where the ex-slaves were being badly treated and discriminated against, Lord Brougham stated in the House of Lords:

"The slave … is as fit for his freedom as any English peasant, aye, or any Lord whom I now address. I demand his rights; I demand his liberty without stint… . I demand that your brother be no longer trampled upon as your slave!"[15]

Brougham was elected Rector of Marischal College for 1838.[16] He also edited, in collaboration with Sir Charles Bell, William Paley's Natural Theology and published a work on political philosophy and in 1838 he published an edition of his speeches in four volumes. The last of his works was his posthumous Autobiography. In 1857 he was one of the founders of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science and was its president at a number of congresses.

In 1860 Brougham was given by Queen Victoria a second peerage as Baron Brougham and Vaux, of Brougham in the County of Westmorland and of Highhead Castle in the County of Cumberland, with remainder to his youngest brother William Brougham (died 1886). The patent stated that the second peerage was in honour of the great services he had rendered, especially in promoting the abolition of slavery.

Family

Brougham married Mary Spalding (d. 1865), daughter of Thomas Eden and widow of John Spalding, MP, in 1821. They had two daughters, both of whom predeceased their parents, the latter one dying in 1839. Lord Brougham and Vaux died in May 1868 in Cannes, France, aged 89, and was buried in the Cimetière du Grand Jas.[1] The cemetery is up to the present dominated by Brougham's statue, and he is honoured for his major role in building the city of Cannes. His hatchment is in Ninekirks, which was then the parish church of Brougham.

The Barony of 1830 became extinct on his death, while he was succeeded in the Barony of 1860 according to the special remainder by his younger brother William Brougham.

Legacy


A brougham, of the style built to Lord Brougham's specification

He was the designer of the brougham, a four-wheeled, horse-drawn style of carriage that bears his name.

Brougham



The term "Brougham" has been used by every single American car manufacturer as well as a few foreign ones to designate a car model or trim package with richly appointed features. It refers to the elegant "Brougham" carriage popular in the 19th century. That carriage was originally built to the specifications of and named for Lord Henry Peter Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux, a British statesman who became Lord Chancellor of Great Britain. Brother Brougham was a member of Canongate Kilwinning Lodge 2 of Edinburgh Scotland.

-- Freemasons: Tales from the Craft, by Steven L. Harrison

About Lodge Canongate Kilwinning

Lodge Canongate Kilwinning was Chartered in 1677 in the Canongate, an area of Edinburgh. It was the first known example in the world of a Lodge being granted a charter by an existing Lodge, in this case The Lodge of Kilwinning (latterly known as Mother Kilwinning). The minutes of that Lodge refer to the granting of a charter to Lodge Canongate Kilwinning on 20 December 1677.

On the 6th December 1677 Masons from the Canongate wrote to Mother Kilwinning by petition requesting permission to enter and pass persons in its name and on its behalf. This permission in the form of a Charter was duly granted on the 20th December 1677. The Canongate was home to a great number of the nobility and prosperous merchants; this was reflected in the membership of the Lodge at that time. (See About The Canongate) An indication of its rise was the fact that at this time, it was able to have built for its own use, a very fine building known as the Chapel of St John. This makes it the oldest purpose built Masonic meeting room in the world. This Masonic meeting room is very much as it was built, and is still used by the Lodge for its meetings to this day. (See About The Chapel of St John)

Reflecting the increase in interest in Freemasonry at the time, 1735 saw the initial attempts to establish a Grand Lodge of Scotland. The initiative in forming Grand Lodge was taken by Lodge Canongate Kilwinning and this was duly established in 1736. One of our members, William St. Clair of Roslin (Rosslyn), became the first Grand Master of The Grand Lodge of Scotland and his portrait adorns the wall of The Chapel of St John to this day. The earliest information of the election of a Grand Master for Scotland is here transcribed in full from the minute of the Lodge dated 29th September 1735:-

” Cannongate, the 29th Septemr. 1735. 5735-

“The Lodge having mett according to adjournment being duely form’d, this being a quarterly meeting, continued the Committee for the Laws, admitted William Montgomery, Master Mason, who pay’d as usual, and appointed David Home, William Robertson, Thomas Trotter, Robert Blissett, William Montgomery, George Crawford, & such other Members as think fitt to attend, as a Committee for framing proposals to be lay’d before the several Lodges in order to the chusing a Grand Master for Scotland, the Committee to meet to-morrow’s night at 6 o’ th’ clock, & to report against Wednesday’, to which time the Lodge stands adjourned.”

During the eighteenth century, Edinburgh was at the centre of the world of philosophical thought as the Scottish Enlightenment gathered pace. Lodge Canongate Kilwinning attracted a large number of men of learning, many of whom are recognised Enlightenment figures through their published works.

Perhaps the most famous is Robert Burns, who affiliated to Lodge Canongate Kilwinning on 1st February 1787, as recorded in our minutes (See Robert Burns and The Lodge). While this is a well reported fact by biographers, what is less known about is the large number of members of Lodge Canongate Kilwinning who had a significant influence on encouraging Burns to come to Edinburgh and publish a second edition. (See The Inauguration Painting Who’s Who)

Throughout the years, Lodge Canongate Kilwinning has played an important part in Scottish Freemasonry, and continues to do so. The Immediate Past Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Scotland, Brother Sir Archibald Donald Orr Ewing was initiated into Freemasonry in Lodge Canongate Kilwinning in 1972. The Chapel of St John has become known around the world through the painting “The Inauguration of Robert Burns as Poet Laureate of Lodge Canongate Kilwinning, 1st February 1787”. This painting has doubtless caused controversy, much of which was instigated and exacerbated by David Murray Lyon, Past Grand Secretary when he embarked oh his “History of The Lodge of Edinburgh” circa 1873 (To find out more see “About The Inauguration Painting”)

The Lodge continues to meet eight times a year in The Chapel of St John, and practises Freemasonry under The Grand Lodge of Antient Free and Accepted Masons of Scotland. Our membership has seen a steady increase over the past decade, and is drawn from all ages (from students in their early twenties, to a number of nonagenarians) and walks of life.

It is impossible not to be moved by the atmosphere that exists in the Chapel of St John and the spirit of many famous members pervades the place. After the more formal part of the meeting, we retire to the Refectory for a meal and refreshments. The meetings and refreshment have a timeless quality and the following description of the meeting is as applicable today as it was when it was written: “Having spent the evening in a very social, affectionate and Brotherly manner as the meetings of this Lodge always have been it was adjourned till the next monthly meeting” Minute Book of Lodge Canongate Kilwinning 1st February 1787, the night on which Robert Burns was assumed a member.

The earliest Minute book of the Lodge in preservation dates from 1735. Reading through the sometimes faded and blotted paper, a fascinating story of a central part of Scotland’s history emerges. Robert Burns was perhaps the most famous of our members who graced The Chapel of St John but there are many others whose stories deserve to be retold from the perspective of their membership of Lodge Canongate Kilwinning. Over the coming months we hope to bring you some of those stories, so please bookmark this site and return for regular updates.

***

About the Canongate

Edinburgh initially grew as a result of the natural defences of a volcanic outcrop of rock on which Edinburgh Castle was built. On three sides there are sheer cliffs in excess of a hundred feet, so the only approach is via a long sloping hill which lies to the east of the Castle which provided the only possible direction of expansion as the town grew.

King David I of Scotland, while hunting in the forest of Drumsheugh, in the immediate vicinity of Edinburgh in 1128 was attacked by an enraged stag, which unhorsed him and threatened him with certain death. He raised his hands to protect himself but saw a cross between its antlers.

On seeing the cross, the King took courage and he saw the stag off. In gratitude for his miraculous deliverance, the king founded the monastery of the Holy Cross, and richly endowed it. This was the Augustinian Holyrood Abbey, located about one mile east of the castle, and the ruins of the Abbey are still in existence today.

King David I. granted to the canons of Holyroodhouse the privilege of erecting a burgh, between the town of Edinburgh and church of Holyroodhouse. Thereafter, the Stag, with a cross between its antlers, became the Coat of Arms of Canongate and may still be seen on many buildings in the area. It also forms part of the Lodge crest.
The name Canongate derives from the time when the canons of Holyrood Abbey would walk to their former residence in Edinburgh Castle, the area closest to Holyrood was known as the Canons’ Gait or Walk. The burgesses had “a power to elect annually at Michaelmas two or three bailiffs, and a treasurer, with a proper number of officers for the administration of justice,” and the said burgesses were likewise empowered to hold courts both civil and criminal.

When the city of Edinburgh was enclosed by walls in the middle ages, the wall only extended as far as St Mary Street, so the Canongate was outside the city of Edinburgh.

The reigning Sovereign often preferred to stay at the Abbey, rather than in the Castle, and in 1501 James IV (1488-1513) built a Palace for himself and his bride, Margaret Tudor (sister of Henry VIII). When the New Town of Edinburgh was built in the eighteenth century, the Canongate became somewhat rundown, as the nobility moved to the more fashionable streets to the north.

This decline continued and in the 1930s, there are reports of six and seven living in one room, each room of the house being the home of a family and twenty- four people sharing one lavatory and one water tap. There were as many as one hundred and fifty nine people living in one house on St John St. (The Kirk in the Canongate by Rev Ronald Selby Wright, Minister of Canongate Kirk from 1937-1977 and a member of Lodge Canongate Kilwinning).

When Scotland voted for a devolved Parliament in 1997, a site bordering the Canongate at Holyrood was chosen to build the award winning Parliament Building which together with a very busy tourist trade has seen the resurgence of the area again.

The picture to the left shows the foot (most easterly point) of the Canongate, with the edge of the New Parliament Building on the right, the Palace of Holyrood House, the official Edinburgh residence of the Reigning Monarch, and the remains of Holyrood Abbey to the left.

There is an atmosphere in the Canongate which is hard to describe. Great events took place in the area; many famous people rode or walked up the Canongate to Edinburgh. Perhaps it is best left to others to describe that mood. Here are a few examples from more famous writers who also felt the strong influence of the Canongate:

“Sic itur ad astra, (This is the path to heaven)” Such is the ancient motto attached to the armorial bearings of the Canongate, and which is inscribed, with greater or less propriety, upon all the public buildings, from the church to the pillory, in the ancient quarter of Edinburgh, which bears, or rather once bore, the same relation to the Good Town that Westminster does to London, being still possessed of the palace of the sovereign, as it formerly was dignified by the residence of the principal nobility and gentry.

