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Young stem is a term that mainly in the bündisch youth movement was coined and used. On the one hand, this meant that within certain youth leagues a certain age group, usually the 11- to 18-year-olds. On the other hand, the term has linked certain ideas of a bourgeois organization. Hermann Kügler coined the term 1920 in order to express the idea of a pure boy wall bird. This was followed in the 1920s by those districts that explicitly understood themselves as boys' leagues. Eberhard Köbel, also a supporter of Jungebund idea, took up the term in 1929, conceived his autonomous German boyhood of November 1, 1929 (dj.1.11) but programmatically as a movement that should transform and renew the youth movement from within. The dj.1.11 influenced the style of the Second World War.
Boyhood as Boyband
When the leader of the Sachsengaues of the hiking bird, Hermann Kügler, returned from the First World War, he found the Saxon wandering bird in his understanding of poor constitution. He attributed this to the gender mix of the frets and sought a separation. The will leads to the boy's covenant, because: "The sense of the boy goes to the covenant, the costumes of the girls go to mating. But that wears down every covenant. A covenant cannot accommodate germs in itself, which necessarily bring about its decline." [1] Kügler derived the term "boyhood "from an analogy to the term" young team", which was used in Silesia : boys covenant → boyhood. [2]For Kügler, boyhood was not a theoretical concept, but the main element of the bündischen Jugend, on which the larger federation should build. [3] This expressed a conviction that was in fact integral to the whole of the Civic culture, "the conviction of unalterable social diversity of the sexes." [4]
The district of Saxony was already in October 1919 by the departure of the girls for the first pure Jungengau in Wandervogel. But Kügler was not the only one in the old Wandervogel who wanted a purely male youth alliance. On the Federal Week of the Old Wandervogel from March 30 to April 4, 1920 in Bad Sachsa, the federal government separated into a boys and a girls alliance. Not because the woman is considered inferior, or because of Hans Blüher's position in the men's covenant, according to Federal leader Ernst Buske, but because boys and girls want to be separated for their own sake. [5]
"The facts are that the girl matures far earlier in her development than the boy, and that the girl, therefore, is intellectually superior to the boy, for whom the WV usually means the developmental period, from which then the great danger of mental influence grows up through the girl. And this danger is greater and more far-reaching than one generally thinks, for our whole culture, not least because of the tremendous influence of the woman, has reached such a barren stage that it is no longer possible to speak of culture. Our whole life is lightened and soft. "
-- Ernst Buske : Federal Communications May 1920 [5]
The historian Marion De Ras argues that it was the growing influence of the girls that made it necessary for boys and men in the wandering bird to equate youth movement and boy movement and define the girls as the other category. [6] The First World War had caused a change in attitude within the migrant bird. The combatants wanted to restore the pre-war situation, as at least the leadership positions of the frets were male-dominated. At the same time have the stab legend created the impression that effeminacy had caused the defeat. In the end, Ernst Buske had clearly articulated only one conviction that had already existed sublimated, namely that girls had no right to be in a wandering bird. [7]
However, there was also opposition, mainly from the districts of Berlin, Bavaria and Swabia, which contributed to the further fragmentation of the old wall bird. At the Federal Representative Meeting in Naumburg on October 23 and 24, 1920, for instance, Kügler's Gau Saxony split. On January 1, 1921, the groups that rejected the separation from the girls founded the German Wandervogel on the Hanstein. On 30 March 1921, Kügler was one of the founders of the Wandervogel boy federation, in which the boys' guilds of Saxony, Harz-Elbe and Badenmerged. He also became the first leader of the new covenant. At the end of 1921, the Silesian boyhood under Hans Dehmel joined the Confederation.
1922/23, the various fraternities approached again. So joined the various boy teams Altwandervogel, Wandervogel-Wehrbund, Wandervogel-boy covenant and Silesian Wandervogel boy covenant in August 1923 together again and adopted the name Wandervogel-German boyhood. Under the leadership of Buske the name Alt-Wandervogel, German boyhood was adopted. Negotiations with the Alliance of Free Wandervogelbünde failed in 1925 still on the girl question. After the merger of the Old-Wandervogel, German boyhood and the Greater German Scout Association in early 1926 also joined the Wandervogel-Deutscher Jugendbund the new alliance after it had been promised to include girls as well. This new covenant was called Bund der Wandervögel und Pfadfinder, later German Freischar. The term "boyhood" was also used in other fraternities, such as the Young National Union, to profess the idea of a boy's covenant.
Within the German Freischar designated boy shaft the age of the 11- to 18-year-olds. The 18- to 25-year-olds were in the young team summarized, the still older in the team. [8] The individual stages should be self-contained and have their own laws. At the same time, according to the concept of the Lebensbund, as far as possible members of the young team should lead the boyships.
