Freda Bedi, by Wikipedia

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Amerasia
by Wikipedia
Accessed: 8/25/19

Amerasia was a journal of Far Eastern affairs best known for the 1940s "Amerasia Affair" in which several of its staff and their contacts were suspected of espionage and charged with unauthorized possession of government documents.

Publication

The journal was founded in 1937 by Frederick Vanderbilt Field,[1] who also chaired the editorial board,[2] and Philip Jaffe, a naturalized American born in Russia. It was edited by Jaffe and Kate L. Mitchell.[3] Field was the publication's chief financial backer. Jaffe was a friend of Earl Browder, general secretary of the Communist Party of the United States. The journal's staffers and writers included a number Communists or former Communists, including Chi Ch'ao-ting, and at one time Joseph Milton Bernstein, who has been alleged to be a Soviet agent. The journal had a small circulation and sold for fifteen cents a copy.[4] It ceased publication in 1947.[5]

Government documents case

Kenneth Wells, an analyst for the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), noticed that an article printed in the January 26, 1945, issue of Amerasia was almost identical to a 1944 report he had written on Thailand.[6] OSS agents investigated by breaking into the New York offices of Amerasia on March 11, 1945, where they found hundreds of classified documents from the Department of State, the Navy, and the OSS.

The OSS notified the State Department, which asked the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to investigate. The FBI's investigation indicated that Jaffe and Mitchell had probably obtained the documents from Emanuel Larsen, a State Department employee, and Andrew Roth, a lieutenant with the Office of Naval Intelligence. Other suspects include freelance reporter Mark Gayn, whose coverage of the war in Asia appeared regularly in Collier's and Time magazine,[7] and State Department "China Hand" John S. Service.

FBI surveillance established that Jaffe met with Service several times in Washington and New York and reported that at one meeting "Service, according to the microphone surveillance, apparently gave Jaffe a document which dealt with matters the Chinese had furnished to the United States government in confidence."[8]

An FBI summary reported that Jaffe visited the Soviet consulate in New York and that two days after a meeting with Service, Jaffe had a four-hour meeting in his home with Communist Party Secretary Earl Browder and Tung Pi-wu, the Chinese Communist representative to the United Nations Charter Conference.[9]

In carrying out its investigation, the FBI broke into the offices of Amerasia and the homes of Gayn and Larsen and installed bugs and phone taps.

On June 6, 1945, the FBI arrested Jaffe, Mitchell, Larsen, Roth, Gayn and Service.[10] Simultaneously, the Amerasia offices were raided and 1,700 classified State Department, Navy, OSS, and Office of War Information documents were seized.

Because no evidence was found indicating that any documents had been forwarded directly to a foreign power, the Justice Department decided not to seek an indictment under the Espionage Act. Instead, it sought to indict the six for unauthorized possession and transmittal of government documents. Service, the only State Department officer arrested, had given Jaffe approximately eight documents, copies of his own reports on conditions in China, that represented non-sensitive intelligence that diplomats routinely shared with journalists. The grand jury voted unanimously against indicting him.[11]

The grand jury indicted Jaffe, Larsen, and Roth. Before the trial began, Larsen's defense attorney learned of the FBI's illegal break-in at Larsen's home. The Justice Department, fearing a loss at trial if evidence were excluded because it was obtained illegally, arranged a deal. Jaffe agreed to plead guilty and pay a fine of $2,500, while Larsen pleaded no contest and was fined $500. The charges against Roth were dropped.

Congressional investigations

The "Amerasia Affair" became a touchstone for those who wanted to raise alarms about espionage and the possible Communist infiltration of the State Department. Senator Joseph McCarthy often spoke of the case in these terms, maintaining it was a security breach and cover-up of immense proportions.[12]

In 1946, a House Judiciary subcommittee chaired by Rep. Samuel F. Hobbs and, in 1950, the Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on the Investigation of Loyalty of State Department Employees, commonly known as the Tydings Committee, investigated the Amerasia case. In 1955, the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee sought the Amerasia materials from the Justice Department. The records were declassified and the Justice Department delivered 1,260 documents to the Subcommittee in 1956 and 1957.

The Senate Internal Security Subcommittee published a two-volume report, The Amerasia Papers: A Clue to the Catastrophe of China, in 1970. It ascribed the communist revolution in China in part to the Communist sympathies of the Chinese policy experts in the Foreign Service, known as the "China Hands".

See also

• Institute of Pacific Relations
• Espionage Act of 1917

Footnotes

1. "Frederick Vanderbilt Field". The Guardian. February 16, 2000. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
2. FBI Report: Institute of Pacific Relations, Internal Security – C, November 4, 1944 (FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 1[permanent dead link], PDF p. 45)
3. Klehr and Radosh, The Amerasia Spy Case, 44
4. Klehr and Radosh, The Amerasia Spy Case, 3
5. Yuwu Song (July 18, 2006). Encyclopedia of Chinese-American Relations. McFarland. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-7864-9164-3. Retrieved April 22, 2017.
6. Klehr and Radosh, The Amerasia Spy Case, 28ff.
7. Klehr and Radosh, The Amerasia Spy Case, 50ff.
8. Report of the United States Senate Subcommittee on the Investigation of Loyalty of State Department Employees, 1950, appendix, p. 2051.
9. FBI Amerasia file, Section 52.
10. New York Times: "FBI Seizes 6 as Spies, , Two in State Dept.", June 7, 1945, accessed April 19, 2011
11. Robert P. Newman, The Cold War Romance of Lillian Helman and John Melby (University of North Carolina Press, 1989), 68
12. M. Stanton Evans, McCarthyism: Waging the Cold War in America, Human Events, May 8, 2003.

Further reading

• Klehr, Harvey; Radosh, Ronald (1996). The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-2245-0.
• Service, John S. (1971). The Amerasia Papers: Some Problems in the History of US-China Relations. Center for Chinese Studies.
• Cox, John Stuart; Theoharis, Athan G. (1988). The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition. Temple University Press. ISBN 0-87722-532-X.
• Senate Internal Security Subcommittee (1970). The Amerasia papers: A Clue to the Catastrophe of China. U.S. Government Printing Office.
• National Archives, Records of the Committee on the Judiciary and Related Committees

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Frederick Vanderbilt Field
by Wikipedia
Accessed: 8/25/19

NOTICE: THIS WORK MAY BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT

YOU ARE REQUIRED TO READ THE COPYRIGHT NOTICE AT THIS LINK BEFORE YOU READ THE FOLLOWING WORK, THAT IS AVAILABLE SOLELY FOR PRIVATE STUDY, SCHOLARSHIP OR RESEARCH PURSUANT TO 17 U.S.C. SECTION 107 AND 108. IN THE EVENT THAT THE LIBRARY DETERMINES THAT UNLAWFUL COPYING OF THIS WORK HAS OCCURRED, THE LIBRARY HAS THE RIGHT TO BLOCK THE I.P. ADDRESS AT WHICH THE UNLAWFUL COPYING APPEARED TO HAVE OCCURRED. THANK YOU FOR RESPECTING THE RIGHTS OF COPYRIGHT OWNERS.

Frederick Vanderbilt Field
Born: April 13, 1905
Died: February 1, 2000 (aged 94), Minneapolis, Minnesota
Nationality: American
EducationL Hotchkiss School (1923)[1], Harvard University (1927), London School of Economics
Parent(s): William Osgood Field, Lila Vanderbilt Sloane
Relatives: Cornelius Vanderbilt (great-great-grandfather)
Samuel Osgood (ancestor)
Cyrus Field (ancestor)

Frederick Vanderbilt Field (April 13, 1905 – February 1, 2000) was an American leftist political activist and a great-great-grandson of railroad tycoon Cornelius "Commodore" Vanderbilt, disinherited by his wealthy relatives for his radical political views. Field became a specialist on Asia and was a prime staff member and supporter of the Institute of Pacific Relations. He also supported Henry Wallace's Progressive Party and so many openly Communist organizations that he was accused of being a member of the Communist Party.[1] He was a top target of the American government during the peak of 1950s McCarthyism. Field denied ever having been a party member but admitted in his memoirs, "I suppose I was what the Party called a 'member at large.'"[2]

Early years

Field was born on April 13, 1905, a scion of the wealthy Vanderbilt family and a descendant of Corneilus Vanderbilt.[1] A 1923 graduate of the private Hotchkiss School, Field went on to attend Harvard University, where he participated in undergraduate life as chief editor of The Harvard Crimson and a member of the Hasty Pudding Club.[1] Matriculating in 1927, Field spent a year at the London School of Economics, where he was exposed to the ideas of Harold Laski, the Fabian socialist political theorist, economist, and writer.[1]

[Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.] was fond of a certain slogan, and in June of 1922 he repeated it to British scholar and future Labor Party Chairman Harold J. Laski. "As I have said, no doubt, often, it seems to me that all society rests on the death of men. If you don't kill 'em one way you kill 'em another -- or prevent their being born." He added, "Is not the present time an illustration of Malthus?" [125]

In 1926, Holmes again confided to Laski, "In cases of difference between oneself and another there is nothing to do except in unimportant matters to think ill of him and in important ones to kill him." [126] Shortly thereafter, Holmes wrote Laski, "We look at our fellow men with sympathy but nature looks at them as she looks at flies .... " [127]

-- War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race, by Edwin Black

Freda, along with many October Club stalwarts, had started out as a member of the Labour Club and then gravitated towards the breakaway group. 'The idealism of our generation was the idealism of helping the underprivileged,' she recalled. 'If the Labour Club to which I belonged ... had any meaning, it was showing that we cared if people hadn't got enough food when they took the government dole, and we did care if the hunger marchers went all the way from Reading to London, we cared if there were children in the slums with no shoes and that children hadn't got enough food.' Her years in Oxford, she said, were 'radical years ... we used to attend all the clubs like the Labour Club and later on the more extreme October Club ... The whole atmosphere was electric with social demands and social change. We were, as it were, the Depression generation.' [38] Both Freda and Bedi attended the socialist G.D.H. Cole's lectures and Harold Laski's seminars on Marx and -- in a joint activity which served to demonstrate both their intellectual and personal compatibility -- they scoured the British Library to track down Marx's journalism about India.