-- Sir Walter Scott

Our claims in behalf of the Canongate are not the slightest or least interesting. We will not match ourselves except with our equals and with our equals in age only, for in dignity we admit of none. We boast being of the Court end of the town, possessing the Palace and the sepulchral remains of ancient Monarchs, and that we have the power to excite, in a degree unknown to the less honoured quarters of the city, the dark and solemn recollections of the ancient grandeur, which occupied the precincts of our venerable Abbey from the time of St David, till her deserted halls were once more glad, and her long silent echoes awakened, by the visit of our present Sovereign.

-- Sir Walter Scott

The very Canongate has a sort of sacredness in it.

-- Lord Cockburn

Who could ever hope to tell all its story, or the story of a single wynd in it?

-- JM Barrie

The way (to Holyrood) lies straight down the only great street of the Old Town, a street by far the most impressive in its character of any I have ever seen in Britain.

-- JG Lockhart.

You did not shape the mountains, nor shape the shores; and the historical houses of your Canongate, and the broad battlements of your Castle, reflect honour upon you only through your ancestors.

-- John Ruskin

The Palace of Holyrood-House stands on your left as you enter the Canongate. This is a street continued hence to the gate called Netherbow, which is now taken away; so that there is no interruption for a long mile, from the bottom to the top of the hill, on which the castle stands in a most imperial situation ….undoubtedly one of the noblest streets in Europe.

-- Tobias Smollett

The pilgrim strolls away into the Canongate… and still the storied figures of history walk by his side or come to meet him at every close and wynd. John Knox, Robert Burns, Tobias Smollett, David Hume, Dugald Stuart, John Wilson, Hugh Miller-Gray, led onward by the blythe and gracious Duchess of Queensberry, and Dr Johnson, escorted by the affectionate and faithful James Boswell, the best biographer that ever lived,- these and many more, the lettered worthies of long ago, throng into this haunted street and glorify it with the rekindled splendours of other days. You cannot be lonely here. This is it that makes the place so eloquent and so precious.

-- William Winter.

Down the street, too, often limped a little boy, Walter Scott by name, destined in after years to write its Chronicles. The Canongate once seen is never to be forgotten. The visitor starts a ghost with every step……. On the intellectual man, living or working in Edinburgh, the light comes through the stained window of the past. Today’s event is not raw or brusque; it comes draped in romantic colour, hued with ancient gules and or.

-- Alexander Smith

Hopefully, these quotations give a flavour of the magical area of Edinburgh which has been home to Lodge Canongate Kilwinning since before the granting of its Charter in 1677.

-- About Lodge Canongate Kilwinning, by Lodge Canongate Kilwinning No. 2

Brougham's patronage made the renowned French seaside resort of Cannes very popular. He accidentally found the place in 1835, when it was little more than a fishing village on a picturesque coast, and bought there a tract of land and built on it. His choice and his example made it the sanitorium of Europe. Owing to Brougham's influence the beachfront promenade at Nice became known as the Promenade des Anglais (literally, "The Promenade of the English").[17]

A statue of him, inscribed "Lord Brougham", stands at the Cannes waterfront, across from the Palais des festivals et des congrès.

Brougham holds the House of Commons record for non-stop speaking at six hours.[18]

He was present at the trial of the world's first steam powered ship on 14 October 1788 at Dalswinton Loch near Auldgirth, Dumfries and Galloway. William Symington of Wanlockhead built the two-cylindered engine for Patrick Miller of Dalswinton.[19]

Works

Brougham wrote a prodigious number of treatises on science, philosophy, and history. Besides the writings mentioned in this article, he was the author of Dialogues on Instinct; with Analytical View of the Researches on Fossil Osteology, Lives of Statesmen, Philosophers, and Men of Science of the Time of George III, Natural Theology, etc. His last work was an autobiography written in his 84th year and published in 1871.

Brougham's Political Philosophy was included on the Cambridge syllabus for History and Political Philosophy, where it was considered among the major works on the topic along with Aristotle's Politics, François Guizot's Histoire de la civilization en Europe, and Henry Hallam's Constitutional History.[20]

• Henry Brougham Brougham and Vaux (1838). Speeches of Henry Lord Brougham, Upon Questions Relating to Public Rights, Duties, and Interests: With Historical Introductions, and a Critical Dissertation Upon the Eloquence of the Ancients, Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 4 vol. (online: vol. 1, 2, 3, 4)

See also

• March of Intellect

Notes

1. EB (1911).
2. Solar Phys., 2004, vol. 223, pp. 335–56.
3. W. Herschel, Phil.Trans., 1801, vol. 91, p. 265.
4. The Conference "Man in his Terrestrial and Cosmic Environment", Úpice, Czech Republic, 2010, Acad. Sci. Czech Rep., Prague.
5. Kelly, Jon, "The art of the filibuster: How do you talk for 24 hours straight?", BBC News Magazine, 12 December 2012.
6. Uelmen, Gerald. "Lord Brougham's Bromide: Good Lawyers as Bad Citizens", Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, November, 1996.
7. Stockdale, E. (1990). "The unnecessary crisis: The background to the Parliamentary Papers Act 1840". Public Law: 30–49. p. 36.
8. Bourne (1975).
9. Historical Perspectives on the Transatlantic Slave Trade in Bradford, Yorkshire Abolitionist Activity 1787–1865, James Gregory, Plymouth University, History & Art History, Academia.edu. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
10. "Meeting of the Freeholders in the Whig Interest in York". Yorkshire Gazette. 24 July 1830. p. 3.
11. "General Election: Yorkshire Election". Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser. 7 August 1830. p. 3.
12. "NEW WRITS.—CONDUCT OF LORD BROUGHAM". Hansard House of Commons Debates. 1: cc636-49. 23 November 1830. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
13. Greville, Charles (author), Pearce, Edward (editor) (2005). The Diaries of Charles Greville. Pimlico. p. xi. ISBN 978-1844134045.
14. A. Green, Education and State Formation: The Rise of Education Systems in England, France and the USA, Macmillan, 1990
15. Quoted in the "Lawyers on the Edge" website
16. Officers of the Marischal College & University of Aberdeen, 1593-1860.
17. "Cadillac Terms and Definitions A - C". Cadillacdatabase.net. 1996. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
18. "Hansard, 8 May 1989, Column 581". HMSO. Retrieved 14 October 2008.
19. Innes, Brian (1988). The Story of Scotland.. v. 3, part 33, p. 905.
20. Collini, Stefan (1983). That Noble Science of Politics: A Study in Nineteenth-Century Intellectual History. Cambridge University Press. p. 346.

References

• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Brougham and Vaux, Henry Peter Brougham, 1st Baron". Encyclopædia Britannica. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 652–655.
• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Cousin, John William (1910). "Brougham And Vaux, Henry, 1st Lord". A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Sons. pp. 48–49 – via Wikisource.

External links

• Reeve, Henry (1878). "Henry Brougham" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 4 (9th ed.). pp. 373–381.
• Works by Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux at Internet Archive
• Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Henry Brougham
• All things connected with the Brougham name
• "Archival material relating to Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux". UK National Archives.
• Portraits of Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux at the National Portrait Gallery, London

[admin]

The Salem Lyceum Society
by salemweb.com
Accessed: 2/28/20

It is unlikely that any American movement has permeated the national culture as quickly and thoroughly as the lyceums in the mid-nineteenth century.

Lyceums were the brainchild of Joshua [Josiah] Holbrook, who borrowed the concept from the Mechanics Institutes he had encountered in England. Holbrook started the first lyceum in Milbury, Mass., in 1828 and before long there were 100 similar societies sprinkled throughout New England. By 1834, the number of lyceums in America had grown to 3,000.


The Lyceum Hall on Church Street, Salem

One of those lyceums was organized in Salem in January 1830. The expressed purpose of the Salem Lyceum Society was to provide "mutual education and rational entertainment" for both its membership and the general public through a biannual course of lectures, debates and dramatic readings.

While no debates were actually ever held, there were, over the next 60 years, more than 1,000 lectures on such varied themes as literature, science, politics and government, and even phrenology. The inaugural lecture, "Advantages of Knowledge," was given in February by Society President Daniel White, and followed by talks by Society Treasurer Francis Peabody, and Society Vice President Stephen C. Phillips and others. James Flint concluded this first course with three lectures on anatomy and health.

These early lectures were held in either the former Methodist Church on Sewall Street or the Universalist Church on Rust Street. In 1831, the Salem Lyceum Society bought land and erected its own building on Church Street at a cost of approximately $4,000. The new hall could accommodate 700 patrons in amphitheater-style seating and was decorated with images of Cicero, Demosthenes and other great orators of bygone days.

Lectures were held on Tuesday evenings. Admission was $1 for men and 75 cents for women, who had to be "introduced" by a male to gain entrance. Most of the early speakers, including John Pickering, Henry K. Oliver and Charles Upham, were Lyceum members and spoke gratis or for a minimal fee. The combination of unpaid lecturers and sellout crowds (most talks had to be repeated on Wednesday) enabled the Society to pay off the outstanding mortgage on its new hall in a short time.

Once free of its overhead, The Salem Lyceum Society could afford to bring in outside speakers and, over the next half century, many of the great intellects of New England found their way to the Church Street stage. Richard Henry Dana Jr. spoke on "The Reality of the Sea" and "The Importance of Cultivating the Affections," while former United States President John Quincy Adams related themes of "Faith and Government". Oliver Wendall Holmes discoursed on "Lyceums and Lyceum Lectures;" abolitionist Frederic Douglas, on "Assassination and its Lessons" shortly after President Lincoln's murder; and James Russell Lowell, on "Dante".

Salem's most famous personage, Nathaniel Hawthorne, never spoke at the Lyceum himself but, during his stint as corresponding secretary for the 1848-9 lecture series, he enlisted as lecturers many of his famous associates. Hawthorne's roster of speakers included his brother-in-law, Horace Mann, his Concord friends, Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson, and his publisher, James T. Fields. Hawthorne was also responsible for the largest fee ever paid to a guest lecturer: Daniel Webster walked away with a cool $100 for his talk on "The History of the Constitution of the United States."

The record for the most appearances unquestionably belonged to Emerson, who spoke nearly 30 times in the Salem Lyceum alone. Like many other authors of the era, Emerson used Lyceum audiences to gauge the popularity of an essay or book before going to the expense of publishing it.

Over the life of The Salem Lyceum, only a half-dozen women were invited to appear on the Church Street stage. The best known was British actress Fanny Kemble, whose dramatic reading of Shakespeare's "A Midsummer Night's Dream", was a highlight of the 1849-50 course of lectures.

