"Saint George": The Pork Salesman Who Became England's Patro

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The Ethiopic Miracles of St. George
by David Woods

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[Warning: The following text is my English translation of the modern Latin translation by V. Arras, Miraculorum S. Georgii Megalomartyris Collectio Altera (Scriptores Aethiopici 32: Louvain, 1953) of the original Ethiopic text which he published as Scriptores Aethiopici 31. As the translation of a translation, therefore, it must lose many important nuances, but it may serve some practical use as a guide to the contents of the Ethiopic texts in the absence of a direct English translation of the same.]

The 15th miracle of St. George. May the prayer and blessing of this distinguished martyr forever attend his beloved Habta Giyorgis. Amen. And when all the inhabitants of the land of Egypt heard the numerous miracles which St. George the martyr of Christ was effecting in his chapel in the town of Beba, they came there by river and by land-journey, Christians and unbelievers from every region, bearing votive gifts and presents with them; and those who were able to come, came to that place; and those who were journeying by ship, but were not able to enter, used to throw lamps and incense on the path over the desert; and everyone used bring the things found there and give them to the archpriest. And there was a certain man journeying by ship, and his ship was not hurrying its course, [but] neither was he able to enter the shrine; he immediately tied together many lamps and threw them a long distance onto the river-bank. Afterwards, a certain unbeliever from among the men of the town came and took up the things found there and brought them to the church; and he brought many goods besides to the church of St. George. May his prayer and blessing forever attend his beloved Habta Giyorgis. Amen.

The 16th miracle of St. George. May his prayer always attend his beloved Habta Giyorgis. And a certain unbeliever from among the inhabitants of the town of Beba went to the region of Elzaz in order to visit the temple in the town of Mecca; and it is said that the devil and his allies descended from heaven in that region. He went also in order to visit the grave of a false prophet in the town of Athribis. When he had completed his visit, he returned with his companions. As he travelled, he became separated and was slow to follow his companions on the journey and was left alone in the desert. As soon as he had lost them, he lamented bitterly because that desert is a parched place and there is neither tree nor water there. And he then implored the false prophet and his companions, but found no-one to help him. He then cried out, saying, "O St. George, my neighbour, help me quickly." And the martyr George appeared to him, sitting on a white horse, and taking his hand he set him on the horse with himself; and the same moment he brought him to the town of Beba, as if in the blink of an eye, and set him down and left him among the palms outside the town; and that journey along which St. George had brought him is one of three months' duration. When this man saw this, how he had arrived at his city, he was terrified and lost unconscious; but afterwards, when his consciousness had returned to him, he got up and went home. Moreover, when the inhabitants of the city saw him, they wondered and said to him, "Who is it who brought you back from a far-distant land before everyone returns ?" And he told them all the things which St. George had done for him; and they were amazed at his words. And there was a clay vessel like an ostrich-egg which he had brought back from Mecca. Seeing this clay vessel, he went to that church of St. George and gave it to the archpriest; and he made known to him all the things which the martyr had done for him and how he had brought him back from a far distant region as if in the blink of an eye. And he asked him to hang that clay vessel in the church that it might commemorate this miracle in the the future. And the archpriest hung it above the ambo, which is a lofty place where the sacred books are read, in sight of the picture of St. George. And I, entering that shrine, saw that clay egg suspended there; and I called the archpriest and said to him, "How have they hung that clay vessel in this church ? For this egg is not made except in the city of Mecca, and unbelievers have brought it from there and hung it in the church." However, he told me this miracle which St. George had worked for that unbeliever and how he had brought him back from the region of Elzaz and saved him from death. And they hung up that clay vessel in commemoration of that miracle. And I, when I had heard these things, praised the Lord who works miracles through His saints. May the prayer of this George forever attend his beloved Habta Giyorgis. Amen.