Eberhard Köbel and the "autonomous boyhood"
Radical supporters of the idea of a boyhood existed in all branches of the youth movement. In the German Freischar it was especially Eberhard Köbel, who was enthusiastic for the idea of a uniform large German boyhood and at the same time a "rebellion of the boys" operated. On 1 November 1929, he first founded the dj.1.11 in the form of a conspiracy within the German Free Association. After the surprising death of the Federal leader Ernst Buskes and the self-proclaimed self-proclamation Köbels leader of the southern frets of the German Freischar, Köbel was excluded on May 4, 1930 from the German Freischar. The dj.1.11 then constituted itself as an independent federation.
Köbel chose the term "autonomous boyhood", because he was a supporter of the idea of a pure boyhood and at the same time wanted to distance himself from the idea of the "Lebensbund". He criticized the inclusion of all ages in the frets and argued that the young team of the elderly patronize the boys and neglect their ways of life. He questioned the definition of youth as a phase of preparation for the man. [9]
"You can only indulge in one thing: either the idea of the Lebensbund or the Jungeschaft. The boyhood leader belongs entirely to the boyhood. With the moment when the boyhood is no longer enough for him, it is no longer important to him alone, but he is no longer a boy's leader, but a youth worker, educator, to an idea, to the idea of the Lebensbund. "
-- Tusk (di Eberhard Köbel): Boyhood or Lebensbund (1930) [10]
Köbel's conviction that the boyhood idea had revolutionary potential stemmed from the idea of an "order" to which the members belonged heart and soul. Regardless of the anarchist component, Marion de Ras was concerned with more conservative ideals whose roots he had seen among primitive peoples. Köbel was also not concerned with a question of the mind, but with a "religious question" and "universal truth". [11]
Boyhood to this day
The dj.1.11 is considered "probably the most important group for the formation of the civic milieu" during the National Socialism . [12] This is one of the reasons why the dj.1.11 influenced the style of the development of the boys until today. Shortly after the end of the Second World War, various groups of boys formed, which more or less followed the tradition of dj.1.11. Known was about 1946 by Walter Scherf (travel name tejo) founded Göttingen boy shaft. As with many of these start-ups, this group consisted mainly of former members of the young people, which for a long time led to a rejection by peer circles, which had roots in the boy resistance against the national socialists.
In 1946, some boys (Bremen, Göttingen, Hildesheim, Lüneburg, Verden / Aller, Wolfenbüttel and Hanover) united to the German boyhood. At the turn of the year 1948/1949 Walter Scherf was elected federal leader. Already in mid-1949, he retired, however. The covenant was continued by Michael Jovy , Hans-Jochen Zenker and Gerhard Rasche. In 1951, Klaus-Jürgen Citron founded the New German Boyhood out of the German Boys 'Union, but this start-up was not supported by most of the leaders of the German Boys' Union and did not last long. She went in 1954 in the "boyhood in the covenant", [13]For their part, Jovy, Zenker and Rasche registered the name of the German boyhood as an association to protect the name. [14]
The idea of the independent boyhood was maintained:
"It is imperative to push through new content and new forms of boyhood while respecting the heritage of the burg. So it should be: who belongs to the boyhood in the covenant, should be excellent, not signed off. We have the firm confidence that this will succeed. The prerequisite for this is the inviolable autonomy of the boyhood as well as its immanent being with people who, on their way through the boys' covenant, have experienced the decisive imprint of their lives and are committed to it. Therefore, the allies of the boyhood are not 'alumni' but 'presenters' who vouch with their personality for the integrity of the cause and the authenticity of the covenant, and who put their knowledge and ability into their service. "
-- Newsletter of the "BUNDES", an association of several boys' associations, at the beginning of 1954 [15]
Johannes Ernst Seiffert tried in 1953 with the dj.1.11-Bund even more directly to Koebels dj.1.11 tie by pointing this boy's shaft clearly on his imagination, forms and content. Moreover existed as start-ups or as a continuation age groups autonomous Horten and Hort rings such as the establishment on 1 November 1959 antitrust German boy properties [16] and the dj.1.11-hoarding ring in the Rhine / Ruhr area (1963 joined the dj.1.11 Association [16] ).