One of Kemble's fellow female presenters bore the appropriately Victorian name of Laura F. Dainty.


February 12, 1877, Alexander Graham Bell at the Lyceum Hall - first public demonstration of long distance telephone conversation.

Ironically, the most significant event to take place in the Lyceum Hall - Alexander Graham Bell's first public demonstration of the telephone on February 12, 1877 - was sponsored not by the Salem Lyceum Society, but by the Essex Institute.

But in the lyceum tradition, the event proved so successful and popular that it had to be repeated a few weeks later.

[admin]

The Passing of a Lyceum Father: Henry L. Slayton, Founder of the Slayton Bureau, Passes On. A Life Rich in Achievement, an Example for All Who Follow
by The Lyceumite & Talent, Volume 4
June, 1910

In a letter from Greenacre dated July 31, 1894, Vivekananda mentioned, "One Mr. Colville from Boston is here; he speaks every day, it is said, under spirit control."80 In her "Reminscences" Alice Hansbrough added:

While he was under contract with that lecture bureau (Slayton-Lyceum Bureau of Chicago] during his first visit to the West, he travelled with a very well-known spiritualist named Colville, who apparently was also under contract to the same bureau. Swamiji used to say, "If you think X is hard to live with, you should have travelled with Colville." The man seems to have had a nurse to look after him all time.81

Sarah Farmer wrote that she received the inspiration for the Greenacre Religious Conference while listening to a lecture by W.J. Colville in Boston in 1892.82 English born Wilberforce J. Colville (1859-1917), an inspirational speaker and author of little formal education, from the age of fourteen would enter into a trance and an entity would appear to speak through him. While apparently unconscious, he answered questions on a variety of subjects suggested by the audience, demonstrating knowledge he did not normally possess. Under the pressure of some foreign influence, his lips moved mechanically. At the audience's request, he frequently composed impromptu poems. Colville toured England and the United States where he settled down permanently, and authored many books on the occult.83

-- Western Admirers of Ramakrishna and His Disciples, by Gopal Stavig

Contract With Chicago Bureau for Forty Weeks Beginning Next May

J. Riley Wheelock, conductor and proprietor of Wheelock's Indian band, closed yesterday in Philadelphia, a deal with the Chicago Slayton Lyceum Bureau, wherein the band will tour to the coast next summer and the south next fall under the exclusive management of the bureau. The band will number fifty, and open its season in Chicago, in May. Mr. Wheelock is to be congratulated. We are sure his band will again be a great success.

--The Sentinel, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 26 Oct. 1906

Of that first lyceum triumvirate – Redpath, Major Pond and Henry Slayton, the last one has just answered the call of death. Henry L. Slayton, founder of the Slayton Lyceum Bureau, and one of the fathers of the lyceum, as we know it today, died at the residence of S.S. Brown, at 6321 Kimbark Ave., Chicago, June 10. He had returned from his long sojourn in Florida but a few days. For years he had been in poor health. Coming into the unpropitious weather of the north last month he took a severe cold which aggravated his old troubles. Death came after a very short illness.

The funeral was held at the Bowen home on the afternoon of the 13th, a short service conducted by Dr. F.W. Gunsaulus. The burial was at Oakwood Cemetery. In the cemetery chapel the Dunbar Company sang “God Is Love,” and President Ott made an address on behalf of the I.L.A. [International Lyceum Association], which association laid a floral tribute on the casket of the dead man. There were a number of lyceum people present, mindful of the great work he had done.

Henry Lake Slayton was born at Woodstock, Vt., May 29, 1841. After he was graduated from college he studied law at the Albany Law School, where he was a classmate of the late President McKinley. When the war broke out he enlisted and became a lieutenant in a colored regiment of volunteers. Before being mustered out he was brevetted captain. He was offered a captaincy in the regular army, but declined. Previous to his war experience he had been a drill master, in which he obtained much distinction. His next activity was as organizer of free schools in the state of Texas, during which time he organized over fifty such schools in the Lone Star state, riding a circuit of over 10,000 miles, with headquarters at Corsicana, where he also conducted a newspaper.

He came to Chicago and had set up a law office when the great fire of 1871 swept him into the general loss. In 1873 he was married to Mina F. Gregory, daughter of Hon. and Mrs. John Gregory of Northfield, Vt., who was later known as Mina G. Slayton, elocutionist and reader. She became a general favorite, her only distinguished rival being Mrs. Scott Siddons. It was a battle of the beauties. Mr. Slayton managed his wife’s business from his law office, which was in reality the incipient Slayton Bureau, dating from 1874. The success of the bureau was emphatic, and it soon became recognized as a dominant lyceum factor. It was not long until the management of Robert G. Ingersoll’s platform business was offered this bureau, which had he accepted would have meant Slayton’s retirement from the lyceum field. It was about this time that a young orator came forward to answer Ingersoll. Mr. Slayton took his management – he was George R. Wendling – and they were associated for years.

It was in 1879 that Mr. Slayton took a partner, J. Allen Whyte, to whom we are indebted for some of the early bureau history. Mr. Whyte, who is now in the real estate and promotion business in Chicago, was successively agent, manager and partner in the bureau until 1886. In 1888 the bureau was incorporated and Byron G. Fuller purchased an interest. He retired in 1892 and Mr. Whyte again entered the company, continuing with it until 1900, when Mr. Slayton’s son Wendell P. became a member of the company. Several years later Charles L. Wagner became secretary and the bureau continued to be a strong factor in the lyceum. It was united with the Redpath less than two years ago, Mr. Slayton’s poor health urging his retirement. He lived quietly at his new home in St. Petersburg, Florida, on until his north trip with its fatal termination.

Two Associates Pay Him Tribute

Henry Slayton’s work is well done. The tributes come from far and near. He was the pioneer developer of the western field. He had the true lyceum vision. He ran a great lecture course in the city of Chicago at one time. He discovered many of the famous platformists and managed scores of the famous ones. It is not generally known that he was not only a lawyer and a teacher but also a newspaper writer and a lecturer himself.

Says his partner, Mr. Whyte: “From the day we first met until the time of his death, there was no other than the highest regard and respect between us, and I look back with feelings of profound pleasure to my association with him. In all his years in a business which made excessive demands both mental and physical, he was always the urbane gentleman, free from the nauseating ‘ego’ sometimes found in such activities. In all the period of our association no misunderstandings or bickering incident to the bureau affairs ever took place. Mr. Slayton was particularly well-fitted by brain and physique for bureau management – well poised, conservative and an able and broad thinker. His cardinal virtues were his firm integrity, sterling honesty, application and executive force. He had a very thorough knowledge of the geography of the country, location of cities and distances apart, which made him easily the foremost router of attractions.”

“Mr. Slayton had a profound contempt for dishonesty,” says Hon. George R. Wendling. “He was a charitable man – charitable with a charity that suffereth long and is kind. He gave generously not only in money but in sympathy, in forebearance, in encouragement, and he turned his back upon no applicant for favor, not even if the applicant had abused his confidence. He would have died a rich man if he had not been so kind a man.

“He was a good son, a good father, a good husband. I knew much of his life in all these relations, and in filial duty and respect, in loyalty and devotion to his wife, and in parental fondness he was a model man. After thirty years of intimacy and varied business affairs with him I can say that I respected him, that I was fond of him, that I believed in him. Now that he is dead, I honor his memory. In the deep grief of their great bereavement I sympathize with the widow and son.

Not only has the lyceum world lost an upright, capable and efficient manager, but also the community has lost a worthy citizen, the country has lost one who was a soldier and a patriot, and men of every race and creed have lost a friend.”

[admin]

Dennison Wheelock
by Wikipedia
Accessed: 2/28/20

To the late nineteenth-century West... -- its imperial power and confidence supported by belief in the theories of evolution that saw the races of the world in an ordered line of ascent from the primitive to the modern Western type -- to be "cultured" or "civilized" meant to measure up to a European norm in standards of intellectual, artistic, and material achievement. This assumption of Western superiority was evident in all nineteenth-century expositions, but never more than at Chicago. The lesson of the fair, we are told by its chroniclers, was that each nation could see its position in the hierarchy thus displayed. The clearest example of this hierarchy was the Midway Plaisance of the fair.... This was the popular carnival sector of the exposition. It was here, along with the sideshows and amusements, that most of the Asian and Third World countries were represented. Some of the more popular attractions were the street in Cairo, the Dahomey village, the Javanese village, and the Eskimos, living exhibits in an anthropological display that illustrated the "progress of man" through a racial hierarchy that culminated in the modern Western type. The Midway Plaisance was "a world gallery," a "voyage round the world and down time," where "one could drop back through every stage of humanity, European, Asiatic, African until he reaches the animal in Hegenbeck's menagerie." Or alternately, as the same writer observed, the Midway could be "viewed in ascending manner culminating in the Exposition proper." The "Exposition proper" was, of course, the White City, evidence of America's supreme position in the hierarchy. The fair was a vast anthropological object lesson in the ascent of man and the Darwinian justification of Western dominance....

in the words of one critic, "We must have standards, and Europe is that standard."...

The Columbian anniversary was also an appropriate occasion to celebrate America's divinely ordained place in world history, a vision encapsulated in a proposal for a commemorative Dome of Columbus. The scale of the dome is vast...A colossal figure of Columbus, more than six hundred feet above the ground, pointed down to his achievement, his journey represented by a line drawn across the map on the surface of the dome. The map itself was curiously oriented, inverting European primacy by placing the Americas at the apex of the world, or as close to it as possible while remaining in the view of a prehelicopter audience. Columbus's journey from Spain read as an ascent: European man reached his culmination in the United States of America. The juxtaposition of the Italian Renaissance-style pedestal and the Temple of Liberty surmounting the dome showed American civilization rising out of the pinnacle of European cultural achievement to attain even greater heights. America stood at the summit of the world, representing the accumulated accomplishments of European civilization..."The new world was the heir of all ages."...

What does the statement of the Dome of Columbus mean when placed in the domestic context of labor wars, bankrupt farmers, the problems of postemancipation blacks and displaced Indians, urban slums teeming with Jewish and Roman Catholic immigrants who could no longer be considered outside mainstream American life?...From this perspective the dome is a point of resistance, a reaffirmation of the triumph of America, the republican ideal, and also an exclusion of minorities from identification as American. American blacks were denied participation in the fair. Their petitions for an exhibition, a building, or a separate department were all rejected. Their contribution was restricted to state displays and was subject to the approval of a white committee. American Indians were included in the ethnological department, part of the display of the customs of native peoples of the world. The dome reinforced the object lessons in racial hierarchy of the Midway. At the Chicago exposition, civilization was defined not only by the West, but by a white, Protestant Christian West.

