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Henry Whitehead (bishop)
by Wikipedia
Accessed: 6/17/20
© National Portrait Gallery, London. Henry Whitehead, by Elliott & Fry. Albumen cabinet card, circa 1900. Given by Corporation of Church House, 1949. Sitter: Henry Whitehead (1863-1947), Bishop of Madras. Artist:
Elliott & Fry (active 1863-1962), Photographers. Portrait set: Photographs of Anglican Bishops, 1860s-1940s
Henry Whitehead (19 December 1853 – 14 April 1947) was an eminent Anglican bishop in the last decade of the 19th century[1] and the first quarter of the 20th.
Whitehead was educated at Sherborne and Trinity College, Oxford.[2] Ordained in 1879 his first post was as a preacher at St Nicholas, Abingdon.[3] He then emigrated to India where he was principal of Bishop’s College, Calcutta[4] from 1883 to 1899. On St Peter's Day (29 June) 1899, he was consecrated a bishop by Frederick Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury, at St Paul's Cathedral,[5] to serve as the fifth Bishop of Madras,[6][7] an office he held for 23 years. In 1903 he married Isabel Duncan.[8] A noted author on his adopted country, he died on 14 April 1947.[9] He had become a Doctor of Divinity (DD).
Whitehead was the brother of the philosopher Alfred North Whitehead and the father of the mathematician J. H. C. Whitehead.
Publications
• Whitehead, Henry (1916). The Village Gods of South India. Humphrey Milford.
• Whitehead, Henry (1924). Indian Problems in Religion, Education, Politics. Constable.
• Anderson, George; Whitehead, Henry (1932). Christian Education in India. Macmillan.
References[edit]
1. The Clergy List, Clerical Guide and Ecclesiastical Directory London, John Phillips, 1900
2. "Who was Who"1897-1990 London, A & C Black, 1991 ISBN 0-7136-3457-X
3. "Church details". Archived from the original on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
4. Anglican History
5. "Consecration of bishops". Church Times (#1901). 30 June 1899. p. 783. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 30 October 2019 – via UK Press Online archives.
6. "Consecration Of Bishops". Canterbury Journal, Kentish Times and Farmers' Gazette. 8 July 1899. p. 7 col B. Retrieved 28 May 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive.
7. The Times, Monday, 13 February 1899; p. 12; Issue 35751; col A Ecclesiastical Intelligence New Bishop of Calcutta
8. "Marriage". Warminster & Westbury Journal, and Wilts County Advertiser. 18 July 1903. p. 8 col E. Retrieved 28 May 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive.
9. "Obituary Bishop Whitehead Forty Years In India" The Times Thursday, 17 April 1947; p. 7; Issue 50737; col E
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J. H. C. Whitehead [John Henry Constantine Whitehead]
by Wikipedia
Accessed: 6/17/20
J. H. C. Whitehead
Born: 11 November 1904, Madras (Chennai), India
Died: 8 May 1960 (aged 55), Princeton, New Jersey
Nationality: British
Alma mater: Oxford University; Princeton University
Known for: CW complex; Simple homotopy; Crossed module; Whitehead group; Whitehead manifold; Whitehead product
Awards: Senior Berwick Prize (1948); Fellow of the Royal Society[1]
Scientific career
Fields: Mathematics
Institutions: Oxford University
Doctoral advisor: Oswald Veblen
Doctoral students: Ronald Brown; Graham Higman; Peter Hilton; Ioan James
John Henry Constantine Whitehead FRS[1] (11 November 1904 – 8 May 1960), known as Henry, was a British mathematician and was one of the founders of homotopy theory. He was born in Chennai (then known as Madras), in India, and died in Princeton, New Jersey, in 1960.
Life
J. H. C. (Henry) Whitehead was the son of the Right Rev. Henry Whitehead, Bishop of Madras, who had studied mathematics at Oxford, and was the nephew of Alfred North Whitehead and Isobel Duncan. He was brought up in Oxford, went to Eton and read mathematics at Balliol College, Oxford. After a year working as a stockbroker, at Buckmaster & Moore, he started a PhD in 1929 at Princeton University. His thesis, titled The representation of projective spaces, was written under the direction of Oswald Veblen in 1930. While in Princeton, he also worked with Solomon Lefschetz.