-- 2: The Gates of the World. The Lives of Freda: The Political, Spiritual and Personal Journeys of Freda Bedi -- EXCERPT, by Andrew Whitehead

First coming into politics as a supporter of the Democratic Party after returning to the United States, he was disillusioned by the Democrats' unwillingness to take a more uncompromising position toward social reform and endorsed Norman Thomas, the Socialist presidential candidate in 1928 and became a member of the Socialist Party. Having attracted significant attention as an unlikely endorsement for Norman Thomas, Field was cut off without a penny by Frederick William Vanderbilt, his great-uncle, from whom he had been promised an estimated fortune of more than $70 million.[1]

Institute of Pacific Relations and radical politics

Upon Field's return from England in 1928, Edward Clark Carter of the Institute of Pacific Relations (IPR) introduced him to Y.C. James Yen, who was then in the United States to raise money for his Chinese Mass Education Movement. After touring the country as Yen's personal assistant, Field joined the IPR, a group that brought together government and non-governmental elites to study problems of the Pacific rim nations, as an assistant to Carter. Field "took no pay; he was, in fact, one of the institute's most generous contributors."[3] He published several reference works on the Asian economy and organized conferences and publications.

As he grew older, his politics became more radical. He described the IPR as "a bourgeois research-educational organization" funded by the Rockefeller and Carnegie foundations and some of the biggest corporations in the US, which he claimed subsidized his publication of proposals "as anticapitalistic as the articles he wrote for The New Masses and The Daily Worker."[4] New Masses was identified by one scholar as the "semi-official spokesman of Communist letters"[5] He was also Executive Vice-President of the Council for Pan American Democracy, which John Dewey's Committee for Cultural Freedom alleged in 1940 was under "outright communist control"[6] and Provisional secretary of the Board of Directors for the Jefferson School of Social Science, associated with the Communist Party.[7]

He wrote a memo cautioning Owen Lattimore, editor of the IPR quarterly Pacific Affairs, with regard to a certain article that "the analysis is a straight Marxist one and... should not be altered."[8] He donated money and time to Communist causes in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s,[1] and during the war, he generously donated money to organizations close to the Soviet Union.[9]

In his autobiography, Field confesses that during this period he "uncritically accepted" Soviet accounts of their political purges and that was "taken in." "Stalin was infallible," he recalled. "[A]ll my Communist surroundings told me so. So was [American Communist Party Secretary Earl] Browder, although on a lower level of sanctity, and so were the other CP [Communist Party] leaders."

At a time when other erstwhile loyal friends of the Soviet Union were becoming disillusioned by Stalin's Great Purge, Field defended the Moscow Trials "because Comrade Stalin says so, we have to believe the trials are just."[10]

Since the IPR aimed to be nonpartisan and, in theory, still attempted to include even the Japanese point of view, he collaborated with his friend Philip Jaffe to set up the journal Amerasia in 1937 as a vehicle for criticism of Japanese attacks in China. Jaffe later pleaded guilty to "conspiracy to embezzle, steal and purloin" government property after Office of Strategic Services and FBI investigators found hundreds of government documents, many labeled "secret," "top secret," or "confidential," in the magazine's offices.[11]

In 1941, he left his position at the IPR but served as a trustee until 1947.[12] Field attended the 1945 United Nations founding conference in San Francisco as an IPR representative, and also as a writer for the Daily Worker.[13]

American Peace Mobilization

In 1940, Field became executive secretary of the American Peace Mobilization (APM), a position for which he had been recruited by Earl Browder himself. "Some time before the APM was formally organized," wrote Field, "Earl Browder asked me if I would accept the executive secretaryship if it were offered me."[14] At APM, Field emerged as a committed pacifist, demanding that the United States stay out of the war in Europe, at least while the Hitler-Stalin pact lasted.[15] His reasoning, as he would explain in his autobiography, was that "the European war in those early stages was one between rival imperialists, the British Empire and the Nazi Reich."[16] By summer of the following year, however, Field came to a complete turnaround: on June 20, 1941, in his capacity as executive secretary, he suddenly called off the organization's "peace picketing" of the White House[17] reversing himself to demand immediate war on Germany[18] – just two days later, Nazi Germany would launch its surprise invasion of the Soviet Union.

According to the McCarran Committee's IPR Report, Lattimore, along with President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Administrative Assistant Lauchlin Currie (identified in the Venona decrypts as the Soviets' White House source codenamed "Page"),[19] tried in 1942 to get Field a commission in military intelligence,[20] but, unlike Duncan Lee (Venona code name "Koch"), Maurice Halperin ("Hare"), Julius Joseph ("Cautious"),[21] Carl Marzani, Franz Neumann ("Ruff"),[22] Helen Tenney ("Muse"), and Donald Wheeler ("Izra"), all of whom got into the OSS, Field was rejected as a security risk.[1]

In 1944, dissident IPR member Alfred Kohlberg submitted to IPR Secretary General Edward C. Carter an 88-page analysis alleging that the institute had been infiltrated by pro-Communist elements. Among other things, Kohlberg alleged that Field was a member of the National Committee of the Communist Party.[23] In 1945, former Soviet spy Elizabeth Bentley told FBI investigators that she had attended a conference in Field's home earlier that year.[24] Also present, she alleged, were Browder, John Hazard Reynolds, head of the United States Service and Shipping Corporation (a Comintern front organization for Soviet espionage activities)[25] and "Ray" Elson (Identified in the "Gorsky memo" under the cover name "Irma")[26]

In 1945 Field was one of the founding members of the Committee for a Democratic Far Eastern Policy, which tried to influence US policy to stop supporting the Kuomintang government in China, and after 1949 to recognize the People's Republic of China.[27]

On April 22, 1948, Louis Budenz, former managing editor of the Daily Worker, advised FBI investigators, "Field is a Communist Party member."[28] In 1949, Field identified himself in Political Affairs as an "American Communist."[29]

Anti-colonialism and Pan-Africanism

Vanderbilt Field was the main donor to the Council on African Affairs, an anti-colonialist and Pan-African organization.[30]

Civil rights activities

Field took an active role in the operation of the Civil Rights Congress, a leftist group of civil rights advocates formed from the merger of the International Labor Defense (ILD), the National Negro Congress, and the National Federation for Constitutional Liberties in Detroit in 1946. The organization concentrated on legal action and political protest, notably publicizing the 1955 lynching of 14-year-old boy Emmett Till and publishing the 1951 document We Charge Genocide. It also helped to pioneer many of the tactics that would be employed by later civil rights workers.[1][31] Field simultaneously acted as both secretary and trustee of the Civil Rights Congress bail fund.[1]

Tydings Committee

In 1950, Budenz testified before the Tydings Committee to personal knowledge that Field was a Soviet espionage agent.[32] Questioned, Field refused to answer on grounds of potential self-incrimination.[33] The following year, former Soviet spy Whittaker Chambers testified before the McCarran Committee that NKVD "handler" J. Peters told him, in 1937, that Field was a member of the Communist underground.[34] Herbert Romerstein, former head of the office to Counter Soviet Disinformation at the United States Information Agency, and the late Eric Breindel placed Field in the GRU apparat, alleging that he "was an agent of Soviet military intelligence."[35]

Yet, writers Kai Bird and Svetlana Chervonnaya, examining the archives in an article of The American Scholar, disagree:

Documents show that he was in contact with various Soviet representatives in the United States beginning in early 1935. Some of these interactions may be described as 'active measures' on behalf of the Soviet Union. Still, what we know does not prove that Field was a full-blown Soviet agent.[36]

As secretary of the Civil Rights Congress bail fund, Field refused to reveal who had put up bond for eight Communist Party officials, who had jumped bail and disappeared after being convicted by the Truman administration Department of Justice for violations of the Smith Act. Convicted of contempt of court since he would not provide the names of any of his Communist friends, Field served two months of a 90-day sentence in federal prison at Ashland, Kentucky, in 1951.[1]

Mexican exile

Field at one point moved with his wife to Mexico in a "self-imposed exile", but he kept up many of his associations. A 1962 visit by Marilyn Monroe was monitored by the FBI out of concern over the actress's connections to Communism, and a "mutual infatuation" between her and Field concerned both "some in her inner circle, including her therapist", according to investigators' files. There was "dismay among her entourage and also among the (American Communist Group in Mexico)." Those file notations were kept redacted until a FOIA request in 2012.[37]

Death

He died on February 1, 2000 at the Walker Methodist Health Center in Minneapolis, where he had been living since his return from Mexico in 1983.[1]

Published works

Books and Scholarly Publications

• From Right to Left: An Autobiography (Lawrence Hill, 1983)
• Thoughts on the Meaning and Use of Pre-Hispanic Mexican Sellos (Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, 1967)
• China's Greatest Crisis (New Century Publishers, 1945)
• China's Capacity for Resistance (American Council, Institute of Pacific Relations, 1937)
• Economic Handbook of the Pacific Area (Doubleday, 1934)
• American Participation in the China Consortiums (Pub. for the American Council, Institute of Pacific Relations by the University of Chicago Press, 1931)