The 17th miracle of St. George. May his prayer and blessing and powerful aid attend forever upon his beloved Habta Giyorgis. And there was a certain unbeliever in that town called Beba. And one day he entered into the shrine of St. George in order to mock him and his church, and said, "O George, I have a problem, and if you fulfil my request, I will give you this egg full of olive oil." After this he departed and went home. That night St. George came to him as he was lying at home and, greatly annoyed, stabbed him with the spear which he had in his hand. And waking up from his sleep, he saw before him a man sitting on a white horse, and in his hand a spear. He was terrified with great fear and, stretched out before him, said to him, "Who are you, my Lord ?" He replied to him, "I am George. Where is the egg-shell full of oil which you promised that you would give to me ?" And having said this, he disappeared from him. On the following day, however, [the unbeliever] took a large amount of olive-oil and went to the shrine of St. George and gave it to the archpriest; and he told him how he had seen the martyr and how he had spoken to him and asked him to carry out his promise. And he was saved. And he reported that miracle to all the inhabitants of the city; and they wondered and feared greatly. May the prayer of this St. George attend forever upon his beloved Habta Giyorgis. Amen.

The 20th miracle of the victorious martyr St. George. May his prayer and blessing attend forever upon his beloved Habta Giyorgis. There was a certain wicked man in the town of Beba; he was an unbeliever and the commander there. And he hated the martyr and his church, and he use blaspheme against and mock him, and he hated all the faithful. All people in this shrine suffered great misery because of him and everyday they begged the martyr to destroy him. And after many days the martyr heard their prayer. For the governor came unexpectedly to Sahidi, which is a part of Egypt, and held an assembly there on the bank of the river next to the shrine of the martyr St. George. And he summoned the archpriest and questioned him concerning the wicked deeds which this commander had committed against the church of the martyr and all the faithful. And he told he everything which he had done. Then he summoned that man, did not question him at all, but ordered [his men] to cut off his head and hang his body on the palm tree next to the church of St. George so that all men going along that way might see him. And all the Christians, seeing this, praised the Lord, most high and deserving of praise, and his holy martyr St. George who had received their prayer. This miracle, indeed, the archpriest of this town and shrine told to me. May the prayer and blessing of this powerful martyr St. George, the wrestler, attend at all time forever upon his beloved Habta Giyorgis. Amen.

The 21st miracle of the martyr St. George. May his assistance forever attend upon his beloved Habta Giyorgis. I will tell you another miracle also which the martyr St. George wondrously worked in another church of his which was built for him there; for the faithful of the land of Egypt, on account of their excessive love for him, built many monasteries and churches for him in their land. And there was a town in the land of Egypt whose name was Qu'arzom, which means Palace of Assenbly; but they also call it Qwastat Mesr which means Boundary of Egypt. Artaxerxes, the king of Persia who is called Chosroes, built a temple to the fire in that town when he came into the land of Egypt because he worshipped fire. The lord and father Patriarch of the Egyptians dwells there in the great church of Our Lady the Mother of God which is called Ma'alqa which means Hanging. There is also in this town a church of the martyr St. George which is called Dorbenteqa which means Gate of the Just. And I, [although] unworthy, was trained in priestly service in that shrine from my youth. And a certain man from among the nobles of Egypt was archpriest in that church; and he was also one of my relatives. (And he had a large house next to the entrance of the shrine). He wanted to set marble-work beneath the image of Our Lady and the image of St. George; and the word rekwam means marble. There was no-one skilled in marble-work among the Christians, except only a Mohammedan. This [type of ] work is famous because it is done with a great mass of marble; and they insert seashells in it, and they import these seashells from the Red Sea, and pearls are found in them. When they finish marble-work with seashell, it is extremely beautiful and the heart of the viewer rejoices. For this reason, this man decided to himself to adorn the church with this [type of] work; and on account of this work he summoned a certain Mohammedan man, with his son, who were skilled in this [type of] work; and he gave to them multi-coloured marble and as many shells as were needed, and he ordered them to construct this work beneath the two images which we mentioned previously. And when they entered the church in order to complete the work which had been entrusted to them, the son of the Mohammedan saw the light of the lamp which burns throughout the day before the image of St. George.And greatly angered, he exstinguished the light; but it shone as before. And he exstinguished this light again, and it shone as previously; and he exstinguished it for a third time, and spat upon the image of the martyr; and he looked at the light and found it shining as in the beginning. Then he left it, and remained in order to finish his work. At the end of the day, he took his payment, with his father, and they went home. However, that night St. George appeared to this evil son of the unbeliever and roused him from his sleep. And then he saw him sitting on a white horse with a spear in his hand; and he was terrified with great fear. And St. George said to him, "I am he whose lamp you thrice exstinguished and upon whose image you spat." And he immediately stabbed his side with his spear. And he suddenly shouted out in a great voice. And his father and mother woke up and said to him, "Why did you shout ?" And he replied to them, "George himself, whose lamp I exstinguished and upon whose image I spat today, came to me and stabbed my side." He showed them the spot on his side, and then he suddenly died. On the following day, at the height of morning, his father went weeping to the archpriest and told him all the things that his son had done the day before in the church of St. George, and how St. George had appeared to him and had stabbed him with his spear and he had died. The archpriest was greatly astonished; and he told to all the sons of the shrine all the things which this unbeliever said; and they glorified the Lord, most high and deserving of praise, who works miracles through the hands of his martyr St. George. May his prayer and blessing attend forever upon his beloved Habta Giyorgis. Amen.