-- Presenting Japanese Buddhism to the West: Orientalism, Occidentalism, and the Columbian Exposition, by Judith Snodgrass

Contract With Chicago Bureau for Forty Weeks Beginning Next May

J. Riley Wheelock, conductor and proprietor of Wheelock's Indian band, closed yesterday in Philadelphia, a deal with the Chicago Slayton Lyceum Bureau, wherein the band will tour to the coast next summer and the south next fall under the exclusive management of the bureau. The band will number fifty, and open its season in Chicago, in May. Mr. Wheelock is to be congratulated. We are sure his band will again be a great success.

--The Sentinel, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 26 Oct. 1906

Dennison Wheelock
Dennison Wheelock, c.1914
Born: June 14, 1871, Oneida Nation of Wisconsin
Died: March 10, 1927
Education: Carlisle Indian School, Dickinson Preparatory School
Era: Progressive era
Known for: Musician, composer, conductor, lawyer, Native American activist
Children: Richard Edmund Wheelock, Paul Wheelock, Leeland Lloyd Wheelock, Louise Frances Wheelock.
Parent(s): James A. Wheelock (father)
Sophia Doxtator (mother)

Dennison Wheelock (June 14, 1871 – March 10, 1927) was an internationally renowned Oneida band conductor and cornet soloist of the late 19th and early 20th centuries; he was also a composer.[1] Wheelock was compared at the time to John Philip Sousa, and nominated to be bandmaster of the United States Marine Band.[2] At the age of 40 he became an American Indian rights activist and attorney, and within several years was arguing cases for Indian nations at the United States Court of Claims and US Supreme Court.

Wheelock was born in the Oneida Nation of Wisconsin. He went to Pennsylvania to be educated at the Carlisle Indian School, returning later for study at Dickinson Preparatory School. Wheelock was appointed as the first Oneida bandmaster of the internationally acclaimed Carlisle Indian School Band, which performed at world fairs, expositions, and presidential inaugurals. While at the school, he composed the Sousa-inspired "Carlisle Indian School March." In 1900 he debuted his three-part symphony, Aboriginal Suite, at Carnegie Hall in New York City.

In 1911 Wheelock was among the 50 founding members of the Society of American Indians, the first national American Indian rights organization developed and run by American Indians. He had read the law and passed the bar that year, practicing first in Wisconsin. As he represented more Indian nations in his practice, he moved to Washington D.C., where he represented them in actions against the government in the United States Court of Claims and the U.S. Supreme Court. In 1980, to honor him and the celebrated Carlisle Indian Band, Dennison Wheelock's Bandstand was reconstructed on the site of the original at the U.S. Army War College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.

Early life


Brothers Dennison and James Wheelock served as bandmasters, Carlisle Indian School, Carlisle, PA, c.1885

Dennison Wheelock was born June 14, 1871, in the Oneida Nation of Wisconsin, second child of James A. Wheelock and Sophia Doxtator.[3] He had an older brother Charles and a total of eight other brothers and sisters, and half-siblings. Dennison grew up in the 1870s and early 1880s in a poor Oneida farm community, which was faced with increasing economic pressures to harvest its timber and a federal push for the allotment of tribal lands to individual households. The Nation struggled with high alcohol consumption and tribal infighting.[4] Dennison took up the cornet after hearing his older brother, Charles, playing it. He was impressed by a visiting Tuscarora musician, who taught the youth music reading and simple composition for several months. In 1879, Seneca and Tuscarora musicians won medals of excellence at state fairs.[5] Dennison also heard the popular band music of John Philip Sousa at Wisconsin fairs. Locally, the Oneida Union Band and the Oneida National Band were prominent in community events and throughout the Midwest.[4]

Carlisle Indian School


The collaborative effort between Dickinson College and Carlisle Indian School lasted almost four decades, from the opening day to the closing of the school. Old West, Dickinson College, 1810


Dickinson College provided Carlisle Indian School students with access to preparatory and college-level education, and Dickinson professors served as chaplains and special faculty to the Indian School.



For more than 100 years, numerous Iroquois children, including Oneida, had been sent away from home to Christian schools for education. It was a tradition Wheelock likely heard about. Moor's Indian Charity School, now Dartmouth College, was founded in 1755 by Eleazar Wheelock, a Puritan minister. He established the school to train Native Americans as missionaries. Dennison's surname was adopted by an Oneida ancestor as a tribute to Wheelock.[6]Hamilton-Oneida Academy, now Hamilton College, was a seminary founded in 1793 by Presbyterian Samuel Kirkland as part of his missionary work with the Oneida in New York State, their traditional territory.[6]

The Oneida people from Wisconsin and New York constituted one of the largest Indian nation's contingents at Carlisle Indian School. Only the Lakota, Chippewa and Seneca had more students enrolled. Between 1885 and 1917, more than 500 Oneida students attended Carlisle.[6]

In January 1884 at age 13, Wheelock wrote to Captain Richard Henry Pratt, Superintendent of the Carlisle Indian School, referring to his "limited musical education" and his musical awakening.[5] In 1885, Wheelock enrolled in the Carlisle Indian School to study under Pratt.[5] Dennison excelled in the classroom, and as a champion debater; he also was a fine tenor in the choir and cornetist extraordinaire in the band. In June 1890, Dennison graduated from Carlisle.

He returned to Oneida, Wisconsin, where he started teaching and was appointed as a justice of the peace. But within a year, Wheelock returned to Carlisle. With Pratt's recommendation, he enrolled in the nearby Dickinson Preparatory School. Dickinson College provided Carlisle Indian students with access to college-level education through the Dickinson Preparatory School ("Conway Hall").[7] Only a select few of Carlisle students were recommended to this institution. Dennison attended Dickinson Preparatory school from 1891-1892.[8][9]

In 1892, Pratt appointed Wheelock as assistant clerk, working directly for him at the School. Later that year, Pratt appointed the young man as bandmaster, a position he would hold for more than eight years, until 1900.

Music at Carlisle

During the Progressive Era, from the late 19th century until the onset of World War I, Native American performers were major draws and money-makers. Millions of visitors at world fairs, exhibitions, and parades throughout the United States and Europe saw Native Americans portrayed as the vanishing race, exotic peoples, and objects of modern comparative anthropology.[10] Reformers and Progressives fought a war of words and images against the popular Wild West shows at world fairs, expositions and parades. They opposed theatrical portrayals of Wild Westers as vulgar heathen stereotypes. In contrast, Carlisle students were portrayed as a new generation of Native American leadership embracing civilization, education and industry.

Music was an important part of the Carlisle curriculum. Every student took music classes, and many received private instruction. Captain Pratt had three goals for the Carlisle musical program: to acculturate Indian school children to majority European-American culture; to use music to promote discipline, with emphasis on the drills of the popular marching bands; and to generate favorable public attention, in order to win continued political and philanthropic support and financing for the school.[11]

Development of the music program at Carlisle was supported largely by private philanthropy, rather than federal funds.[12] Around 1879, a visiting philanthropist from Boston reported hearing "tom-toms" and Indian singing in the dormitories. Pratt preferred that the "tom-toms" stopped, but said,

It wouldn't be fair to do unless I can give them something else as good, or better, on the same line. If you will give me a set of brass instruments, I will give them to the "tom-tom boys" and they can toot on them, and this will stop the "tom-tom." [12]

Pratt soon received a set of musical instruments: cornets, clarinets, and pianos from Boston.

While classical European music was emphasized at Carlisle, the students also sang and drummed traditional tribal music in their dormitories. They played samples of such music at assembly and local community programs. Later, Wheelock featured American Indian music with classical European music in his opera, Aboriginal Suite.[13]

Carlisle Indian Band


Dennison Wheelock's Bandstand, Carlisle Indian School, Carlisle, PA, 1901


The Carlisle Indian Band performed at world fairs, expositions and at every national presidential inaugural celebration until the school closed. Carlisle, PA, 1915


Carlisle Indian Students at the Centennial of the Constitution Parade, Philadelphia, PA, 1887


The Carlisle Indian Band earned an international reputation. Carlisle Indian School Band and Battalion. Carlisle, PA, c. 1911


Wheelock drew 70,000 people to a concert at Willow Grove Park, Pennsylvania, and was awarded a gold medal and a silver cup for his brilliant conducting.


First Inaugural Parade of Theodore Roosevelt, March 4, 1905. President Roosevelt waved his hat and members of the President's box rose to their feet to see the six famous Native American chiefs in full regalia on horseback, followed by the 46-piece Carlisle Indian School Band and a brigade of 350 Carlisle Cadets.

Pratt established the Carlisle Indian School band in 1880. By the time Wheelock entered the school in the mid-1880s, musical programs were a common feature of the school. Band members mastered Greig, Mozart, Rossini, Schubert and Wagner. They frequently performed at school assemblies, holiday festivities and at the Carlisle Opera House, delighting the students, teachers and administrators at the school and gaining favorable attention among the local white townspeople.[8] In 1892, Dennison was appointed bandmaster of the Carlisle Indian Band, a position he would hold for over eight years, until 1900. Wheelock was the first American Indian bandmaster at Carlisle. After his tenure, his brother James took up the baton.[14] Under the leadership of Dennison Wheelock and James Wheelock, the Carlisle Indian Band earned an international reputation of musical excellence.[15] The Carlisle Indian Band performed at world fairs, expositions, concert venues and at every national presidential inaugural celebration until the school closed. Taking over the reins of the Carlisle Indian School Band, he recruited new members. Dennison continued to perform at as a solo cornetist and his younger brother James, a student at the school, became a fixture on the "E-Clarinet. " [8] Wheelock's commitment to music extended beyond the classroom and the bandstand the Carlisle. Throughout the 1890s, he was also composing songs, popular "fluff", band music, as well as the symphony, which he finally completed in 1900.[16]

By 1894, the band and the Carlisle Women's Choir, performed throughout the East. On April 15, 1894, the New York Times did a feature on Wheelock with his portrait and band, reviewing their performance at the city's Lenox Lyceum. The review noted "few metropolitan bands can boast of greater care and accuracy in the execution of their music." "Among other offerings, the band played Mozart and Wagner as well as two selections compose by Wheelock himself: "The Carlisle Indian School March" and a piece entitled "American Medley." "The concert's patrons read as a "Who's Who" of New York's elite families, including Mrs. J. Pierpont Morgan, Mrs. Russell Sage, Mrs. James Harriman and Mrs. Elihu Root.[16]

Marriage

Louise LaChapelle (Wheelock), a Chippewa from the White Earth Reservation in northwestern Minnesota, arrived as a student at Carlisle two years earlier than Dennison. They met, courted, married and had four children. Richard Edmund Wheelock,[17] Paul Wheelock,[18] Leeland Lloyd Wheelock [19] and Louise Frances Wheelock.[20] Their first two children were born in Carlisle.

