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Accessed: 4/16/18
Emil Maurice wearing the Blood Order medal
Born 19 January 1897
Died 6 February 1972
Allegiance German Empire
Nazi Germany
Service/branch Flag of the Schutzstaffel.svg Schutzstaffel
Years of service 1920–45
Rank SS-Oberführer
Commands held Schutzkommando (protection command)
Battles/wars World War II
Other work Reichstag deputy, Luftwaffe Officer
Emil Maurice (19 January 1897, Westermoor – 6 February 1972, Munich) was an early member of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) and a founding member of the Schutzstaffel (SS). Together with Erich Kempka, he served as one of Hitler's personal chauffeurs. Unusually, he was one of the few Mischlinge, (a person of mixed Jewish and ethnic German ancestry), to serve in the SS.[1]
Early life and association with Hitler
A watchmaker by trade, Maurice was a close early associate of Adolf Hitler; their personal friendship dated back to at least 1919 when they were both members of the German Workers Party (DAP).[2] His party number was 594 (the count began at 501).[3] With the founding of the Sturmabteilung in 1920, Maurice became the first Oberster SA-Führer (Supreme SA Leader). Maurice led the SA stormtroopers in fights that were known to break out with other groups during those early days. Hitler later in his book Mein Kampf mentions one fight in particular from November 1921 where Maurice was at the forefront of the SA unit during the fighting.[3]
In 1923 Maurice also became a member of the Stabswache (Staff Guard), a small separate bodyguard dedicated to Hitler's service rather than "a suspect mass" of the party, such as the SA.[4] It was given the task of guarding Hitler at Nazi parties and rallies. Later that year, the unit was renamed Stoßtrupp (Shock Troop) 'Adolf Hitler'.[5] Maurice, Julius Schreck, Joseph Berchtold, and Erhard Heiden, were all members of the Stoßtrupp.[6] On 9 November 1923 the Stoßtrupp, along with the SA and several other paramilitary units, took part in the abortive Beer Hall Putsch in Munich. In the aftermath of the putsch Hitler, Rudolf Hess, Maurice and other Nazi leaders were incarcerated at Landsberg Prison.[7] The Nazi Party and all associated formations, including the Stoßtrupp, were officially disbanded.[8]
After Hitler's release from prison, the Nazi Party was officially refounded. In 1925, Hitler ordered the formation of a new bodyguard unit, the Schutzkommando (protection command).[9] It was formed by Julius Schreck and included old Stoßtrupp members, Maurice and Heiden.[6][10] That same year, the Schutzkommando was expanded to a national level. It was renamed successively the Sturmstaffel (storm squadron), and finally on 9 November the Schutzstaffel (SS).[11] Hitler became SS member No. 1 and Emil Maurice became SS member No. 2.[2] At that time, Maurice became an SS-Führer in the new organization, although the leadership of the SS was assumed by Schreck, the first Reichsführer-SS.[12] Maurice became Hitler's chauffeur. When Maurice informed Hitler in December 1927 that he was having a relationship with Hitler's half-niece Geli Raubal, Hitler forced an end to the affair. Maurice was dismissed from Hitler's personal service, but allowed to remain a member of the SS.[13][14]
When the SS was reorganized and expanded in 1932, Maurice became a senior SS officer and would eventually be promoted to the rank SS-Oberführer. While Maurice never became a top commander of the SS, his status as SS member #2 effectively credited him as an actual founder of the organization. Heinrich Himmler, who ultimately would become the most recognized leader of the SS, was SS member #168.[15]
Conflict with Himmler over Jewish heritage
After Himmler had become Reichsführer-SS, Maurice fell afoul of Himmler's racial purity rules for SS officers when he had to submit details of his family history before he was allowed to marry in 1935. Himmler stated, "without question...Maurice is, according to his ancestral table, not of Aryan descent".[16] All SS officers had to prove racial purity back to 1750, and it turned out that Maurice had Jewish ancestry: Charles Maurice Schwartzenberger (1805–1896), the founder of the Thalia Theater in Hamburg, was his great-grandfather.
Even though Maurice had been a party member since 1919, taken part in the abortive Beer Hall Putsch, for which he was awarded the prestigious Blood Order, and been a bodyguard for Hitler, Himmler considered him to be a serious security risk given his "Jewish ancestry".[3][17] Himmler recommended that Maurice be expelled from the SS, along with other members of his family. To Himmler's annoyance, Hitler stood by his old friend.[16] In a secret letter written on 31 August 1935, Hitler compelled Himmler to make an exception for Maurice and his brothers, who were informally declared "Honorary Aryans" and allowed to stay in the SS.[18]
Later life
In 1936 he became a Reichstag deputy for Leipzig and from 1937 was the chairman of the Munich Chamber of Commerce. From 1940 to 1942, he served in the Luftwaffe as an officer.[16] After the war, in 1948, he was sentenced to four years in a labor camp. He died on 6 February 1972 in Germany.[16]
Citations
1. Raul Hilberg (1973). The Destruction of the European Jews. p. 677.
2. Hamilton 1984, p. 160.
3. Hoffmann 2000, p. 50.
4. McNab 2009, pp. 14, 16.
5. McNab 2009, p. 16.
6. McNab 2009, pp. 10, 11.
7. Hamilton 1984, pp. 160, 161, 172.
8. Wegner 1990, p. 62.
9. Weale 2010, p. 26.
10. Weale 2010, pp. 16, 26.
11. Weale 2010, p. 29.
12. Hamilton 1984, p. 172.
13. Görtemaker 2011, p. 43.
14. Kershaw 2008, p. 220.
15. Biondi 2000, p. 7.
16. Hamilton 1984, p. 161.
17. Hamilton 1984, pp. 160–161.
18. Hoffmann 2000, pp. 50, 51.
Bibliography
• Biondi, Robert, ed. (2000) [1942]. SS Officers List: (as of 30 January 1942): SS-Standartenfuhrer to SS-Oberstgruppenfuhrer: Assignments and Decorations of the Senior SS Officer Corps. Atglen, PA: Schiffer. ISBN 978-0-7643-1061-4.
• Görtemaker, Heike B. (2011). Eva Braun: Life with Hitler. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-59582-9.
• Hamilton, Charles (1984). Leaders & Personalities of the Third Reich, Vol. 1. R. James Bender Publishing. ISBN 0-912138-27-0.
• Hoffmann, Peter (2000) [1979]. Hitler's Personal Security: Protecting the Führer 1921–1945. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-30680-947-7.
• Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6.
• McNab, Chris (2009). The SS: 1923–1945. Amber Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-906626-49-5.
• Weale, Adrian (2010). The SS: A New History. London: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-1408703045.
• Wegner, Bernd (1990). The Waffen-SS: Organization, Ideology and Function. Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-14073-5.