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The Greek Miracles of St. George
by David Woods

NOTICE: THIS WORK MAY BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT

YOU ARE REQUIRED TO READ THE COPYRIGHT NOTICE AT THIS LINK BEFORE YOU READ THE FOLLOWING WORK, THAT IS AVAILABLE SOLELY FOR PRIVATE STUDY, SCHOLARSHIP OR RESEARCH PURSUANT TO 17 U.S.C. SECTION 107 AND 108. IN THE EVENT THAT THE LIBRARY DETERMINES THAT UNLAWFUL COPYING OF THIS WORK HAS OCCURRED, THE LIBRARY HAS THE RIGHT TO BLOCK THE I.P. ADDRESS AT WHICH THE UNLAWFUL COPYING APPEARED TO HAVE OCCURRED. THANK YOU FOR RESPECTING THE RIGHTS OF COPYRIGHT OWNERS.

[The miracles will be numbered according to their ennumeration in J. Aufhauser (ed.), Miracula S. Georgii (Leipzig, 1913).]

Miracle 6

The following translation is taken from Daniel J. Sahas, "What an Infidel Saw that a Faithful Did Not: Gregory Dekapolites (d. 842) and Islam", Greek Orthodox Theological Review 31 (1986), 47-67, by kind permission of the author. It is based on the text at PG 100, cols. 1201-12. It purports to describe how a "Saracen", i.e. a Muslim, noble was converted to Christianity following a vision he experienced in a church dedicated to St. George. J. Aufhauser (ed.), Miracula S. Georgii (Leipzig, 1913), 64-89, contains this and two other versions of the same story, with serious discrepancies between the various versions as to the location of this incident and the name of the author. All seem to derive from an incident in the life of the genuine convert and martyr St. Anthony Ruwah who was martyred under the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid (786-809) on Christmas Day 799, as does another of the miracles attributed to St. George. See Ignace Dick, "La Passion arabe de S. Antoine Ruwah, néo-martyr de Damas (Ý 25 déc. 799)", Le Muséon 74 (1961), 109-133. Anthony saw a vision of a white lamb and dove during a celebration of the eucharist, not the slaughter of a child, and this took place in a church of St. Theodore, not of St. George, at Damascus.

A HISTORICAL SPEECH OF GREGORY DEKAPOLITES VERY PROFITABLE AND MOST PLEASING IN MANY WAYS, ABOUT A VISION WHICH A SARACEN ONCE HAD, AND WHO, AS A RESULT OF THIS, BELIEVED AND BECAME A MARTYR FOR OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST.