Captain Richard Henry Pratt

Captain Pratt was Dennison's mentor and school father, and Carlisle, Pennsylvania, was Dennison's second-home. Wheelock corresponded with Pratt for over 35 years and confided in each other throughout their lives. Wheelock had affection for Pratt, his wife and Carlisle. Wheelock shared Pratt's views. Both saw federal Indian boarding schools as a temporary educational formula to "uplift" the Indians, and called for the abolishment of Indian reservations and the Bureau of Indian Affairs. They focused upon the release of Indians from federal control, full citizenship, equal opportunity and education in public schools. Wheelock and Pratt had little faith in the efficacy of the Society of American Indians to make real changes, since they believed that the organization had too many BIA bureaucrats, naïve reformers from the Indian Rights Association and other "paper shooters." [21] From 1921 to 1922, Captain Pratt lobbied President Warren G. Harding to nominate Wheelock to be Commissioner of Indian affairs.[22]

James Riley Wheelock


Chief James Wheelock's Band

Under the leadership of Dennison Wheelock and James Wheelock, the Carlisle Indian Band earned an international reputation of musical excellence.[23] James Riley Wheelock was a younger brother of bandmaster Dennison Wheelock and graduated from Carlisle in 1896.[24] Like Dennis, James attended the prestigious Dickinson College Preparatory School after completing his Carlisle studies.[25] When Dennison resigned as Bandmaster in 1900, James succeeded him. In 1903, James studied music and his specialty, clarinet, in Leipzig, Germany.[26]

In 1909, James clashed with Superintendent Moses Friedman, Pratt's successor. Wheelock recruited Carlisle students to tour with his professional band during the summer, believing the experience would fit into the parameters of Carlisle's outing program. Superintendent Friedman refused, but several boys from the band attempted join Wheelock's band and had their trunks taken to the train depot. Friedman discovered the plan and the boys were locked in the guardhouse as punishment for their actions. The rest of the Carlisle Band was so resentful at these measures, they refused to perform during that evening's "salute to the flag, " a daily ritual at Carlisle. James was infuriated by Friedman's actions and charged in newspapers that the Superintendent was jealous of his band's success, was the cause of disciplinary problems at the school and that the students were illegally held in a "dungeon." Friedman responded that he had refused permission because in the past, "students indulged in the kind of dissipation and debauchery during the summer which taints and brings about an unhealthy condition in the fall when they return to school." The story made local headlines and embarrassed both Carlisle and the Office of Indian Affairs. After several weeks and an official investigation, the matter was dropped. The students who forged resistance through the flag controversy rebelled because of their intense desire to perform beyond the campus.[27]

In 1914, the Harrisburg Telegraph reported that James Riley Wheelock, director of the Enola Band, was performing in clarinet solos and was one of the best clarinet players in Pennsylvania.[28] During World War I, Wheelock was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the U.S. Army, where he conducted a black regimental band. After the war, he conducted the famous U.S. Indian Band and others well into the 1920s.[29]

Wheelocks at Carlisle

The Wheelocks were likely the first family of Carlisle Indian School, because there were so many of them, and they were mentioned prominently in Carlisle publications.[30] The Oneida people from Wisconsin and New York was one of the largest contingents of Indians at Carlisle, and only the Lakota, Chippewas and Senecas had more students. Between 1885 and 1917, over five hundred Oneida students attended Carlisle.[6] Of Wheelock's nine brothers, half-brothers, sisters and half sisters, only two-his oldest brother Charles, who also played the cornet, and his youngest half-brother, Harrison did not attend. In addition, several of his first and second cousins were enrolled at the school.[31] Dennison's younger brothers Hugh Wheelock and Joel Wheelock, who attended Carlisle, were also accomplished musicians, and later directed their own all-Indian bands. Sister Ida Wheelock was active in school organizations such as the Susan Longstreth Literary Society, and Martin Frederick Wheelock, a cousin of Dennison, played American football for the Carlisle Indians from 1894-1902.[32]

In August 1914, Dennison wrote Oscar Lipps, Acting Superintendent at Carlisle: "My sister, Martha Wheelock, aged twenty years, whose term expired at Flandreau, South Dakota last June, and is now with me in West De Pere, desires to be admitted to the Carlisle Indian School as a pupil. I am very anxious that she shall go if possible. She is in eighth grade. My son, Edmund is also very anxious to have the benefit of a diploma from Carlisle on account of the prestige it carries with it throughout the West." Edmund, who was born in at the Carlisle Indian School in 1896, had been attending public school in Wisconsin and doing well, but Dennison was concerned about the environment. "Unfortunately, however, De Pere is a city of less than five thousand inhabitants, yet has in the neighborhood of twenty-two, or twenty-four saloons, and on account of what is falsely termed liberal sentiment, the saloon keepers do not hold strictly to the law of the land, and as a result we see young boys very frequently under the influence of liquor." Within a month, both Edmund and Martha were attending Carlisle and active in school life and literary societies.[33]

International fame

Carlisle Indian Band


On March 28, 1900, Wheelock and the US Indian Band performed at Carnegie Hall and debuted his three part symphony titled "Aboriginal Suite." Carnegie Hall, New York City


In 1900, the Republican Guard Band of France played the Aboriginal Suite in tribute to Wheelock in absence of the Carlisle Indian Band at the Paris Exposition.

In the early years of the 20th century, Wheelock was compared to John Philip Sousa, and even nominated to be his successor as bandmaster of United States Marine Band.[2] Wheelock relished Sousa's music, known for American march music.[34]

On October 10, 1892, the 400th anniversary of Columbus landing in the New World, Wheelock's thirty-one piece Carlisle Indian Band, along with 300 Carlisle boys and girls, marched on Fifth Avenue in New York City past Washington Square.[35] The nation's newspapers praised the boys and girls for their "intelligent faces and dignified bearing." [35] "But the one that caught the crowd was the Indian band that had the delegation from Carlisle. With the smoothest harmony and in most perfect time, this band played a marching anthem as it passed the reviewing stand. Both the melody and spectacle or so when usual that the people rose to their feet and cheered again and again. The Indian boys marched with perfect step, and they came opposite President Benjamin Harrison's stand with the military precision that no pale faced organization equaled." [35]

In 1893, by the time the Carlisle contingent reached Chicago for the beginning of the Columbian Exposition, newspapers nationwide reported about Pratt and his Carlisle Indian students. Upon his return to Carlisle, Wheelock began a nationwide effort to recruit for Carlisle the most promising young Indian musicians from other boarding schools for the best talent. He also started to teach music, now being referred to as "Professor. " [16] In 1894, Wheelock along with the Carlisle Women's Choir performed throughout the East.[16] In 1896, Wheelock published the Carlisle Indian School March. Also, he presented a composition From Savagery to Civilization for the 17th anniversary celebration of the founding of Carlisle. Dennison performed as a soloist with the band, and the schools newspaper reported that the "sounds produced led up from the wild tom-tom, to curious and intricate twists and turns to the sweet and classic streams of civilized horns." [36] The composition was a prelude to Dennison's Aboriginal Suite, which he debuted in 1900 at Carnegie Hall.

The Aboriginal Suite


Carlisle Indian School March, 1896

In 1897, Wheelock traveled around the country recruiting musicians for a 70-piece, all-Indian student band to expand the Carlisle Indian Band as a new U.S. Indian Band. During this time, he completed his Aboriginal Suite, a full symphony in three parts: "Morning on the Plains", "The Lovers Song" and "Dance of the Red Men."[37] Wheelock planned to perform this symphony at the Paris Exposition of 1900 and the Pan-American Exposition of 1901 in Buffalo, New York.[38] Wheelock was thought to be influenced by the music of European composer Edvard Grieg.[36]

On March 28, 1900, Wheelock and the U.S. Indian Band performed his Aboriginal Suite at Carnegie Hall, a prestigious venue in New York City. A reviewer for Metronome reported that the concert was part of "a series being given by the organization prior to its departure for Paris, where it will demonstrate a new development in Indian civilization."[38] The band also played selections from Gounod's opera Faust (opera) and Meyerbeer's The Huguenots. The response to the concert was overwhelmingly positive: "A large and genuinely enthusiastic audience greeted the reservation musicians, forcing them to respond to repeated encores." [38]

Wheelock said in an interview,

The original Indian music is a strange thing. It is devoid of harmony, but the melody and time are there, and it is easily harmonized. Some great critics say that our aboriginal music is the same as played by all primitive people world over. Chinese music itself is built on the same principle and I am planning out the composition called the evolution of music. I hope to show the growth of harmony. First, so many musicians will come out in Indian costume, play some primitive melody. Others will follow playing something more advanced, and so on until the whole band is on stage and we are rendering the best grand opera.[39]

Six weeks later, Wheelock's 10-month-old son Paul died in Carlisle. he and Louise were grief-stricken, and the school canceled the band's appearance in Paris. In tribute to Wheelock, the National Band of France played the Aboriginal Suite for him.[38]

Haskell Indian School

In 1900, after his son died at Carlisle, Wheelock resigned his post to move his career elsewhere. He worked as a newspaperman in Green Bay, Wisconsin, and then a disciplinarian at the U.S. Indian School at Flandreau, South Dakota. Wheelock performed as guest bandmaster at Willow Grove Park, near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This premier venue featured Sousa and his band at the music pavilion every year but one between 1901 and 1926. On one occasion, Wheelock drew 70,000 people to a concert. He was later awarded a gold medal and a silver cup for his brilliant conducting.[39]

In 1903, Wheelock was appointed bandmaster of Haskell Indian School in Lawrence, Kansas, where his efforts were nationally acclaimed.[39] In March 1904, a review in Metronome called the band an "up-to-date aggregation of capable musicians trained in every respect for high-class concert work." "Besides performing "their own quaint Indian songs they played Gounod, Mendelssohn, Mozart and Wagner".[40]

In 1904, Wheelock's Haskell Indian Band performed at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, known as the St. Louis World's Fair. The band performed a mixture of classical and popular music, and Wheelock's Aboriginal Suite. This included Native dances and war whoops by band members. The Carlisle Indian Band also performed at the Pennsylvania state pavilion.[41]

That year Captain Pratt was forced out of his post as superintendent at Carlisle by BIA officials. His network of philanthropists stopped donating to American Indian music, and Wheelock faced a financial struggle. He was supporting an aging father, numerous siblings, wife and son. He resigned from Haskell to seek better-paying employment.[42]

Society of American Indians


The first conference of the Society of American Indians, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 1911


Wheelock was among 50 founders of the Society of American Indians, the first national American Indian rights organization developed and run by American Indians.