Footnotes

1. Nemy, Enid (February 7, 2000). "Frederick Vanderbilt Field, Wealthy Leftist, Dies at 94". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-05-11. Frederick Vanderbilt Field, who supported Communist causes in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s and was once described as the Reds' pet blueblood, died Feb. 1 at the Walker Methodist Health Center in Minneapolis.
2. Field, Frederick V. From Right to Left. p. 169.
3. "Life of an Angel". Time. January 9, 1950. Retrieved 2008-05-11. Frederick Vanderbilt Field was news the day he was born, Apr. 15, 1905. He was a great-great grandson of Railroad Builder Cornelius Vanderbilt, marked by destiny and carefully drawn wills to be a man of wealth and solid respectability.
4. Ibid.*
5. James Burkhart Gilbert, Writers and Partisans: A History of Literary Radicalism in America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992) ISBN 0-231-08254-1, p. 106
6. Eugene Lyons, The Red Decade: The Stalinist Penetration of America (Indianapolis: The Bobbs Merill Company, 1941), p. 376
7. Guide to the Jefferson School of Social Science
8. "Absent-Minded Professor?" Time, March 10, 1952
9. Bird and Chervonnaya, Op. cit. Archived 2007-10-02 at the Wayback Machine
10. Field, From Right to Left pp. 172–173.
11. Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 0-8078-2245-0, p. 38–39, 131.
12. Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Security Laws, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Interlocking Subversion in Government Departments, (Washington: U S Government Printing Office, 1954), pp. 8–10
13. FBI Report: Southern California Division, American Council, Institute of Pacific Relations, June 13, 1947, p. 3 Archived July 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 3, PDF p. 4)
14. Field, From Right to Lewft
15. "Picketers Picketed," Time, June 2, 1941
16. Field, From Right to Left
17. "White House Pickets Stop At 1,029 Hours," Washington Post, June 22, 1941
18. "Purely for Peace," Time, July 14, 1941
19. Robert J. Hanyok, "Eavesdropping on Hell: Historical Guide to Western Communications Intelligence and the Holocaust, 1939–1945" (Washington, DC: Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency, 2005, 2nd Ed.), p. 119 (PDF page 124)
20. M. Stanton Evans, "McCarthyism: Waging the Cold War in America Archived 2007-10-12 at the Wayback Machine," Human Events, May 30, 1997
21. Lee, Halperin and Joseph are identified in Venona decrypt 880 KGB New York to Moscow, June 8, 1943, p. 1 Archived July 5, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
22. "Alexander Vassiliev’s Own Translation of his Notes on Anatoly Gorsky’s December 1948 Memo on Compromised American Sources and Networks Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine," October 2005
23. FBI Report: Institute of Pacific Relations, Internal Security–C, July 22, 1949, p. 9 (IPR file, Section 4[permanent dead link], PDF p. 11)
24. FBI Report: Underground Soviet Espionage Organization (NKVD) in Agencies of the United States Government[permanent dead link], October 21, 1946 (Silvermaster file, Vol. 82), p. 221
25. Lauren Kessler, Clever Girl: Elizabeth Bentley, the Spy Who Ushered in the McCarthy Era (New York: HarperCollins, 2003) ISBN 0-06-095973-8, p. 77
26. Alexander Vassiliev, Op. cit. Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
27. Garner, Karen (2009-06-01), Precious Fire: Maud Russell and the Chinese Revolution, Univ of Massachusetts Press, ISBN 1-55849-754-4, retrieved 2016-03-14
28. FBI Report: Institute of Pacific Relations, Internal Security–C, p.5 (FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 4[permanent dead link], PDF p. 7)
29. Edward M. Collins, Myth, Manifesto, Meltdown: Communist Strategy, 1848–1991 (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger/Greenwood, 1998), p. 55 ISBN 0-275-95938-4
30. Nixon, Ron (2016). South Africa's Global Propaganda War. London, U.K.: Pluto Press. p. 10. ISBN 9780745399140. OCLC 959031269.
31. Salter, Daren. "Civil Rights Congress (1946–1956)". African American History. Quintard Taylor, Editor. BlackPast.org: Remembered & Reclaimed. http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/civil-r ... -1946-1956
32. "Of Cells & Onionskins," Time, May 1, 1950
33. "In the Dark," Time May 8, 1950
34. Romerstein and Breindel, Op. cit., p. 433
35. Ibid., p. 57
36. Bird, Kai, and Svetlana Chervonnaya. "The Mystery of Ales". The American Scholar (Summer 2007). Internet Archive: Wayback Machine. Retrieved 3 April 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20071002134 ... -bird.html
37. Anthony McCartney (2012-12-28). "FBI removes many redactions in Marilyn Monroe file". Associated Press. Retrieved 2012-12-28.

Further reading

• Frederick Vanderbilt Field, From Right to Left: An Autobiography (Westport, Conn.: L. Hill, 1983). vii, 321p.
• FBI Silvermaster File
• Whittaker Chambers, Witness (New York: Random House, 1952), 382

External links

• Vassiliev, Alexander (2003), Alexander Vassiliev’s Notes on Anatoly Gorsky’s December 1948 Memo on Compromised American Sources and Networks, retrieved 2012-04-21

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Namji Steinemann
by East-West Center
Accessed: 8/26/19

NOTICE: THIS WORK MAY BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT

YOU ARE REQUIRED TO READ THE COPYRIGHT NOTICE AT THIS LINK BEFORE YOU READ THE FOLLOWING WORK, THAT IS AVAILABLE SOLELY FOR PRIVATE STUDY, SCHOLARSHIP OR RESEARCH PURSUANT TO 17 U.S.C. SECTION 107 AND 108. IN THE EVENT THAT THE LIBRARY DETERMINES THAT UNLAWFUL COPYING OF THIS WORK HAS OCCURRED, THE LIBRARY HAS THE RIGHT TO BLOCK THE I.P. ADDRESS AT WHICH THE UNLAWFUL COPYING APPEARED TO HAVE OCCURRED. THANK YOU FOR RESPECTING THE RIGHTS OF COPYRIGHT OWNERS.

Director, AsiaPacificEd Program for Schools
SteinemN@EastWestCenter.org
Phone: 808.944.7596
Fax: 808.944.7070
Area of Expertise: K-12 education on Asia and the Pacific region; Policy and curriculum issues for improved Asia Pacific-related education; Asian American history and related issues

Namji Steinemann is associate director of the EWC Education Program and directs the AsiaPacificEd Program, a national program that helps K-12 schools meet curriculum, assessment and instructional needs concerning the Asia Pacific region. She is the former vice president of the Asia Society’s Education Program and the chief architect of the Society’s Asia in the Schools program. She also served as executive director of the National Commission on Asia in the Schools. Formerly, Steinemann was a Peace Corps teacher in Thailand. She currently serves on the editorial board of Education About Asia, and is active in the National Council for Social Studies Teacher Education and Professional Development committees, and the Notable Social Studies Trade Books for Young People Selection Subcommittee. She is a graduate of East Carolina University and has lived in Korea, Thailand and France.

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Heather Clydesdale, PHD: Curriculum Vitae
by Heather Clydesdale

NOTICE: THIS WORK MAY BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT

YOU ARE REQUIRED TO READ THE COPYRIGHT NOTICE AT THIS LINK BEFORE YOU READ THE FOLLOWING WORK, THAT IS AVAILABLE SOLELY FOR PRIVATE STUDY, SCHOLARSHIP OR RESEARCH PURSUANT TO 17 U.S.C. SECTION 107 AND 108. IN THE EVENT THAT THE LIBRARY DETERMINES THAT UNLAWFUL COPYING OF THIS WORK HAS OCCURRED, THE LIBRARY HAS THE RIGHT TO BLOCK THE I.P. ADDRESS AT WHICH THE UNLAWFUL COPYING APPEARED TO HAVE OCCURRED. THANK YOU FOR RESPECTING THE RIGHTS OF COPYRIGHT OWNERS.

Heather Clydesdale
Academic Year Adjunct Lecturer
Educational Background: PhD Art History and Archaeology, Columbia University, New York, NY,
MA Art History and Archaeology, Columbia University
BA Art History and Chinese Literature, University of Washington & Year Abroad, Peking University, Bejing, People's Republic of China
Courses
ARTH 11A & 12A C&I China on the Silk Roads
ARTH 26 Art! Making China Modern
ARTH 66 Fabricating Nature in East Asia
ARTH 166 From Emaki to Manga
Phone 1-408-551-3350
Location Edward M. Dowd Art and Art History

-- Heather Clydesdale, by Santa Clara University, Department of Art and Art History

EDUCATION

PhD Art History and Archaeology, Columbia University, New York, NY, May 2016
Dissertation: “The Jiuquan Tombs: Reordering Art and Ideas on China’s Frontier” Advisor: Robert E. Harrist, Jr.

M Phil Art History and Archaeology, Columbia University, 2002
Oral exams on early Chinese and Japanese art

MA Art History and Archaeology, Columbia University 1994

BA Art History and Chinese Literature, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 1993
Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, 1990-1991

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE

Adjunct Lecturer, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 2017-present
Courses include a freshman sequence, China on the Silk Roads, along with Art! Making China Modern and Fabricating Nature in East Asian Art.

Instructor, Columbia University, New York, NY 2017
Summer seminar titled, Outliers: How the Frontier Shaped Early Chinese Art and Culture.

Writer and Curriculum Developer, 2006-2017
Author of essays, curricular materials and digital content related to Asia and art for the East-West Center in Honolulu, Asia Society in New York, the Metropolitan Museum of Art’s Timeline of Art History, and the Portland Japanese Garden.

Assistant Director for Curriculum Development, Asia Society, New York, NY 2000-2001
Supervised design, budget, and workflow across a range of K-12 multimedia and teaching programs.

Program Associate, Asia Society, 1999-2000
Oversaw all aspects of various educational programs, including Tune in Korea videos.

Project Manager, Asia Society, 1998-1999
Coordinated the N.E.H.-supported Journeys Along the Silk Roads prototype CD-ROM, working with the academic advisory team, technology experts, educators, and museums worldwide.

TEACHING EXPERIENCE

Instructor, Columbia University, Summer 2017
Organized and will teach a seminar titled, Outliers: How the Frontier Shaped Early Chinese Art and Culture.

Adjunct Instructor, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, 1997
Organized and taught an undergraduate course on the Art of the Western World.