The German Freischar 1933 rather than the pre-war boyhood similar German Bundschaft - BdJ was born in 1960 from the boys and boys in the Bund (which consisted of parts of the German Freischar, the Companionship and the New German boyhood and had already founded in 1954). The BDJ saw itself as one with the present and versatile federal and developed particularly in the wake of Meißnerlagers 1963 large überbündischen influence [17], The BdJ opened to girls and adults to mixed groups. There were also girls in groups of the dj.1.11 covenant; all other post-war boys maintained the idea of the Pure Boyhood. [18]
In addition to some, not very strong memberships of young people, which see each other in different proportions in the succession of dj.1.11, use frets such as the German Freischar, the German Scout Federation or the Scout Association crusaders the term boyhood as a term for groups or ages. Also in the church, mainly the Protestant youth work and in the YMCA the concept of boyhood for boys groups has been preserved. However, these groups mostly have different roots than dj.1.11. There are also some Christian (mostly Protestant) boys who see themselves in the tradition of dj.1.11. However, critics argue that a confessional bond can not be reconciled with the autonomy ideal of dj.1.11.
Literature
• Helmut Grau: dj.1.11. Structure and transformation of a subcultural youth milieu in four decades . dipa, Frankfurt am Main 1976. ISBN 3-7638-0213-4 .
• Rudolf Kneip, Ludwig Liebs u. Karl-Heinrich Zimmermann: The secret of Bündische Führung. Documentary talks with Hermann Kügler . dipa, Frankfurt / Main 1980, ISBN 3-7638-0221-5 .
• Werner Kindt (ed.): The German Youth Movement 1920 to 1933. Die bündische Zeit. Eugen Diederichs, Dusseldorf 1974.
• Marion EP de Ras: body, eros and female culture. Girl in the hiker bird and Covenant youth 1900-1933 . Centaurus, Pfaffenweiler 1988.
• Fritz Schmidt (ed.): The clear air is today's free: The League of German boys . Südmarkverlag Fritsch, Heidenheim 1986. ISBN 3-88258-090-9
• Fritz Schmidt: German boyhood 1945-1951 . Pulse 19. Südmarkverlag, Witzenhausen 1991. ISSN 0342-3328
Individual proofs
1. Kneip, Lieps u. Zimmermann, The Secret of the Alliance , p. 12.
2. Rudolf Kneip: Wandervogel - Bündische Jugend, 1905-1943. Frankfurt a. M. 1967, cit. after Werner Kindt (ed.): The German youth movement from 1920 to 1933. Die bündische Zeit. Eugen Diederichs, Dusseldorf 1974, p. 70.
3. Kneip, Lieps u. Zimmermann, The Secret of the Alliance , pp. 11-15.
4. Irmgard Klönne: "I jump in this ring". Girls and women in the german youth movement. Centaurus, Pfaffenweiler 1990, p. 215-219, cit. 215th
5. Werner Kindt (ed.): The German Youth Movement 1920 to 1933. Die bündische Zeit. Eugen Diederichs, Dusseldorf 1974, p. 47f.
6. Marion EP de Ras: body, eros and female culture. Girl in the hiker bird and Covenant youth 1900-1933 . Centaurus, Pfaffenweiler 1988, p. 90.
7. Marion EP de Ras: body, eros and female culture. Girl in the hiker bird and Covenant youth 1900-1933 . Centaurus, Pfaffenweiler 1988, p. 105, 91f.
8. Hiltraud Casper-Hehne: On the Language of the League of Youth. The example of the German Freischar. Niemeyer, Tübingen 1989, p. 52.
9. Hiltraud Casper-Hehne: On the Language of the League of Youth. The example of the German Freischar. Niemeyer, Tübingen 1989, p. 6f.
10. Werner Kindt (ed.): The German Youth Movement 1920 to 1933. Die bündische Zeit. Eugen Diederichs, Dusseldorf 1974, p. 1211.
11. Marion EP de Ras: body, eros and female culture. Girl in the hiker bird and Covenant youth 1900-1933 . Centaurus, Pfaffenweiler 1988, p. 93.
12. Wilfried Breyvogel: Young Resistance Forms - From Organized Resistance to the Youth Everyday Opposition , in: Peter Steinbach, Johannes Tuchel (ed.): Resistance to National Socialism . Series of publications Volume 323, FederalAgencyfor Civic Education, Bonn 1994. ISBN 3-89331-195-5 , p. 435f., Cit. 435th
13. Gray: dj.1.11 , p. 53; Schmidt: New German boy shaft , -schrift- 37
14. Schmidt: German Boyhood , p. 38
15. Karl Seidelmann: Federation and group as life forms of German youth. Attempt of an appearance customer of the German youth life in the first half of the XX. Century . Wiking, Munich 1955, p. 378.
16. Gray: dj.1.11 , p. 54
17. Florian Malzacher, Matthias Daenschel: Youth movement for beginners . Second edition. ISBN 3-88258-131-X , p. 157
18. Gray: dj.1.11 , p. 65