Nicholas, the strategos, called Joulas, has related to me that in his town, which the Saracens call in their language "Vineyard", the Emir of Syria sent his nephew to administer some works [p. 52] under construction in the said castle. In that place there is also a big church, old and splendid, dedicated to Saint, the most glorious martyr, George. When the Saracen saw the church from a distance he ordered his servants to bring his belongings and the camels themselves, twelve of them, inside the church so that he may be able to supervise them from a high place as they were fed.

As for the priests of that venerable church, they pleaded with him saying: "Master, do not do such things; this is a church of God. Do not show disrespect towards it and do not bring the camels inside the holy altar of God."But the Saracen, who was pitiless and stubborn, did not want even to listen to the pleas of the presbyters. Instead he said to his servants, in Arabic: "Do you not do what you have been commanded to do ?" Immediately his servants did as he commanded them. But suddenly the camels, as they were led into the church, all, by the command of God, fell down [p. 53] dead. When the Saracen saw the extraordinary miracle he became ecstatic and ordered his servants to take away the dead camels and throw them away from the church; and they did so.

As it was a holiday on that day and the time for the Divine Liturgy was approaching, the priest who was to start the holy service of preparation of the gifts was very much afraid of the Saracen; how could he start the bloodless sacrifice in front of him ! Another priest, co-communicant to him, said to the priest who was to celebrate the Liturgy: "Do not be afraid. Did you not see the extraordinary miracle ? Why are you hesitant ?" Thus the said priest, without fear, started the holy service of offering.

[p. 54] The Saracen noticed all these and waited to see what the priest was going to do. The priest began the holy service of offering and took the loaf of bread to prepare the holy sacrifice. But the Saracen saw that the priest took in his hand a child which he slaughtered, drained the blood inside the cup, cut the body into pieces, and placed them on the tray !

As the Saracen saw these things he became furious with anger and, enraged at the priest, he wanted to kill him. When the time of the Great Entrance approached, the Saracen saw again, and more manifestly, the child cut into four pieces on the tray, his blood in the cup. He became again ecstatic with rage. Towards the end of the Divine Liturgy, as some of the Christians wanted to receive the holy communion and as the priest said, "With the fear of God and faith draw near," all the Christians bent their [p. 55] heads in reverence. Some of them went forward to receive the holy sacrament. Again, for a third time, the Saracen saw that the priest, with a spoon, was offering to the communicants from the body and the blood of the child. The repentant Christians received the holy sacrament. But the Saracen saw that they had received communion from the body and the blood of the child, and at that he became filled with anger and rage against everybody.

At the end of the Divine Liturgy the priest distributed the antidoron to all Christians. He then took off his priestly vestments and offered to the Srracen a piece from the bread. But he said in Arabic: "What is this ?" The priest answered: "Master, it is from the bread from which we celebrated the liturgy."And the Saracen said angrily: "Did you celebrate the Liturgy from that, you dog, impure, dirty, and killer ? Didn't I see that you took and slaughtered a child, and that you poured his blood into the cup, and mutilated his body and placed on the plate members of his, here and there ? Didn't I see all these, you polluted one and killer ? Didn't I see you eating and drinking from the body and blood of the child, and that you even offered the same to the attendants ? They now have in their mouths pieces of flesh dripping blood."

And the Saracen said: "Is this not what I saw ?" And the priest: "Yes, my Lord, this is how it is; but myself, being a sinner, I am not able to see such a mystery, but only bread and wine as a figuration of the body and blood of our Lord Jesus Christ. Thus, even the great and marvellous Fathers, the stars and teachers of the Church, like the divine Basil the Great, and the memorable Chrysostom and Gregory the Theologian, were unable to see this awesome and terrifying mystery. How can I see it ?"