Preceptor, Columbia University, 1996-1997
Organized and taught semester-long undergraduate courses on Western Art Humanities.

Teaching Assistant, Asian Art Humanities, Columbia University, 1996

AWARDS AND HONORS

Weinig Research and Travel Grant (Shaanxi, Ningxia, and Gansu), 1998
Mellon Fellowship for Dissertation Research, Columbia University, 1997-98
Weinig Research and Travel Grant (Xinjiang, Gansu, Henan, and Shanxi), 1995
President’s Fellowship, Columbia University, 1994-96
Phi Beta Kappa, University of Washington, 1993

LANGUAGES

Modern Standard Chinese (speaking, reading, and writing)
Classical Chinese (reading and translation)
Japanese (some speaking and reading)
French (some reading)

COMMUNITY ACTIVITIES

Board of Directors and Chair of Governance Committee, Lan Su Chinese Garden, Portland, OR, 2011-2015

Translation and annotation of Yuwen 《语文》textbooks, pre-K through fourth grade, The International School, Portland, OR 2007-2010

Reviewer, Goldman Sachs Foundation Youth Prizes for Excellence in International Education, New York, NY 2007

Volunteer Editor, Oregon’s Future public policy magazine, Portland, OR 2005

Executive Committee and Board, League of Women Voters of Portland, OR 2003-2005

MEMBERSHIPS AND AFFILIATIONS

Association of Asian Studies
College Art Association

PUBLICATIONS, PRESENTATIONS, AND MULTIMEDIA PROJECTS

Asia Society articles and stories are on my author page on the Asia Society website: <asiasociety.org/education/heather-clydesdale>.

2017

“Buried Towers: The Screen Wall and Artistic Innovation,” Art and Archaeology of the Silk Roads Conference, Portland State University, Portland, OR (October 11-13).

“An Ancient Practice is Uncloaked in an Early Six Dynasties Tomb Painting,” colloquium, Columbia University, New York, NY (March 10).

“Views of the Frontier in a Time of Fragmentation,” invited talk, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (February 9).

2016

“Paintings Excavated in Western China Reveal a Bold Frontier,” invited talk, Portland State University, Portland, OR.

Youth Voices: Virtual Exchange and resources for Think Tank, Opportunities, and Curriculum Sourcebook, as part of an online project to engage educators and youth in global environmental action. Created and funded by the East West Center in Honolulu and the International Union for the Conservancy of Nature, <iucnyouthvoices.org/global-schools-for-local-action>.

Portland Japanese Garden’s 2016 Model Garden Training Seminar: Essays and appendices on Japanese tea ceremony, garden design and architecture, aesthetics, and historical as well as contemporary significance.

Asia Society articles: “A Focus on Fun Spurs Learning,” and forthcoming: “World Language Teachers Find Familiar Ground with the Common Core” and “Will Chinese Language Educators Answer the Community College Challenge?”

2015

“An Ideal Setting: Framing Womanly Paragons in Ming Dynasty Gardens,” invited talk at Land Su Chinese Garden, Portland, OR.

Asia Society articles: “Exploring Islam in China,” “Students Experience the Breadth of China,” “Virtual Exchanges Strengthen Skills and Forge Friendships,” “Robust Support for Teachers Pays Rich Dividends to Schools and Students,” “Weeding Out Errors Helps Language Bloom.”

2014

Asia Society articles: “Simple Machine: Flipping the Classroom Propels Learning,” “Flipped Learning in Motion,” Upriver at Qingming: An Excellent Adventure,” “Flagship Participants Find Their Voice (and Future) in Chinese,” “What’s in Your Toolbox? Ten Implements to Improve Teaching,” and “Calibrating Content and Language in the Immersion Class.”

2013

Asia Society articles: “Destination: Immersion,” “Wave of the Future,” Forward Motion: Advancing Ideas through Film,” “Combing Math and Chinese Immersion Multiplies Benefits,” To Grow Good Writers, Feed Them Great Literature,” “Radicals Reveal the Order of Chinese Characters,” “Language Learning in the Age of the Common Core,” “Mastering the Art of Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language.”

Republic of Korea-USA Teacher Exchange, East-West Center. Assisted in developing a program website for participants of the ROK-USA Teacher Exchange for advancing teachers’ global competence. Funded by the Asia-Pacific Center of Education for International Understanding under the auspices of UNESCO and the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea, <www.globalteachingforum-korea-usa.org>.

Southeast Asia Youth Leadership Program, East-West Center. Consolidated program websites, created navigation and drafted text for this program funded by the US Department of State and the Partnership for Youth Program, <http://www.seaylp-exchange.org>.

2012

China and Globalization, Asia Society. Consulted on and developed content for this online resource that combines language and culture, and was funded by the US Department of Education, <www.asiasociety.org/c+g>.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Curriculum Sourcebook: A Teaching Resource for Primary and Secondary Schools to Foster an Outward-Looking, Stable, Peaceful, and Prosperous ASEAN Community, East-West Center. Helped formulate and refine ASEAN Curriculum submitted to the ASEAN Secretariat; contributed to design and formation of thematic matrix, curricular modules, lesson plans, and editing of the Sourcebook, which was published in 2012 with the support of Ministers of Education in ASEAN nations, all of whom pledged to implement in their countries’ schools. Funded by US Agency for International Development.

At the Crossroads: Southeast Asia in World War II, East-West Center. Assisted with thematic architecture, content organization, and wrote copy for this weblog, which was funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities, <www.asiapacificedcrossings.org/educators/at-thecrossroads- southeast-asia>.

Leading Green: Shaping Sustainable Schools and Communities, East-West Center. Helped design this weblog, including creating thematic structure and organization, and writing copy for the Southeast Asia Youth Leadership Program, which was funded by the Educational and Cultural Affairs Bureau of the US Department of State, <www.seaylp1-2013.org>.

Asia Society articles: “Sprechen Sie Chinesisch? The German Language Convinces Teachers to Immerse Their Classes in Chinese,” “Global Vision: Education Aligns to a New World Order,” “On the Loose: Combining Subjects Invigorates Teaching,” “Revelations from the Brush: A Session with a Master Calligrapher,” an “Upend Convention to Construct Thematic Units.”

2011

“Art as Inquiry: Animating Language and History,” (Presentation), National Chinese Language Conference, April 15, San Francisco.

Asia Society articles: “The Arts as Inquiry: Animating Language and Learning,” “In Step: Pairing Chinese Language with Culture in the Classroom,” and “China All Around: Resources for Introducing China Across the Curriculum.”

AsiaPacificEd Crossings, East-West Center. Helped create thematic structure, organize content, and write copy for this weblog to highlight their AsiaPacificEd’s K-12 programs, http://www.asiapacificedcrossings.org/.

Open Channels on AsiaPacificEd Crossings weblog, East-West Center. This program engaged children across the Asia Pacific to report on the environment in their local communities. Content was organized and copy was written as materials came in during the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) meeting for APEC Leaders Week, which took place in Honolulu, Hawaii in November, http://www.asiapacificedcrossings.org/s ... -channels/.

East-West Consortium for Schools Leading Change: A Partnership of China’s Ministry of Education and the East-West Center. Created webquests and workshop materials; translated participant reflections from Chinese to English for this program to bring teachers and administrators from across China to elevate leadership and teaching with the goal of strengthening education in China.

Vantages on Pearl Harbor, East-West Center. Formulated organizational and thematic structure, and wrote introductory material for the weblog for educational materials and resources related to the six years of East-West Center’s National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Institute on Pearl Harbor: History, Memory, Memorial.

2010

“The Language of Literati Painting,” (invited talk), National Chinese Language Conference, Washington D.C. April, 24.

“Connecting Regions to Learn About China,” (invited talk), National Chinese Language Conference, Washington D.C. April, 24.

Asia Society articles: “California Points to a New Frontier: World Language Education,” “Immersion Teachers Work Backwards So Students Can Go with the Flow,” “Go Global! Classroom Adventures in New Media,” “Teamwork is What It Takes,” and “Building a Corps of Chinese Language Teachers for American Schools.”

2009

“The Vibrant Role of Mingqi in Early Chinese Burials.” The Metropolitan Museum of Art Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, <www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mgqi/hd_mgqi.htm>.

“Internationalism in the Tang Dynasty.” Metropolitan Museum of Art Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, <www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/inte/hd_inte.htm>.

Asia Society articles: “China Calling: Why Educational Leaders Should Go,” “How to Forge Partnerships with Schools in China,” “A Tour of China's Cities,” (interactive map and game) and “Field Trip of Dreams: Bringing the World to Your Classroom Through Film.”

Asia Society stories: “The Mahabharata,” <kids.asiasociety.org/stories/mahabharata> and “Lady Wenji’s Lament,” <kids.asiasociety.org/stories/lady-wenji-and-lament-nomad-flute>.

2008

“The Gift of a Bottle: How the Fullers Turned a Family Collection into the Seattle Art Museum,” The Journal of the International Chinese Snuff Bottle Society, vol. 39, no. 2 (Autumn, 2008), 4-15. Also translated into Chinese and published online.

2007

Asia Society articles: “Japan: Voices from the A-Bomb Blast;” (Co-written with Kajal Shaw), “Microfinance: Seeds of Change,” “Micro vs. Mandarin,” and “Women: The Micro-Mystique.” Prep Talk Interview series: “Discovering China through Youth,” “Approaching China through the Generation Gap,” “Unmasking China through Theater,” “Uncovering China through Rural Life,” “Exploring China through the Experiences of Migrant Workers.

Asia Society series on holidays: “A Climb to Joy: Thaipusam in Malaysia,” “Kites Galore! Basant in Pakistan,” “Hari Raya in Indonesia,” “Dreaming of a Bright Christmas in Australia,” “Celebrating Small Fry: Kodomo-no-hi in Japan,” “Dragons Ahoy! Duan Wu in China,” “Flip, Zip, Aim! Naadam in Mongolia”, “Giving Thanks Under the Autumn Moon: Chuseok in Korea,” “Sparkle and Glow: Diwali in India,” “Bring on the Spring! Nowruz in Iran.” <http://askasia.org/kids/features/dragonfestival.html>.”