Wheelock was among the 50 founders in 1911 of the Society of American Indians (1911-1923), the first national American Indian rights organization developed and run by American Indians. The Society pioneered 20th-century Pan-Indianism, the philosophy and movement promoting unity among American Indians regardless of tribal affiliation. The Society was a forum for a new generation of American Indian leaders known as Red Progressives: they were mostly prominent professionals from the fields of medicine, nursing, law, government, education, anthropology, ethnology and ministry. They shared an enthusiasm and faith in the inevitability of progress through education and governmental action. The Society met at academic institutions, maintained a Washington headquarters, conducted annual conferences, and published a quarterly journal of literature by American Indian authors. The Society promoted an "American Indian Day", and led the fight for Indians to have United States citizenship. It lobbied to have U.S. Court of Claims available to hear cases of all tribes and bands in United States.[43]

The Society of American Indians was the forerunner of modern organizations such as the National Congress of American Indians. It anticipated important Indian reforms: a major reorganization of the Indian school system in the late 1920s, the codification of Indian law in the 1930s, and the opening of the U.S. Court of Claims to all Indian nations in the 1940s.[43]

Petition to President Woodrow Wilson

In October 1914, Wheelock hosted the Society's 1914 annual convention in Madison, Wisconsin.[44] In December 1914, the Society met in Washington D.C, where its members received a first-class reception from the federal government. Commissioner of Indian Affairs Cato Sells welcomed them to the nation's capital where they toured the Bureau of Indian Affairs. He arranged for a visit to the White House to meet with President Woodrow Wilson.

Wheelock presented the president with the Society's petition asking for appointment of a three-member commission to gain US citizenship for American Indians, and for broadening jurisdiction of the U.S. Court of Claims so that it could hear all Indian nation claims against the United States.[44] He said to Wilson, "We believe that you feel, with the progressive members of your race, that it is anomalous permanently to conserve within the nation groups of people whose civic condition by legislation is different from the normal standard of American life." The outbreak of World War I impeded federal enactment of remedial Indian legislation.[45]

As an attorney, Wheelock later represented Indian nations before the U.S. Court of Claims and the U.S. Supreme Court.[44]

Law career


Wheelock represented Native American tribal nations before the US Court of Claims and the US Supreme Court.

In 1910, Wheelock decided to go into law. He took up the study of law by returning to Carlisle, Pennsylvania, where he had a wide professional network. He "reading the law" as an apprentice at the office of John Miller, head of the Cumberland County Bar Association.[46] He served as a legal apprentice to Miller.

In 1911, after completing his training, Wheelock returned to Wisconsin, and completed requirements to be admitted to the Bar. He established his residence and practice in De Pere, near the Oneida Nation of Wisconsin. Wheelock became one of the most successful attorneys in Brown and Outagamie counties. He represented both Indian and non-Indian clients, although in this period, anti-Indian sentiments were rising in North Central Wisconsin. In 1915, Dennison also led the Green Bay Concert Band, which was composed largely of non-Indian musicians.[47]

During the next decade, Wheelock expanded his practice well beyond Wisconsin. By 1923, he was specializing in representing tribal nations, ranging across the country from those in Washington State to New York, including the Nisqually, Menominee, Mohawk, and Stockbridge-Munsee Band. As he was increasingly representing these nations in claims and actions related to the federal government, he moved his law practice to Washington, DC. There he argued appellate cases before the US Supreme Court and the US Court of Claims.[48]

Later years

In 1921, Wheelock served as general manager and bandmaster of the Oneida Indian Centennial Celebration, commemorating the 100th anniversary of the tribe's migration to Wisconsin. His band performed Bizet's Carmen and Western classics. The American Indian nations of Wisconsin set up a traditional-style village, where they sold traditional baskets and other crafts, as well as Indian foods. A special grandstand was used for Indians to perform and celebrate Menominee and Oneida music and dancing.[49]

Wheelock continued his practice in Washington, DC until his death on March 10, 1927, at the age of 56.[50] He was buried in a Masonic funeral at Woodlawn Cemetery, Brown County, Wisconsin.[51] His wife Louise LaChapelle Wheelock died on January 16, 1931. She was buried next to him.

Legacy and honors


Dennison Wheelock's Bandstand, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania

• In 1980, Dennison Wheelock's Bandstand was reconstructed on the site of the original at the U.S. Army War College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.[52] The Carlisle Barracks complex was designated a National Historic Landmark (NHL) in 1961 because of its significant history and many uses.
• On August 14, 2003, the Green Bay Concert Band played Wheelock's Aboriginal Suite at the Oneida Nation of Wisconsin. The symphony had not been performed in more than 75 years.[53][54]

Sousa on the Rez


U.S. Indian Band serenades U.S. Vice President Charles Curtis, Washington, DC, 1929

Sousa on the Rez: Marching to the Beat of a Different Drum is a half-hour documentary that explores the vibrant but little known tradition of brass band music in Indian country. The phrase "Native American music" may not suggest tubas and trumpets to many outsiders but, popularized by the Wheelock brothers, march music by composers such as John Philip Sousa has been adopted and played by Native American cultures for more than a century.[55]

References

1. Laurence M. Hauptman, "From Carlisle to Carnegie Hall: The Musical Career of Dennison Wheelock", in The Oneida Indians in the Age of Allotment, 1860-1920, (editors) Laurence M. Hauptman and Gordon L. McLester, Volume 253, The Civilization of the American Indian Series, (hereinafter "Hauptman"),(2006), p. 112. Also, see Elaine Goodale Eastman, Pratt: The Red Man's Moses, (hereinafter "Eastman"), (1935), p.212.
2. Hauptman, P. 122.
3. Dennison was baptized at the Hobart Episcopal Church. Hauptman, P. 114.
4. Hauptman, P. 114.
5. Hauptman, P. 115
6. Hauptman, P. 116.
7. [1]
8. Hauptman, P. 123.
9. In 1891, the 20-year-old Wheelock served as the Carlisle School's ambassador of goodwill, and dazzled reformers at the Lake Mohonk Conference of Friends of the Indians with a Pratt-like speech. "Hauptman, P. 121">Hauptman, P. 121
10. David R.M. Beck, The Myth of the Vanishing Race, University of Montana, 2000. L.G. Moses, Wild West Shows and the Images of American Indians, 1883-1933, (hereinafter "Wild West Shows and Images") (1996), pp.131, 140.
11. Hauptman, p.119. Federal appropriations for Carlisle decreased from $128,000 in 1891 to $110,000 in 1899, while the average student attendance rose from 754 to 878. To manage the daily operations, Pratt needed funding from outside sources, such as philanthropy, sales of student crafts, manufactures and agricultural produce, or proceeds from concerts and sports events. R.L. Brunhouse, A History of the Carlisle Indian School: A Phase of Government Indian Policy: 1879 to 1918, MA thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 1935. He sent the Carlisle Band on tour directed by Wheelock; this brought favorable publicity for the school and financial support from philanthropists. Hauptman, p.135, n.22.
12. Hauptman, P. 118.
13. On June 20, 1890, the Indian Helper, the Carlisle school publication, noted that an assembly was "enlivened by music. We had duets, singing duets, choirs singing, quartets and sextets, operatic and playing, by babies and old men, music on the horns and music without, red music and white music, and all kinds of music."Hauptman, Pp. 113–114, 116.
14. Barbara Landis, "About the Carlisle Indian Industrial School", http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/po ... rlisle.htm.
15. Eastman, p. 212.
16. Hauptman, P. 125.
17. Richard Edmund Wheelock (December 5, 1896-October 15, 1929)
18. Paul Wheelock (August 18, 1899-May 15, 1900). Paul is buried at the relocated Indian cemetery at the US Army war College. Haupman, P. 117.
19. Leeland Lloyd Wheelock (January 28, 1902-January 26, 1903)
20. Louise Frances Wheelock (April 20, 1903-June 18, 1938)
21. Wheelock judged the BIA and reservation system as "retarding" Indian progress. Haupman, P.120,122,130.
22. Hauptman, P. 117.
23. Eastman, p. 212. Benjey, p. 308.
24. James Riley Wheelock (Unknown- Jan 11, 1941)
25. The Carlisle Arrow, Volumes 13–14, April 23, 1917. [2]
26. Journal of Band Research, Volumes 30-31, 1994, and http://arts.unl.edu/music/faculty/peter-m-lefferts.
27. John W. Troutman, "Indiana Blues: American Indians and the Politics of Music, 1879–1934, (2009), p.140-141.
28. Harrisburg Telegraph, March 10, 1914, p.2
29. Hauptman, P. 114. See Journal of Band Research, Volumes 30-31, 1994, and http://arts.unl.edu/music/faculty/peter-m-lefferts.
30. Benjey, p. 308. See Benjey, "The Wheelock Family Tree", http://tombenjey.com/2010/02/19/the-whe ... mily-tree/ and http://musescore.org/node/6645.
31. Hauptman, p.117.
32. http://musescore.org/node/6645
33. Thomas Benjey, "Dennison Wheelock sent his son to Carlisle", http://tombenjey.com/category/joel-wheelock/.
34. Bierley, Paul Edmund, "The Incredible Band of John Philip Sousa". University of Illinois Press, 2006. Sousa organized a band the year he left the U.S. Marine Band, touring from 1892–1931 and performing at 15,623 concerts
35. Hauptman, P. 124.
36. Hauptman, P. 126.
37. Haupman, P. 126.
38. Hauptman, P. 127.
39. Hauptman, P. 128.
40. Hauptman, P. 129.
41. Parezo, Nancy J. and Fowler, Don D., "The 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition: Anthropology Goes to the Fair", (2007), p.156.
42. Hauptman, P. 127-129.
43. Hazel W. Hertzberg, The Search for an American Indian Identity: Modern Pan-Indian Movements, Syracuse University Press, 1971, p. 117.
44. Hauptman, P. 130.
45. Linda M. Waggoner, Fire Light: The Life of Angel De Cora, Winnebago Artist, (2008), p. 229
46. http://www.cumberlandbar.com
47. Hauptman, P. 131.
48. Hauptman, pp. 129, 133. Benjey, p. 308
49. Hauptman, P. 131-132.
50. [3]
51. Hauptman, P. 133.
52. Hauptman, P. 112
53. Hauptman, p. 136.
54. See Peter M. Lefferts, "Native American Boarding School Bands and their Bandmasters" (University of Nebraska–Lincoln). The paper discusses the bands of federal Native American boarding schools during their heyday (1880s–1930s). It sketches the careers of the three most successful bandmasters: Oneida brothers Dennison and James Riley Wheelock, and European-American Nels Samuel Nelson. The paper explores how the repertoire and band dress changed to reflect government policy during these decades.
55. [4]

Further reading

• Troutman, John William, "Indian Blues: American Indians and the Politics of Music 1879–1934", University of Oklahoma Press, 2009.