When the Saracen heard this he became ecstatic and he ordered his servants and everybody who was inside to leave the church. He then took the priest by the hand and said: "As I see and as I have heard, great is the faith of the Christians. So, if you so will, Father, baptize me. And the priest said to the Sarracen: "Master, we believe in and we confess our Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, who came to the world for our salvation. We also believe in the Holy Trinity, the consubstantial and undivided one, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, the one Godhead. We believe also in Mary, the ever-virgin mother of light, who has given birth to the fruit of life, our pre-announced Lord, Jesus Christ. She was virgin before, virgin during, and virgin after giving birth. We believe also that all the holy apostles, prophets, martyrs, saints, and righteous men are servants of God. Do you not realize, therefore, my master, that the greatest faith is that of the Orthodox Christians ?"

And the Saracen said again: "I beg you, Father, baptize me." But the priest answered: "Far from that. I cannot do such a thing; for if I do and your nephew the Emir hears of that, he will kill me and destry this church, too. But if it is, indeed, your wish to be baptized, go to that place in the Sinai mountain. There, there is the bishop; he will baptize you."

The Saracen prostrated himself in fromt of the presbyter and walked out of the church. Then, one hour after nightfall, he came back to the priest, took off his royal golden clothes, put on a poor sack of wool, and he left in secret by night. He walked to Mount Sinai and there he received the holy baptism from the bishop. He also learned from the Psalter, and he recited verses from it every day.

One day three years later he [the former Saracen] said to the bishop: "Forgive me, Master, what am I supposed to do in order to see Christ ?" And the bishop said: "Pray with the right faith and one of these days you will see Christ, according to your wish." But the former Saracen said again: "Master, give me your consent to go to the priest who offered me instruction when I saw the awesome vision in the church of the most glorious martyr George." The bishop said: "Go, in peace."

Thus, he went to the priest, prostrated himself in front of him, embraced him and said to him: "Do you know, Father, who I am ?" And the priest: "How can I recognize a man whom I have never seen before ?" But, again, the former Saracen said: "Am I not the nephew of the Emir, who brought the camels inside the church and they all died, and who during the Divine Liturgy saw that terrifying vision ?" When the priest looked at him he was amazed and praised God seeing that the former Arab wolf had become a most calm sheep of Christ. He embraced him with passion and invited him to his cell to eat bread.

And the former Saracen said: "Forgive me, Master and Father, but I want and have a desire to see Christ. How can I do that ?" And the priest said: "If you wish to see Christ go to your nephew and preach Christ to him. Curse and anathematize the faith of the Saracens and their false prophet Muhammad and preach correctly the true faith of the Christians without fear, and thus you will see Christ."

The former Saracen left in earnest. By night he was knocking at the door of the Saracen forcefully. The guards at the gate of the house of the Emir asked: "Who is yelling and knocking at the door ?" And he answered: "I am the nephew of the Emir who left some time ago and was lost. Now I want to see my nephew and tell him something." The guards of the gate conveyed this to the Saracen immediately: "Master, it is your nephew who left some time ago and was lost." The Emir, heaving a sigh, said: "Where is he ?" They said: "At the gate of the palace." He then ordered his servants to go and meet him with lights and candles. They all did as the king, Emir, commanded and they took the monk, the former Saracen, by the hand and presented him to the Emir, his nephew.

When the Emir saw him, he was very glad. He embraced him with tears in his eyes and said to him: "What is this ? Where were you living all this time ? Aren't you my nephew ?" And the monk said: "Don't you recognize me, your nephew ? Now, as you see, by the Grace of God the Most High I have become a Christian and a monk. I have been living in desert places so that I may inherit [p. 60] the Kingdom of Heaven. I hope in the unspeakable compassion of the All-sovereign God to inherit his kingdom. Why are you hesitating yourself, too, Emir ? Receive the holy baptism of the Orthodox Christians in order to inherit eternal life, as I hope to do."

The Emir laughed, scratched his head and said: "What are you chattering about, you miserable one; what are you chattering ? What has happened to you ? Alas, you pitiful one ! How did you abandon your life and the sceptres of reign and roam around as a beggar, dressed in these filthy clothes made of hair ?"