2006

Asia Society articles: “Urban Life: Cities on the Rise,” “Shanghai: Metropolitan Idol,” “Singapore: Tough Love in the Nanny State,” “Pandemics: Globalization Bites,” “Deadly Secrets: China and HIV/AIDS,” “Close Calls: The Story of SARS,” “The Copycat Cure: Affordable Medicines,” “Global Climate Change: Face Off with the Future,” “Bangladesh: In the Eye of the Storm,” and “Japan: Who Ate Kyoto?” (Co-written with Janie Dam): “Nuclear Asia: Has the World Gone M.A.D.?” and “North Korea: This is Not About a Test.””

My City Our World workshop materials including: “Sister Cities: What do New York and Shanghai Have in Common?” “Urban Dreams: Why do People Move to the City?” “My City: What is Life Like in New York and Shanghai?” “Urban Legends: What do People Say About Your City?” and “Cities of the Future: How Can Youth Change the City?”

1996

Catalogue entries for Ancient Art from the Shumei Family Collection (New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art).

1993

Researched and wrote exhibition panels on imperial Chinese textiles at the Seattle Asian Art Museum.

[admin]

Heather Clydesdale: Deep Inside Tombs and Eastern Philosophy
by Voices of Santa Clara
5/23/2019

NOTICE: THIS WORK MAY BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT

YOU ARE REQUIRED TO READ THE COPYRIGHT NOTICE AT THIS LINK BEFORE YOU READ THE FOLLOWING WORK, THAT IS AVAILABLE SOLELY FOR PRIVATE STUDY, SCHOLARSHIP OR RESEARCH PURSUANT TO 17 U.S.C. SECTION 107 AND 108. IN THE EVENT THAT THE LIBRARY DETERMINES THAT UNLAWFUL COPYING OF THIS WORK HAS OCCURRED, THE LIBRARY HAS THE RIGHT TO BLOCK THE I.P. ADDRESS AT WHICH THE UNLAWFUL COPYING APPEARED TO HAVE OCCURRED. THANK YOU FOR RESPECTING THE RIGHTS OF COPYRIGHT OWNERS.

Ep. 58

Heather Clydesdale is an adjunct lecturer in art history, focusing on Chinese art history. She responded to one of my emails saying, “I have had adventures in China—my research (3rd century tombs in the far west of China) takes me to remote places, some epic landscapes, and deep underground to multi-chambered tombs (some with bats and mummies).”

Dr. Clydesdale got a Ph.D. in Archaeology and Art History from Colombia, and teaches several classes with fascinating titles: “China on the Silk Roads,” “Art! Making China Modern (19th-21st century art and politics)” and “Fabricating Nature (philosophy, painting and landscape design in China, Korea, and Japan).”

In this conversation, we dive deep into Dr. Clydesdale’s adventures across China and India; what Americans can learn from Eastern cultures and philosophies; the value of learning another language; and navigating tradition and innovation.

https://player.pippa.io/voices-of-santa ... philosophy

[admin]

Tibet Society: Our Story
by tibetsociety.com
Accessed: 9/1/19

NOTICE: THIS WORK MAY BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT

YOU ARE REQUIRED TO READ THE COPYRIGHT NOTICE AT THIS LINK BEFORE YOU READ THE FOLLOWING WORK, THAT IS AVAILABLE SOLELY FOR PRIVATE STUDY, SCHOLARSHIP OR RESEARCH PURSUANT TO 17 U.S.C. SECTION 107 AND 108. IN THE EVENT THAT THE LIBRARY DETERMINES THAT UNLAWFUL COPYING OF THIS WORK HAS OCCURRED, THE LIBRARY HAS THE RIGHT TO BLOCK THE I.P. ADDRESS AT WHICH THE UNLAWFUL COPYING APPEARED TO HAVE OCCURRED. THANK YOU FOR RESPECTING THE RIGHTS OF COPYRIGHT OWNERS.

-- Tibet House US, by tibethouse.us

-- Tibetan Friendship Group, by tibet.org

-- Obituary: Sir Algernon Rumbold, by John Billington

The girl named Karen, she had a book that supposedly was based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead. It was written by Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert, or later, Ram Dass -- right? The classic story of the 60s, I suppose. And I was so curious because of the extraordinary experience I had, that I wanted to find the original Tibetan Book of the Dead. So I went to this esoteric bookstore in London and I asked, “Do you have the Tibetan Book of the Dead?” They said, “Oh, no, no, it’s out of print. It’s been out of print for a while. But wait a minute, we have a used copy of another book in that same series that was edited by Evans-Wentz, it’s called ‘Tibetan Yoga and Secret Doctrines.’ Would you be interested in that one?” And I said, “Okay, Let me have a look.” So I ended up buying this used copy of this book, “Tibetan Yoga and Secret Doctrines.”

And it turned out it was all about the six yogas of Naropa, about which previously I knew nothing at all. And it somehow seemed really fascinating to me....

And actually, the book also said that, “You can’t hope to attain enlightenment unless you connect with a realized master in the practice lineage.” So then I was thinking, “Well, how on earth am I going to do that, because Tibet is on the other side of the planet, and I’m here in London, and I have no connection with anything to do with that.” But I began making the aspiration in my mind, “May I connect with a realized master in the practice lineage.”...

So one day in my mind I was making this aspiration, and I had this sudden thought come to my mind, “Go to the phone book and look up ‘Tibet.’” And I thought, “That’s crazy. What’s that going to do?” And I thought, “Yeah, yeah, but what have you got to lose?” So I went to the phone book, and I looked up “Tibet.” Now in London, there’s 12 million people, the phone book is in four volumes, but I looked up in the “T’s,” and there was only one entry that began with the word “Tibet.” And that was “The Tibet Society of the United Kingdom.”

So I saw that, and noted down the address -- I think it was 58 Eccleston Square -- and I didn’t think of phoning. I thought, “Well, I’ll go in person to see what happens.” ...

[S]o I got in the car, and I knew where Eccleston Square was, and I managed to find a parking place ... And it was sort of a Victorian townhome. And I went up the steps and there was a brass plate that said, “Buddhist Society.” And I thought, “Ha, that’s a good sign.” And underneath it it said, “Tibet Society.” So I pressed that bell push, the buzzer sounded, the door opened, and I went in.



And there was an arrow pointing down to the basement. So I went down to the basement, full of anticipation that there was going to be something very esoteric -- I was sure about that – “Tibet Society!” And there was this middle-aged English woman with her hair in a bun, typing away on an old manual typewriter, looking at me at the top of her glasses and saying, “How can we help you?” And I said, “Well, tell me about the Tibet Society.” And she said, “Oh, it’s a charitable organization, raising money for Tibetan refugees in India. Would you care to make a donation?” I thought, “This is crazy.” And I think I gave her 10 shillings, and I was about to leave, thinking that this was a total waste of time. And at that moment, a young woman came in the door, and she kind of pulled me aside and she said, “If you don’t mind me asking, ‘what are you doing here’?” I said, “Well, it’s really hard to explain, but I’m really interested in the teachings of the Kagyu order of Tibetan Buddhism.” She said, “Oh, you know there are two Tibetan lamas in this country, and they belong to that Kagyu order.” And then she reached into her purse and she pulled out a photo, and she pointed to the one on the left and she said, “That’s Trungpa. That’s the one you want to meet.” I said, “Yes. Okay.” And then she proceeded to give me the address and phone number. They were living in Oxford....

And I rushed home, and I phoned the number in Oxford, and asked to speak to Venerable Trungpa, and someone with a weird foreign accent said, “Oh, he no here right now. Better you write to him.” And then they gave me an address of some place called Biddulph in Staffordshire, Biddulph Old Hall in Staffordshire.

-- Richard Arthure on Meeting Chogyam Trungpa, by The Chronicles of Chogyam Trungpa Rinpoche

The Tibet Society was founded shortly after his Holiness left Tibet in 1959 by a number of philanthropic souls in the UK, including Francis Beaufort-Palmer and Hugh Richardson. Initially, they had nowhere to house it, but Christmas Humphreys suggested that they come to Eccleston Square, where they set up their office in the basement.

-- The 90th Anniversary of The Buddhist Society 1924–2014, by The Buddhist Society

We've been having a bit of re-organise here in the office and, with kind help from volunteers Carole and Neil, we have unearthed some fascinating documents and photos dating all the way back to Tibet Relief Fund's beginnings in 1959. One such photo was of Francis Napier Beaufort-Palmer, the founder and first chairman of Tibet Relief Fund.

Mr. Beaufort-Palmer was a remarkable man with a strong sense of social justice and was particularly motivated by helping people in small countries who suffered at the hand of foreign powers. Following news of the Dalai Lama's escape from Tibet, in April 1959 he wrote a letter to The Times suggesting that a society be set up to support Tibet. In July, a further letter was sent to The Times informing readers that the newly formed Tibet Society had opened a "Tibet Relief Fund" to bring practical relief to Tibetan refugees; from this Tibet Relief Fund was established. Now, over 50 years later, our work covers a broader brief including projects inside Tibet.

Francis [Napier] Beaufort-Palmer was Chairman of Tibet Relief Fund for 15 years and remained a trustee until he died ten years later in 1984.

TIBETAN REFUGEES

Sir. – Recent devastating events in Tibet caused over 15,000 Tibetans to cross the perilous Himalayas into India. It may be a long time before these unfortunate people can safely return to their overrun country. Our own consciences should allow us neither to neglect nor forget them.

The Indian Government has manfully coped with this addition to its own problems at home. In this country we are bound in honour to help relieve needs of the Tibetan refugees, because from 1905 to 1947 there was a special relationship between Tibet and the United Kingdom – a relationship handed on to the new India.