External links

• Band and Battalion of the U.S. Indian School on IMDb Band and Battalion of the U.S. Indian School, (1901), a silent film documentary, was made by American Mutoscope and Biograph Company at the Carlisle Indian School. The cinematographer Arthur Marvin features a mass-band parade drill, led by the renowned Carlisle Band.[1]
• Carlisle Indian School March on YouTube
• Dennison Wheelock at Find a Grave

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Centennial Celebration: The Banquet at the Lenox Lyceum, Madison Avenue
by United States Supreme Court
1876

NEW YORK COLUMBIAN CELEBRATION, LENOX LYCEUM BANQUET

Over eight hundred persons sat down to dinner in the Lenox Lyceum, James C. Carter, Esq., of the Bar of New York, presiding and acting as toastmaster.

Across one end of the hall, on a raised platform, in an arc of the Circular Hall, was the guests’ table, in the centre of which, facing the audience, was Mr. Carter; and to the right and left of him sat twenty-four other guests, including the Justices of the Supreme Court. The other tables were ranged down the room, at right angles with the guests’ table, and were lettered from A to N. Tables A and L, at the extreme left and right, seated each twenty-six persons. Table B., next A to the left, and Table K. next L to the right, each seated fifty persons, each being nearer the centre of the room, and gaining additional length from its circular shape. Tables C, D, E, F, G, H, I and J, situated between B and K, each seated seventy-four persons. Tables M and N were in the arc of the circle opposite the guests’ table, and beyond the other tables, and seated eighteen persons each. In addition to these there was a table for the press, with accommodations for sixteen reporters. A plan of the room was given to each person. It showed the arrangements of the table, and the seat to be occupied by each person, and was accompanied by an alphabetical list, designating the table, and the number of the seat at it, assigned to each person; and it thus deprived even the most inveterate grumbler, if such is to be found in the ranks of the law, of the power of complaining that he could not find his place.

In addition to these plans, each person present was furnished with a sumptuously printed pamphlet entitled “Judicial Centennial Banquet given at the Lenox Lyceum, New York, February 4, 1890.—The New York State Bar Association, The American Bar Association, The Association of the Bar of the City of New York.” This contained the plans already referred to, and also a list of the “Invited Guests,” and another list, entitled “Members of the Associations,” with the names of those who had signified an intention to be present. The reporter has necessarily been obliged to depend upon these lists, supplemented by the personal recollections of some members of the executive committee. Although, in so large a company there may have been, and probably were, some who had intended to come, and who at the last moment stayed away; and others who also at the last moment embraced the opportunity of filling a vacated seat; yet, it is believed that the lists of committees, of invited guests and of members of the Associations present which are contained herein are substantially, if not entirely, accurate. Even name here given is to be found either among the invited guests, or among the members of the Associations, or on the plan of the seats of the tables.

At the table of the Presiding Officer were to have been seated the President, the Vice-President and the Attorney General, all of whom were, as has been said, detained in Washington. There were seated at this table the Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court; Mr. Justice Strong (retired); Mr. Grover Cleveland, Chairman of the Executive Committee; Mr. Matthew Hale of Albany, President of the New York State Bar Association; Mr. Henry Hitchcock of Missouri, President of the American Bar Association; Mr. Frederic R. Coudert of New York, President of the Association of the Bar of the city of New York; Mr. William H. Arnoux of New York city; Mr. Joseph H. Choate of the city of New York; Mr. Hugh J. Grant, Mayor of New York; Mr. William Maxwell Evarts, a Senator in Congress from the State of New York; Mr. Edward M. Paxson, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania; Mr. Walter B. Hill of Georgia; the Reverend Dr. William R. Huntington, Rector of Grace Church, New York City; Mr. Seth Low, President of Columbia College, New York; Mr. Chauncey M. Depew of New York; Mr. William Allen Butler of New York; and Mr. Thomas J. Semmes of Louisiana.

In addition to these there were present as guests, Mr. James H. McKenney, Clerk, and Mr. John M. Wright, Marshal, of the Supreme Court; Judge Le Baron B. Colt of the First Circuit, Judge Emile Henry Lacombe of the Second Circuit and Judge Hugh L. Bond of the Fourth Circuit, United States Circuit Judges; Judges Nathan Webb of Maine, Hoyt H. Wheeler of Vermont, Nathaniel Shipman of Connecticut, Charles L. Benedict of the Eastern District of New York, Edward T. Green of New Jersey, Leonard E. Wales of Delaware, William Butler of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, Robert W. Hughes of the Eastern District of Virginia, John Paul of the Western District of Virginia, Robert A. Hill of the Districts of Mississippi, Henry B. Brown of the Eastern District of Michigan, J.G. Jenkins of the Eastern District of Wisconsin, Moses Hallett of Colorado and Amos M. Thayer of the Eastern District of Missouri, Judges of United States District Courts; Chief Justice William A. Richardson and Judge Lawrence Weldon of the Court of Claims; and of the Judiciary Committees of Congress, Mr. Evarts on the part of the Senate, already named, and Mr. Stewart of Vermont, Mr. Adams of Illinois, Mr. McCormick of Pennsylvania, Mr. Sherman of New York and Mr. Buchanan of New Jersey, on the part of the House of Representatives.

There were also present the following members of the Highest Appellate and other State courts, viz.: From Alabama, Chief Justice Stone and Associate Justice McClellan; California, E.W. McKinsbury, formerly Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, and representing the court; Connecticut, Chief Justice Andrews and Associate Justices Carpenter and Loomis; Delaware, Chief Justice Comegys and Associate Justices Grubb and Houston; Louisiana, Charles E. Fenner, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court; Maine, Thomas H. Haskell and Lucilius A. Emergy, Associate Justices of the Supreme Judicial Court of that State; Michigan, John W. Champlin, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and Charles D. Long, Associate Justice; New Jersey, Alexander T. McGill, Chancellor of the State, and Manning W. Knapp, Jonathan Dixon and Charles G. Garrison, Judges of the Supreme Court, and Abraham C. Smith, Judge of the Court of Errors and Appeals; New York, William C. Ruger, Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals, and Charles Andrews, Rufus W. Peckham, Robert Earl, Francis M. Finch, John C. Gray and Denis O’Brien, Associate Judges; David L. Follett, Chief Judge of the Second Division of the Court of Appeals, and George B. Bradley, Joseph Potter, Irving G. Vaun and Alton B. Parker, Associate Judges of the Second Division of the Court of Appeals and Gorham Parks, Clerk of the Court of Appeals; George C. Barrett, John R. Brady, Charles Daniels, Willard Bartlett, Abraham R. Lawrence and George P. Andrews, Justices of the Supreme Court of the State of New York; Frederick Smyth, Recorder of the city of New York; John Sedgwick, Chief Judge of the Superior Court of the city of New York, and George L. Ingraham, John J. Freedman, Richard O’Gorman, Charles H. Traux and P. Henry Dugro, Judges of that court; Richard L. Larremore, Chief Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of the city of New York, and Joseph F. Daly, Henry Wilder Allen and Henry W. Bookstaver, Judges of that court; North Dakota, Guy C. H. Corliss, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; Pennsylvania, James P. Sterrett, Henry Green, Silas M. Clark, Henry W. Williams and James T. Mitchell, Associate Justices of the Supreme Court; Rhode Island, Thomas Durfee, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and Pardon E. Tillinghast and John H. Stiness, Associate Justices of that court; Tennessee, Horace H. Lurton, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court; Virginia, Lunsford L. Lewis, President of the Court of Appeals.

There were also present, as guests: J. Sloat Fassett, President pro tem. of the Senate of the State of New York; W.T. Davis, Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania; Alfred C. Chapin, Mayor of the city of Brooklyn; A.S. Webb, President of the College of the City of New York; General William T. Sherman, U.S.A.; Right Reverend Henry C. Potter, D.D., LL.D., D.C.L., Bishop of New York; Reverend Morgan Dix, D.D., D.C.L., Rector of Trinity Church, New York; Reverend Talbot W. Chambers, Pastor of the Collegiate Reformed Dutch Church of the city of New York; Reverend W.M. Taylor, D.D., Pastor of Tabernacle Congregational Church, New York City; Reverend R.S. MacArthur, D.D., Pastor of Calvary Baptist Church, New York City; Reverend Henry Van Dyke, D.D., Pastor of Brick Presbyterian Church, New York City; Reverend George Alexander D.D., Pastor of University Place Presbyterian Church; Archdeacon Alexander Mackay-Smith, D.D.; Thomas F. Bayard, ex-Secretary of State; George F. Danforth; John A. King, President of the New York Historical Society; Irving Browne, Editor Albany Law Journal; Patrick Mallon, President Cincinnati Bar Association; Elijah H. Norton, ex-Chief Justice of Missouri; John D. Crimmins of New York; James Legendre of New Orleans; Cyrus W. Field of New York; Professor Theodore W. Dwight of New York; Dr. Sieveking of Hamburg, Germany.

In addition to the twenty-four persons who sat at the chairman’s table, and to the sixteen reporters who sat at the reporters’ table, about eight hundred persons sat in the body of the hall.

Around the hall, from one end of the stage to the other, were two tiers of boxes. The lower tier was in part given up to the ladies accompanying the court and other guests. The boxes in the upper tier were taken by members of the bar associations.

The first toast of the evening was to “The President,” to which it had been arranged that the President should respond. In his absence the company drank the toast standing, and there was no reply.