The monk responded to him: "By the grace of God. As far as all the things I used to have when I was a Saracen, these were [material] property and were of the devil. But these things that you see me wearing are a glory and pride, and an engagement with the future and eternal life. I anathematize the religion of the Saracens and their false prophet."

Then the Emir said: "Take him out, for he does not know what he is chattering about." They took him away and put him in a place in the palace where they gave him food and drink. And he spent three days there, but he took neither food nor drink. He was praying to God earnestly and with faith. Going down to his knees he said: "O Lord, I have hoped in thee, let me never be ashamed, neither let my enemies laugh at me to scorn." And again: "Have mercy on me, O God, according to thy steadfast love; according to thy abundant mercy blot out my transgressions." And again: "Enlighten my eyes, Lord God, that I may not fall asleep into death; that my enemy may never say, 'I have overpowered him'. 'Strengthen my heart, O Lord,' so that I may be able to fight the visible deceiver, the Saracen; so that the evil devil may not stamp on me and make me fear death, for your holy name." He then made the sign of the cross and said: "The Lord is my enlightenment and my saviour. Whom shall I fear ? The Lord is the protector of my life. From whom will I hesitate ?" And again he cried out to the Emir: "Receive holy baptism in order to gain the immeasurable kingdom of God."

Again the Emir gave orders for him to be brought in front of him. He had prepared for him clothes exceedingly beautiful. And [p. 61] the Emir spoke: "Enjoy, you pitiful one, enjoy and rejoice for being a king. Do not disdain your life and your youth which is so beautiful, walking instead mindlessly like a beggar and a penniless one. Alas, you pitiful one. What do you think ?"

The monk laughed and replied to the Emir: "Do not weep at what I have in mind. I am thinking how to be able to fulfil the work of my Christ and that of the Father priest who has sent me, and has been my teacher. As for the clothes you have prepared for me, sell them and give the money to the poor. You, too, should abandon the temporary sceptres of the reign, so that you may receive sceptres of an eternal life. Do not rest your hope on things of the present but on things which are of the future, and do not believe in the pseudo-prophet Muhammad, the impure, the detestable one, the son of hell. Believe, rather, in Jesus Christ of Nazareth, the crucified one. Believe that the one Godhead is a consubstantial Trinity; Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, a Trinity of the same essence, and undivided."

The Emir laughed again and said to the officials who had gathered in the palace: "This man is mindless. What shall we do with him ? Take him out and expel him." Those, however, sitting by the king said: "He meant to desecrate and corrupt the religion of the Saracens. Do you not hear how he curses anathematizes our great prophet ?"

The monk and former Saracen cried out loudly: "I feel sorry for you Emir because you, unfortunate one, do not want to be saved. Believe in our Lord Jesus Christ, the crucified one, and anathematize the religion of the Saracens and their false prophet, as I did."

And the Saracen Emir said: "Take him out as I am ordering you. He is mindless and does not know what he is talking about."

Those sitting by with him said: "Well, you heard that he anathematized the religion of the Saracens and that he is blaspheming against the great prophet, and you say, 'He does not know what he is talking about' ? If you do not have him killed we will also go and become Christians."

And the Emir said: "I cannot have him killed because he is my nephew and I feel sorry for him. But you take him and do as you please."

And they got hold of the monk with great anger, they dragged him out of the palace and submitted him to many tortures [p. 62] to try to make him return to the previous religion of the Saracens. But he did not. Instead he was teaching everybody in the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth to believe and be saved.

The Saracens dragged him out of the city, and there they stoned him to death this most pious monk, whose name was Pachomios.

On that night a star came down from heaven and rested on top of the most pious martyr, and everybody was able to see it for forty days; and many of them became believers.

With the prayers of the most blessed martyr, of the all-pure Mother of God Mary, who is ever-virgin, and of all of the saints; for the remission of our sins. Amen.