On balance we think it wisest to concentrate chiefly on collecting money which can be used for the benefit of the refugees, not least in the purchase of necessary antibiotics and other medicaments. The Tibet Society has opened a Tibet Relief Fund for which we now appeal in the hope of a generous response. Donations should be sent to the address below or direct to the National Bank Ltd. (Belgravia Branch), 21 Grosvenor Gardens, S.W.I.

Thubten Jigme Norbu; F.M. Bailey; Birdwood; J.D. Boyle; [Indian Foreign Secretary Sir] Olaf Caroe; Clement Davies; A.D. Dodds-Parker; Peter Fleming [Master of Deception: The Wartime Adventures of Peter Fleming, by Alan Ogden]; Thomas Moore; [Esmond Harmsworth, 2nd Viscount Rothermere] Harmsworth; Marco Pallis; Hugh E. Richardson; Francis Napier Beaufort-Palmer, Chairman; Major J.C.W. Napier-Munn [Tac HQ Calcutta (Advanced HQ ALFSEA)], Hon. Secretary; D.C. Nicole, Hon. Treasurer, The Tibet Society.
The Tibet Relief Fund, 58 Eccleston Square, S.W. I., Letter to the Times, July 31, 1959, p.7./quote]

-- The Founding of Tibet Relief Fund, Tibet Matters, Issue 17, Autumn 2013, by Tibet Relief Fund

Tibet Society is the world’s first ever Tibet support group. The Society was founded in 1959, within weeks of the flight of the Dalai Lama from Tibet following the uprising against China’s occupation. Today, the organisation continues to work actively for the freedom of the Tibetan people and their right to self-determination.

All the founders of Tibet Society had personal knowledge of an independent and free Tibet, having either lived in Lhasa or had direct dealings with the Tibetan government.

Hugh Richardson, the British Representative in Tibet, was among the dignitaries who greeted the young Dalai Lama when, in 1939, aged just four, he first entered Lhasa. Heinrich Harrer, when in Lhasa in the 1940s, coached the Dalai Lama in English and maths. Robert Ford, who remained Vice President until his death in 2013, was captured and imprisoned for five years by the invading Chinese army in 1950 when serving as radio officer to the Tibetan Government. Well known High Court Judge and founder of the Buddhist Society, Christmas Humphreys, first met the Dalai Lama in 1956.

Our Board


PEMPA LOBSANG
CHAIRMAN

Pempa Lobsang is the former Chairman of the Tibetan Community in Britain. Pempa is an active member of the Tibetan community and having served on the council for the community for over 7 years, he has intimate knowledge of the workings of the Tibetan community and is well placed to represent the views of the community and contribute to the work of The Society to benefit all Tibetans. Pempa is an alumnus of the Pestalozzi Children’s Village and a qualified accountant by profession. He currently works for an insurance company in the City as a Senior Accountant. He is also a keen footballer and is part of the London Tibetan Football Club.


FREDRICK R HYDE-CHAMBERS
HONORARY PRESIDENT

Fredrick ‘Riki’ Hyde-Chambers is the former chairman of the Tibet Society of the UK and Hon President of the Tibet Relief Fund. He currently serves as a council member. He has been involved in the campaign for justice for Tibet all his adult life and has authored three books on Tibet: ‘Lama’ a novel published in seven countries; the ‘Mouse King’ with Yeshe published by Puffin’ ‘Tibetan Folktales’ with Audrey Hyde-Chambers published by Shambhala Publications. Professionally, he served for many years as Director of the Industry and Parliamentary Trust, receiving the OBE for services to Industry and Parliament, and is currently the Executive Chairman of Enterprise and Parliamentary Dialogue International which works in countries in transition, with a particular focus on Georgia and Africa. He is also Chairman of the Buddhist Chaplaincy Support Group.


DALHA TSERING
COUNCIL MEMBER

Dalha Tsering is the current Chairman of the Tibetan Community in Britain.

Our Contributors

JENNY JAMES
Newsletter Editor

Jenny has been a valued member of the Tibet Society for the last 30 years and in early 2018 decided to increase her support by producing a monthly Society newsletter. This ties in nicely with her role as Editor of Contact Magazine – a digest of Tibetan news and issues – which is published in India and online and is an excellent way to read the latest news about Tibet. Jenny is a regular visitor to McLeod Ganj, the seat of the Tibetan Government-in-Exile and residence of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, which keeps her up to date with what is going on in the Tibetan exile world. She lives in Shropshire.

*****************

Parliamentary Exchange Advocacy

Tibet Society is dedicated in its work to support Tibetan democracy and to offer opportunities for Tibetans to advocate directly to UK policy-makers and parliamentarians. To further this aim, the Society formed an innovative Parliamentary Exchange Programme.



Tibet Society has been running the exchange programme since 2007, and in addition to Tibetan MPs visiting Westminster, UK MPs have travelled to Dharamsala to observe the processes of the Tibetan Parliament-in-Exile and forge a stronger understanding between British and Tibetan parliamentarians.

2019 Parliamentary Exchange Programme

Keep your eyes peeled for the Parliamentary Exchange planned for the early half of 2019!

2018 Parliamentary Exchange Programme

A cross-party delegation of MPs from the three largest parties in the UK travelled to the seat of the Tibetan Government-in-Exile in Dharamshala, northern India from 26-29 September 2018.

Rt Hon Tim Loughton MP (Conservative), Hon Kerry McCarthy MP (Labour) and Hon Chris Law MP (Scottish National Party) met His Holiness the Dalai Lama and President of the Tibetan Government-in-Exile, Dr Lobsang Sangay, to discuss the human rights situation in Tibet.



The three delegates also had a session with the Speaker of Tibetan Parliament-in-Exile, Ven Khenpo Sonam Tenphel, as well as a session with Dhardon Sharling, Secretary of the Department of Information and International Relations, who was able to bring them up to date on the situation inside and outside Tibet, especially in relation to the international community whose support is so vital to the Tibetan cause.

The group took the opportunity to meet civil society groups who do so much for the Tibetan cause, and also visited cultural institutions which aim to preserve Tibetan culture, including the Norbulingka Institute, the Library of Tibetan Works and Archives (LTWA) and the Tibet Museum. Such institutions are crucial to document, preserve, research, exhibit and educate Tibetans and non-Tibetans on all matters related to Tibet’s history, culture and present situation.

Our 2009 Parliamentary Exchange Programme

In 2009, Tibet Society invited four Tibetan MPs to visit Westminster, giving them the chance to learn about British parliamentary processes first hand. In June 2009 Dolma Gyari, Ngawang Lhamo Kanang, Tsetan Norbu and Gyalrong Dawa Tsering formed a delegation from the Tibetan Parliament-in-Exile. As part of our Parliamentary exchange programme the MPs were in the UK to undertake a series of engagements and workshops. The busy schedule included workshops on media skills, devolution, the role of a modern MP, committee work and parliamentary scrutiny, plus observing Prime Minister’s Questions and an evidence session of the Scottish Affairs Committee. Importantly, the delegation also had opportunities to advocate for the Tibetan cause, and did so in meetings at the Foreign Office with the China & Hong Kong Desk and Asia Research Group; at Parliament with members of the Foreign Affairs Committee; with MPs at an All Party Parliamentary Group for Tibet meeting and with the public at the Centre for Reconciliation and Peace. The delegation also met informally with peers such as Baroness Harris of Richmond, Lord Steel and Lord Alton and Chinese democracy activists in Westminster, and met with Tibet Society members at a reception at the Houses of Parliament. A lively question and answer session gave members of the Tibetan community a chance to put their views across to the MPs.

*****************

Tibet Society Attends Parliamentary Reception to Mark ‘The Future of Tibet, Heartland of Asia’ Exhibition at the Scottish Parliament



On 6 March, Tibet Society attended a Parliamentary Reception at the Scottish Parliament to mark the Exhibition ‘The Future of Tibet, Heartland of Asia’. The exhibition will run from 4-8 March 2019 in the Garden Lobby of the Scottish Parliament with the aim of raising awareness about the situation in Tibet and the importance of the region to the global environment.

It reception was hosted by Linda Fabiani MSP, Speaker of the Parliament, in conjunction with the Scottish Centre for Himalayan Research.

The chair of the CPGT, Hon Linda Fabiani MSP, welcomed a four-member Tibetan Parliamentary delegation to the Scottish Parliament and expressed her support and that of her Parliamentary colleagues in the Cross Party Group to the issue of Tibet.

The Tibetan delegation, lead by the Deputy Speaker, Acharya Yeshi Phuntsok, are visiting the UK from 4-12 March and will be participating in a range of events to mark the 60th anniversary of the Tibetan National Uprising of 1959.



In his address to the Parliamentary reception, Acharya Yeshi Phuntsok called for the continued support of MSPs towards a peaceful resolution of the Tibet issue. The Deputy Speaker highlighted that after 60 years of Chinese occupation, Tibetans inside and outside of Tibet continue to fight tirelessly for their human rights and freedoms. He raised the case of Tibetan language advocate, Tashi Wangchuk, who is currently serving a 5 year prison sentence for simply calling for Tibetan language education in schools.

The exhibition raised awareness about the importance of the Tibetan plateau to the entire planet. The Tibetan Plateau is widely known as the Third Pole because it contains the largest reserve of fresh water outside the polar regions. Ten of Asia’s largest rivers begin in Tibet, including the Yellow river and Yangtze river in China, the Irrawaddy river in Myanmar, the Ganges, which flows through India and Bangladesh, and the Mekong river, which spans through 6 different countries over the course of almost 5,000 km.

When addressing the gathering, The Representative of the Office of Tibet in London, Mr Sonam Frasi said ‘The future of Tibet to the whole world is far more important than is recognised. Tibetans have preserved and looked after the plateau’s ecology for centuries. Tibetans have observed an ethical preservative approach to the mountains, lakes, rivers, its flora and fauna… [but] over the past 60 year, China has continuously exploited the natural resources of Tibet.”