To the second toast, “The Supreme Court,” Mr. Justice Harlan answered as follows:

ADDRESS OF MR. JUSTICE HARLAN. IN RESPONSE TO THE TOAST, “THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES.”

MR. PRESIDENT:

The toast you have read suggests many reflections of interest. But when an attempt is made to give shape to them, in my own mind, the fact confronts me that every line of thought most appropriate to this occasion has been covered by addresses delivered, in another place, by distinguished members of the bar, and by an eminent jurist responding on behalf of the Supreme Court of the United States. They have left nothing to be added respecting the organization, the history, the personnel, or the jurisdiction of that tribunal. It is well that those addresses are to be preserved in permanent form for the delight and instruction of all that are to come after us; especially those who, as judges and lawyers, will be connected with the administration of justice. I name the lawyers with the bench, because upon them, equally with the judges, rests the responsibility for an intelligent determination of causes in the courts, whether relating to public or to private rights. As the bench is recruited from the bar, it must always be that as are the lawyers in any given period, so, in the main, are the courts before which they appear. Upon the integrity, learning and courage of the bar largely depends the welfare of the country of which they are citizens; for, of all members of society, the lawyers are best qualified by education and training to devise the methods necessary to protect the rights of the people against the aggressions of power. But they are, also, in the best sense, ministers of justice. It is not true, as a famous lawyer once said, that an advocate, in the discharge of his duty, must know only his client. He owes a duty to the court of which he is an officer, and to the community of which he is a member. Above all, he owes a duty to his own conscience. He misconceives his high calling if he fails to recognize the fact that fidelity to the court is not inconsistent with truth and honor, or with a fearless discharge of duty to his client. It need scarcely be said in this presence that the American Bar have met all the demands that the most scrupulous integrity has exacted from gentlemen in their position.

In the addresses today much was said of the Supreme Court of the United States that was gratifying as well to those now members of that tribunal as to all who take pride in its history. But, Mr. President, whatever of honor has come to that court for the manner in which it has discharged the momentous trust committed to it by the Constitution must be shared by the bar of America. “Justice, sir,” (I use the words of Daniel Webster,) “is the great interest of man on earth. It is the ligament which holds civilized beings and civilized nations together. Wherever her temple stands, and so long as it is duly honored, there is a foundation for social security, general happiness, and the improvement and progress of our race. And whoever labors on this edifice with usefulness and distinction, whoever clears its foundations, strengthens its pillars, adorns its entablatures, or contributes to raise its august dome still higher in the skies, connects himself, in name and fame and character, with that which is and must be as durable as the frame of human society.” The Temple of Justice which has been reared in this fair land is largely the work of our lawyers. If there be security for life, liberty and property, it is because the lawyers of America have not been unmindful of their obligations as ministers of justice. Search the history of every State in the Union, and it will be found that they have been foremost in all movements having for their object the maintenance of the law against violence and anarchy; the preservation of the just rights both of the government and of the people.

I read recently a brief speech by Mr. Gladstone, at a banquet given many years ago in honor of the great French advocate, Berryer. He had visited the south of Europe, and witnessed there much cruel oppression of the people. The executive power, he said, not only had broken the law, but had established in its place a system of arbitrary will. He found, to use his own words, that the audacity of tyranny, which had put down chambers and municipalities and extinguished the press, had not been able to do one thing – to silence the bar. He, himself, heard lawyers in courts of justice, undismayed by the presence of soldiers, and in defiance of despotic power, defend the cause of the accused with a fearlessness that could not have been surpassed. He was moved, on that occasion, to say of the English Bar, what may be truly said of the American Bar, that its members are inseparable from our national life; from the security of our national institutions.

It has been said of some of the judgments of the Supreme Court of the United States that they are not excelled by any ever delivered in the judicial tribunals of any country. Candor, however, requires the concession that their preparation was preceded by arguments at its bar of which may be said, what Mr. Justice Buller observed of certain judgments of Lord Mansfield, that they were of such transcendent power that those who heard them were lost in admiration “at the strength and stretch of the human understanding.”

Mr. President, I am unwilling to pass from this subject without saying what it is but just to say, that the bar of this imperial State has furnished its quota – aye more than its quota, to the army of great lawyers and advocates, who, by their learning, eloquence and labors, have aided the courts of the Union, as well as those of the States, in placing our constitutional system upon foundations which, it is hoped, are to endure for ages. Not to speak of the living, and not to name all the dead who have done honor to the legal profession in this State, I may mention Alexander Hamilton, “formed for all parts, in all alike he shined, variously great,” William H. Seward, John C. Spencer, Thomas Addis Emmet, John Wells, George Wood, Joshua A. Spencer, Benjamin F. Butler, Daniel Lord, John Duer, James T. Brady, Ogden Hoffman, Charles O’Conor and Roscoe Conkling. Gentlemen of the bar of New York, you have in these and other great names upon the roll of lawyers and advocates given to the country by your State, an inheritance beyond all price.

But, sir, while the Supreme Court of the United States is indebted to the bar of the country for its invaluable aid in the administration of justice, it is still more indebted to the highest courts of the several States, and to the Circuit and District Courts of the Union. Many distinguished members of those courts – judges whose learning and integrity are everywhere recognized – have honored this occasion by their presence. But it is a most felicitous circumstance that we have with us the full bench of the New York Court of Appeals, of whose bar we are guests upon this occasion. Who can adequately estimate, who can overstate the influence for good upon American jurisprudence which has been exerted by the learned judgments delivered by those who have graced the bench of this proud State? Kent, Livingston, Thompson, Spencer, Jones, Nelson, Oakley, Savage, Walworth, Marcy, Bronson, Denio and Selden, not to mention others, will be remembered as long as the science of law has votaries. If what they wrote were obliterated altogether from our judicial history, a void would be left in American jurisprudence that could not be filled. Indeed, the history of American law could not well be written without referring to the judgments and writings of those eminent jurists.

And here it is appropriate to say that the duty of expounding the Constitution of the United States has not devolved alone upon the courts of the Union. From the organization of our government to the present time that duty has been shared by the courts of the States. Congress has taken care to provide that the original jurisdiction of the courts of the Union of suits at law and in equity arising under the Constitution and laws of the United States, or under treaties with foreign countries, shall be concurrent with that of the courts of the several States. This feature of our judicial system has had much to do with creating and perpetuating the feeling that the government of the United States is not a foreign government, but a government of the people of all the States, ordained by them to accomplish objects pertaining to the whole country, which could not be efficiently achieved by any government except one deriving its authority from all the people.

As we stand tonight in this commercial metropolis, where the government created by the Constitution was organized, and where the supreme judicial tribunal of the Union held its first session, it is pleasant to remember that all along its pathway that court has had the cordial cooperation and support of the highest court of this, the most powerful of all the States. The Supreme Court of the United States, and the highest court of New York, have not always reached the same conclusions upon questions of general law, nor have they always agreed as to the interpretation of the Constitution of the United States. But, despite these differences, expressed with due regard to the dignity and authority of each tribunal, they have stood together in maintaining these vital principles enunciated by the Supreme Court of the United States:

That while the preservation of the States, with authority to deal with matters not committed to national control, is fundamental in the American constitutional system, the Union cannot exist without a government for the whole;

That the Constitution of the United States was made for the whole people of the Union, and is equally binding upon all the courts and all the citizens;

That the general government, though limited as to its objects, is yet supreme with respect to those objects, is the government of all, its powers are delegated by all, it represents all, and acts for all; and,

That America has chosen to be, in many respects and to many purposes, a nation, and for all these purposes her government is complete, to all these objects it is competent.

Mr. President, a few words more. The members of the Supreme Court of the United States will return to their post of duty, with grateful thanks for the opportunity given them to participate in these Centennial exercises. It has been good for us to be here. You have given us, gentlemen, renewed reason to think that the court of which we are members is regarded with affection and confidence by the bar of the country, and that as long as it shall be equal to the tremendous responsibilities imposed upon it, that affection and confidence will not be withdrawn.

We have met here to celebrate the organization of that court, in this city, one hundred years ago – a tribunal fitly declared to be the living voice of the Constitution. Within that period the progress of the nation in all that involves the material prosperity and the moral elevation of the people, has exceeded the most sanguine expectations of those who laid the foundations of our government. But its progress in the knowledge of the principles upon which that government rests, and must continue to rest, if it is to accomplish the beneficent ends for which it was created, is not less marvelous. It was once thought by statesmen whose patriotism is not to be doubted, that the power committed to the courts of the Union, especially to the Supreme Court of the United States, would ultimately destroy the independence, within their respective spheres, of the coordinate departments of the national government, and even endanger the existence and authority of the state governments. But the experience of a century, full of startling political and social changes, has shown not only that those apprehensions were groundless, but that the Father of our Country was right when he declared, in a letter to the first Chief Justice of the United States, that the judicial department was the keystone of our political fabric. Time has grandly vindicated that declaration. All now admit that the fathers did not err when they made provision, in the fundamental law, for “one Supreme Court,” with authority to determine, for the whole country, the true meaning and scope of that law. The American people, after the lapse of a century, have a firm conviction that the elimination of that court from our constitutional system would be the destruction of the government itself, upon which depends the success of the experiment of free institutions resting upon the consent of the governed. That those institutions, which have answered “the true ends of government beyond all precedent in human history,” may be preserved in their integrity; that our country may, under all circumstances, be an object of supreme affection by those enjoying the blessings of our republican government; and that the court whose organization you have assembled to commemorate may, in its membership as well as in its judgments, always meet the just expectations of the people, is the earnest wish of those to whom you have, on this occasion, done so much honor.

The third toast was “The Congress”; answered by Mr. Senator Evarts. The fourth was “The Judiciary of the States”; acknowledged by Chief Justice Paxson, of the Supreme Court of the State of Pennsylvania. The fifth was “The Common Law”; to which Mr. Walter B. Hill of Georgia responded. Mr. Wayne McVeagh of Pennsylvania was to have spoken to the sixth toast, “The Bar”; in his absence the reply was made by Mr. Joseph H. Choate of new York. The Reverend Dr. Huntington, Rector of Grace Church, New York, responded to the seventh, “The Clergy”; Mr. Seth Low, President of Columbia College, to the eighth, “The University”; and Mr. Chauncey M. Depew of New York, to the ninth, “Our Clients.”

NOTE.

MEMBERS OF THE ASSOCIATIONS PRESENT, ACCORDING TO THE OFFICIAL LISTS.

[Not included here]