Tibet needs protecting, not just for Tibetans, but for the environmental health and sustainability of the entire world. Governments must heed the warning or the risk to our planet may be catastrophic.



Hon Patrick Harvie MSP and leader of Scottish Green Party & his Green Party colleague Hon Ross Greer; along with Hon Maureen Watt MSP and Hon Angus MacDonald, both from the Scottish National Party, also attended the Parliamentary reception.

Tibet Society, Free Tibet and other Tibet support groups also attended the event.

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Pestalozzi International Village
by Wikipedia
Accessed: 9/1/19

NOTICE: THIS WORK MAY BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT

YOU ARE REQUIRED TO READ THE COPYRIGHT NOTICE AT THIS LINK BEFORE YOU READ THE FOLLOWING WORK, THAT IS AVAILABLE SOLELY FOR PRIVATE STUDY, SCHOLARSHIP OR RESEARCH PURSUANT TO 17 U.S.C. SECTION 107 AND 108. IN THE EVENT THAT THE LIBRARY DETERMINES THAT UNLAWFUL COPYING OF THIS WORK HAS OCCURRED, THE LIBRARY HAS THE RIGHT TO BLOCK THE I.P. ADDRESS AT WHICH THE UNLAWFUL COPYING APPEARED TO HAVE OCCURRED. THANK YOU FOR RESPECTING THE RIGHTS OF COPYRIGHT OWNERS.

I ended up staying in England for many months trying to get the whole thing sorted out. I kept thinking that it would just be a few more days, a few more weeks, and then Osel would be able to be with us. I had to go through several hearings with Maurice, trying to arrange to have Osel released to me. Eventually, we arranged for him to leave the Woodmans and go to the Pestalozzi Village in the south of England. We knew that Osel would be in a good setting there while we worked out the legal problems.

The Pestalozzi Village was established after World War II to care for orphans and refugees displaced by the war. In the 1960s, they began taking in Tibetan refugees, followed by refugees from other Asian and African nations. The first Pestalozzi Village was in Switzerland. The one in England was established somewhat later. They had different houses where residents of a particular nationality lived, and they provided an excellent education and loving care for the children there. There was a housemother and housefather for every residence. Osel was able to be with other Tibetans where he could speak his own language. Tibetan was still his main language at that time. Once Osel moved to the Pestalozzi Village, I was able to visit him regularly, and I would go down to see him as often as I could.

It took months to make these arrangements, and I stayed most of the time in London in Beauchamp Place with Francesca Fremantle, who generously shared her flat with me. She was a close student of Rinpoche's from Samye Ling who later spent time in the United States and taught at the University of Colorado and Naropa Institute. She and Rinpoche worked together on the translation of the Tibetan Book of the Dead. She's quite a brilliant scholar. She was incredibly kind to me during this difficult period.

Early in the fall, after his seminars were done at Tail of the Tiger, Rinpoche flew over for about a week. I was so glad to see him. He sometimes liked to cook, often quite unusual creations, and he cooked dinner one night at Francesca's. His peanut butter and lemonade soup would be a good example of his unconventional cuisine. In London, he cooked roast chicken basted in liquid vitamins for Francesca and me. I told him this was disgusting; he said I was too conservative in my thinking and simply needed to open my mind.

We visited Osel together at the Pestalozzi Village while Rinpoche was in England. The Woodmans had told Osel frightful stories about Rinpoche, so at that time, Osel was quite afraid of his father. It was heartbreaking.

-- Dragon Thunder: My Life with Chogyam Trungpa, by Diana J. Mukpo with Carolyn Rose Gimian

This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (October 2012)

Pestalozzi International Village Trust
Abbreviation PIVT
Formation 1957
Legal status Charity
Purpose Providing Education to Academic minded scholars from low economy countries
Location
Sedlescombe, East Sussex, United Kingdom
Website http://www.pestalozzi.org.uk/

Pestalozzi International Village Trust (formerly called Pestalozzi Children's Village Trust) is an educational charitable organisation based in East Sussex, England.[1]

Overview

The Pestalozzi Children’s Village (German: Kinderdorf Pestalozzi) was established in Trogen, Switzerland, in 1946, after the Second World War, to accommodate and educate children from both sides of the war.[2] The concept soon spread to other countries, and in the UK the Pestalozzi Children Village was opened. The charity is named after a Swiss educationalist called Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi who believed in educating the heart, hands and head as a complete educational system. Pestalozzi Village initially offered children vocational courses to equip them with skills from agriculture to carpentry.

Today, Pestalozzi International Village UK sponsors students from developing countries to study the International Baccalaureate Diploma Course programme at Sussex Coast College Hastings, (formerly called Hastings College of Arts and Technology) in St Leonards-on-Sea. The village also sponsors different programmes overseas such as educational empowerment of Tibetans living in India also in Nepal. The charity relies on contributions from the public government bodies and individuals.

History

Pestalozzi International Village is an educational charity based in Sedlescombe, East Sussex, England. The charity was founded in the UK in 1957 to support the Pestalozzi Swiss Village in Switzerland.[3] The village was built on a 170-acre (0.69 km2) estate in Sedlescombe, UK and opened in 1959. 40 children between the ages of 10 and 18 from 15 European countries were accommodated and educated according to the principles of Swiss educationist called Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi. Children were educated in local schools in Hastings and St Leonards-on-Sea. In later years, the trust's focus has changed to providing educational opportunities for young people aged 16 to 19 who are academically bright but financially disadvantaged.

Educational programme

Pestalozzi Scholars study the International Baccalaureate at Sussex Coast College Hastings. They come from different countries, live and learn together. While in the village, scholars participate in other programmes such Pestalozzi Outreach educational programmes,[4] gardening, Ecolab and others.

Patron and management

HRH The Duke of Gloucester GCVO is the Patron of Pestalozzi International Village Trust. The village is headed by a Chief Executive Officer.

Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester, KG, GCVO, GCStJ (Richard Alexander Walter George; born 26 August 1944) is the youngest grandchild of King George V and Queen Mary. He practised as an architect until the death of his elder brother placed him in direct line to inherit his father's dukedom of Gloucester, which he inherited, as the second duke, in 1974. He is a paternal cousin of Queen Elizabeth II, and currently 27th in the line of succession to the British throne as well as the first in line not descended from King George VI. He is also the senior male line descendant of three British monarchs: Victoria, Edward VII and George V....

He is Royal Patron of the UK branch of the charity Habitat for Humanity,[11] Royal Patron of the St George's Society of New York,[12] and President of The London Society....

The Duke and Duchess of Gloucester's official residence is at Kensington Palace in London.[15]...

The Duke is also patron of the Severn Valley Railway and the Pestalozzi International Village Trust. He is also a patron of the British Homeopathic Association, a charity dedicated to the study, research and promotion of homeopathy.[19]...

His Royal Highness Prince Richard Alexander Walter George, Duke of Gloucester, Earl of Ulster and Baron Culloden, Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, Grand Prior of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem.

-- Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester, by Wikipedia

References

1. “Pestalozzi International Village Trust” Archived 2008-09-21 at the Wayback Machine, ProfitNet, University of Brighton
2. “Pestalozzi Children Village at Trogen”, UNESCO
3. “A Short History”[permanent dead link], Pestalozzi International Village Trust
4. “Pestalozzi for Schools”, Pestalozzi International Village Trust

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Industry and Parliament Trust
by Wikipedia
Accessed: 9/1/19

NOTICE: THIS WORK MAY BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT

YOU ARE REQUIRED TO READ THE COPYRIGHT NOTICE AT THIS LINK BEFORE YOU READ THE FOLLOWING WORK, THAT IS AVAILABLE SOLELY FOR PRIVATE STUDY, SCHOLARSHIP OR RESEARCH PURSUANT TO 17 U.S.C. SECTION 107 AND 108. IN THE EVENT THAT THE LIBRARY DETERMINES THAT UNLAWFUL COPYING OF THIS WORK HAS OCCURRED, THE LIBRARY HAS THE RIGHT TO BLOCK THE I.P. ADDRESS AT WHICH THE UNLAWFUL COPYING APPEARED TO HAVE OCCURRED. THANK YOU FOR RESPECTING THE RIGHTS OF COPYRIGHT OWNERS.

The Industry and Parliament Trust (IPT) is a charity that works to promote the mutual understanding of Parliament and business. It works within the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the European Parliament and with organisations from all sectors of industry. It is non-partisan, non-lobbying and not-for-profit.

Its activities include:

• Fellowship programmes for Members of Parliament (MPs), Members of the European Parliament (MEPs), peers and senior parliamentary staff. Fellowships provide the opportunity to gain hands-on experience in one more companies through bespoke programmes of placements;
• Courses, seminars, panel discussions, lectures and events for policymakers, businesspeople and civil servants;
• Attachments for civil servants.

The Industry and Parliament Trust is based in Whitehall, London, close to the Houses of Parliament.

Fellowships

A quarter of the current House of Commons are Fellows of the Industry and Parliament Trust. Fellowships are open to all MPs, peers, UK MEPs and senior House Staff irrespective of their political party. Most Fellowships consist of 18 days over 18 to 24 months, and all programmes are explicitly educational and non-lobbying, intended to give parliamentarians a greater understanding of the issues facing business and the British economy.

High-profile IPT Fellows include:

• The Rt Hon David Blunkett MP
• The Rt Hon Andrew Stunell OBE MP
• The Hon Ed Vaizey MP
• Tom Watson MP
• John Whittingdale OBE MP
• The Rt Hon Baroness Fookes DBE DL
• The Rt Hon Baroness Jay of Paddington
• The Rt Hon Lord Martin of Springburn, former Speaker of the British House of Commons
• The Rt Hon Baron Mawhinney
• The Rt Hon Lord McFall of Alcluith
• The Rt Hon Lord McNally PC

Former MPs who are IPT Fellows include:

• Edwina Currie
• Jacqui Smith

List of current on-going Fellowships

All Fellows receive a cartoon upon completion of their Fellowship, an original copy of which is retained at the British Cartoon Archive at the University of Kent.[1]

Governance and secretariat

The IPT Board of Trustees includes six MPs and three members of the House of Lords. It also includes Brendan Keith, Clerk of the House of Lords, and Paul Evans, Principal Clerk of Select Committees.[2] The current chair of the trustees is Baroness Harris of Richmond and the Presidents are the Speaker of the House of Commons, The Rt Hon John Bercow MP, the Speaker of the House of Lords, The Rt Hon Baroness D'Souza CMG, and Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice, The Rt Hon Chris Grayling MP.[3]

The Chief Executive is Nick Maher who began at the IPT in July 2011 having previously served in the Ministry of Defence on a team constructing a 'New Employment Model' for the Armed Forces. His predecessor was Sally Muggeridge, who served as Chief Executive for seven years.

The IPT employs thirteen members of staff, all based in Whitehall, London.

History

The IPT was founded in 1977 by the CEOs of 10 major British companies who sought to create dialogue between business and Parliament. It became a registered charity in 1983. The IPT has organised more than 600 Fellowship programmes since it was founded in 1977.[4]

When the IPT was set up, just 15% of MPs had any direct business experience.[5] Today that figure is around 46%. Needless to say there is still a substantial proportion of MPs without the necessary understanding of business.

In October 2009 the IPT commissioned a research project into the business experience of the Prospective Parliamentary Candidates (PPCs) who stood in the 2010 General Election. The research found that of the PPCs in winnable seats, less than half (48%) had any form of business management or financial services experience.[6]

Related organisations

The IPT has sister projects in Wales (Industry and National Assembly for Wales Association) and Northern Ireland (Northern Ireland Assembly and Business Trust). A Scottish project, the Scottish Parliament Business Exchange closed in 2016.

References

1. http://www.ipt.org.uk/Fellowships/Fello ... rtoons.htm
2. "Annual Report 2017" (PDF). Industry and Parliament Trust. 2017.
3. "IPT > About Us". http://www.ipt.org.uk.
4. http://www.ipt.org.uk/AboutUs/History.htm
5. Brook, Rosemary (1994). "The Industry and Parliament Trust: Contributing to better government and greater prosperity of UK plc". Journal of Communication Management. 4(1), 57-63.
6. "PPCs Business Backgrounds: An Analysis".

External links

• Industry and Parliament Trust

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Enterprise and Parliamentary Dialogue International
International Affairs, London
by linkedin.com
Accessed: 9/1/19

NOTICE: THIS WORK MAY BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT

YOU ARE REQUIRED TO READ THE COPYRIGHT NOTICE AT THIS LINK BEFORE YOU READ THE FOLLOWING WORK, THAT IS AVAILABLE SOLELY FOR PRIVATE STUDY, SCHOLARSHIP OR RESEARCH PURSUANT TO 17 U.S.C. SECTION 107 AND 108. IN THE EVENT THAT THE LIBRARY DETERMINES THAT UNLAWFUL COPYING OF THIS WORK HAS OCCURRED, THE LIBRARY HAS THE RIGHT TO BLOCK THE I.P. ADDRESS AT WHICH THE UNLAWFUL COPYING APPEARED TO HAVE OCCURRED. THANK YOU FOR RESPECTING THE RIGHTS OF COPYRIGHT OWNERS.

Overview

EPDI is an international professional network with thirty years of democratic experience in improving democratic consultation mechanisms, with the ultimate objective of informing economic policy and legislation for the benefit of the whole national economy.

It achieves its aims by:

• Strengthening democratic consultative mechanisms
• Forming transparent and effective relationships between enterprises, parliamentarians and civil society
• Devising national models, taking into account the national characteristics
• Facilitating different parties so they reach consensus without any actor losing any face
• Its ability to help different actors to grasp the realities of complex issues
• Its transparency and neutrality without any lobbying efforts or hidden agenda

Website http://www.enterpriseparliament.org/ Industry International Affairs Company size 2-10 employees Type Nonprofit Founded 2011
Enterprise and Parliamentary Dialogue International
14 Great College Street, London, SW1P 3RX, GB

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The Dalai Lama
by The Central Intelligence Agency
Date: July, 1960?
Approved for Release: 8/14/2001

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YOU ARE REQUIRED TO READ THE COPYRIGHT NOTICE AT THIS LINK BEFORE YOU READ THE FOLLOWING WORK, THAT IS AVAILABLE SOLELY FOR PRIVATE STUDY, SCHOLARSHIP OR RESEARCH PURSUANT TO 17 U.S.C. SECTION 107 AND 108. IN THE EVENT THAT THE LIBRARY DETERMINES THAT UNLAWFUL COPYING OF THIS WORK HAS OCCURRED, THE LIBRARY HAS THE RIGHT TO BLOCK THE I.P. ADDRESS AT WHICH THE UNLAWFUL COPYING APPEARED TO HAVE OCCURRED. THANK YOU FOR RESPECTING THE RIGHTS OF COPYRIGHT OWNERS.

THE DALAI LAMA

I. As a result of recent Tibetan developments Prime Minister Nehru in a dilemma, caught between widespread Indian sympathy for Tibetans and the need to conciliate Chinese Communists, whose military position on India’s border is now increasingly strong.

A. Nehru’s answer has been to maintain carefully limited Indian Government position of giving asylum to Dalai Lama and fellow refugees while avoiding any public support which would imply political sponsorship.

II. Dalai Lama, for his part, has felt his way cautiously towards a strong role as exiled political leader of his people.

A. Nehru has urged limitation to purely spiritual activities, but Dalai Lama has taken steadily stronger public as well as behind-the-scenes position in advocating Tibetan case both to the world at large and to the Governments of India and the United States.

B. To Nehru’s distress, on 20 June Dalai Lama came close to proclaiming government-in-exile when he said “Wherever I am, I am accompanied by my government, which the Tibetan people recognize as the Government of Tibet.”

C. Dalai Lama might have gone further, and sooner, had he been more certain of finding support elsewhere if his position in India became untenable.

D. He went as far as he did only after receiving assurances [through clandestine channels] from Washington that, if his position [did] in India became untenable, the U.S. Government would help him find other asylum.

1. Dalai Lama was urged in the same message to present his case to the world as strongly as possible while seeking to avoid a rupture of relations with the GOI.

III. On Tuesday (18 July) [DELETE] a message [DELETE] came from the Dalai Lama stating he hopes to obtain recognition for his government-in-exile from some nation, even though it be one with unimportant or no relations with the Government of India, in order to set a precedent.

A. Dalai Lama specifically requested U.S. Government assistance in obtaining such recognition.

B. He asked whether, if no government is willing to extend him recognition while he remains in India, the U.S. Government would recommend that he establish a government-in-exile elsewhere; and if so, where.

IV. At present, active study being given to: problems of presenting Tibetan case before the United Nations; to legal basis for doing so; and to means of finding a sponsor.

A. While no decision reached on any of these issues, it is clear that Dalai Lama will feel greatly let down if at least some of the Free World nations do not take an active role in presenting his case and in seeking some concrete action such as condemnation by the General Assembly.

B. Dalai Lama is well-educated in Tibetan terms; in our terms, however, [DELETE] while deeply patriotic [but] he is politically unsophisticated person who cannot be expected to comprehend complex issues which must be considered by various Free World governments in deciding their positions even in this clear-cut case of Communist wrongdoing.

V. There would be two possible bases for a case before the United Nations: A charge of Chinese Communist violation of the human rights provisions of the United Nations Charter, or a charge of violating the Genocide Convention – a United Nations agreement.

A. Probability of some from of action in the United Nations at least on Genocide basis is heightened by a 206-page report documenting genocide charges issued last Friday (24 July) by the International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) and submitted to the United Nations Secretary-General.

A history of acts of genocide. Following attempts by the Tibetan government to secure international support against the Chinese invasion and occupation of Tibet, and in response to the widespread, systematic and targeted nature of the violence and physical destruction of the 1950s, the International Commission of Jurists (ICJ), a group of international legal scholars based in Geneva, produced two reports on evidence relating to the question of genocide in Tibet. Its 1960 report found that “acts of genocide had been committed in Tibet in an attempt to destroy the Tibetans as a religious group.”2

-- 60 Years of Chinese Misrule Arguing Cultural Genocide in Tibet, by International Campaign for Tibet, a Report by the International Campaign for Tibet, Washington, DC, Amsterdam, Berlin, Brussels, London. http://www.savetibet.org

VI. Unfortunately, the soundings [DELETE] taken in various Far Eastern countries indicate that, with the exception of the Governments of South Vietnam and the Republic of China, no Asian government is willing to take the lead in sponsoring the Tibetan case at the United Nations or in granting asylum to the Dalai Lama should he have to leave India.

A. South Vietnam is of course not a member of the UN. so could not be a sponsor; sponsorship by the Chinese Nationalists should be avoided if the Tibetan case is to have its fullest impact on Asians in general.

VII. Reasons for Asian unwillingness to act vary from country to country.

A. Burma does not wish to compound its difficulties with the Chinese Communists over Burma’s disputed northern border.

B. Reasons for Thailand’s foot-dragging are not entirely clear but involve among other factors the different form of Buddhism practiced there.

C. Moslem countries and the Catholic Philippines are not willing to take any initiative as long as the Buddhist countries remain on the side lines.

VIII. The lack of support by Asian governments has extended even to an unwillingness to offer the Dalai Lama official invitations to visit their countries.

A. Although the United States has informed the Dalai Lama that we consider an early visit to Asian capitals desirable, he has refused to do so except in response to an official initiative from one or more, probably feeling that an unofficial visit might cut the ground from under his claim to being the head of a government-in-exile.

B. He has, however, indicated willingness to send delegates representing him to countries which extend nonofficial invitations.