He became a fellow of Balliol in 1933. In 1934 he married the concert pianist Barbara Smyth [Barbara Sheila Carew Smyth] , great-great-granddaughter of Elizabeth Fry and a cousin of Peter Pears; they had two sons. In 1936, he co-founded The Invariant Society, the student mathematics society at Oxford.[2]
During the Second World War he worked on operations research for submarine warfare. Later, he joined the codebreakers at Bletchley Park [with Alan Turing], and by 1945 was one of some fifteen mathematicians working in the "Newmanry", a section headed by Max Newman and responsible for breaking a German teleprinter cipher using machine methods.[3] Those methods included the Colossus machines, early digital electronic computers.[3]
From 1947 to 1960 he was the Waynflete Professor of Pure Mathematics at Magdalen College, Oxford.
He became president of the London Mathematical Society (LMS) in 1953, a post he held until 1955.[4] The LMS established two prizes in memory of Whitehead. The first is the annually awarded, to multiple recipients, Whitehead Prize; the second a biennially awarded Senior Whitehead Prize.[5]
Joseph J. Rotman, in his book on algebraic topology, as a tribute to Whitehead's intellect, says, "There is a canard that every textbook of algebraic topology either ends with the definition of the Klein bottle or is a personal communication to J. H. C. Whitehead."[6]
Whitehead died from an asymptomatic heart attack during a visit to Princeton University in May 1960.[7]
In the late 1950s, Whitehead had approached Robert Maxwell, then chairman of Pergamon Press, to start a new journal, Topology, however Whitehead died before its first edition appeared in 1962.
Work
Whitehead's definition of CW complexes gave a setting for homotopy theory that became standard. He introduced the idea of simple homotopy theory, which was later much developed in connection with algebraic K-theory. The Whitehead product is an operation in homotopy theory. The Whitehead problem on abelian groups was solved (as an independence proof) by Saharon Shelah. His involvement with topology and the Poincaré conjecture led to the creation of the Whitehead manifold. The definition of crossed modules is due to him. He also made important contributions in differential topology, particularly on triangulations and their associated smooth structures.
Selected publications
• Whitehead, J. H. C. (October 1940). "On C1-Complexes". The Annals of Mathematics. Second Series. 41 (4): 809–824. doi:10.2307/1968861. JSTOR 1968861.
• J. H. C. Whitehead, On incidence matrices, nuclei and homotopy types, Ann. of Math. (2) 42 (1941), 1197–1239.
• J. H. C. Whitehead, Combinatorial homotopy. I., Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 55 (1949), 213–245
• J. H. C. Whitehead, Combinatorial homotopy. II., Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 55 (1949), 453–496
• J. H. C. Whitehead, A certain exact sequence, Ann. of Math. (2) 52 (1950), 51–110
• J. H. C. Whitehead, Simple homotopy types, Amer. J. Math. 72 (1950), 1–57.
• Saunders MacLane, J. H. C. Whitehead, On the 3-type of a complex, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 36 (1950), 41–48.
• Whitehead, J.H.C. (1961). "Manifolds with Transverse Fields in Euclidean Space". The Annals of Mathematics. 73 (1): 154–212. doi:10.2307/1970286. JSTOR 1970286. (published posthumously)
See also
• Simple homotopy
• Spanier–Whitehead duality
• Whitehead conjecture
• Whitehead problem
• Whitehead link
• Whitehead theorem
• Whitehead torsion
• Whitehead's lemma (Lie algebras)
References
1. Newman, M. H. A. (1961). "John Henry Constantine Whitehead. 1904-1960". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 7: 349–363. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1961.0025.
2. The Early History of the Invariant Society by Robin Wilson, printed in The Invariant (2010), Ben Hoskin
3. Paul Gannon, Colossus: Bletchley Park's Greatest Secret, 2006, Atlantic Books; ISBN 1-84354-330-3. p. 347
4. "MacTutor History of Mathematics archive". Retrieved 8 July 2007.
5. "List of LMS prize winners". Retrieved 27 July 2013.
6. https://www.springer.com/us/book/9780387966786
7. James, I. M. (1962). Mathematical Works of J. C. H. Whitehead. Oxford: Pergamon. p. xviii. ISBN 9781483164731. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
External links
• J. H. C. Whitehead at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
• O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "J. H. C. Whitehead", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.
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Oliver Whitehead
by Wikipedia
Accessed: 6/17/20
Oliver Whitehead
Oliver Whitehead in 2013
Background information
Born: 29 August 1948 (age 71), Oxford, England, United Kingdom
Genres: Jazz, classical
Occupation(s): Guitarist, composer, teacher
Instruments: Guitar
Years active: 1968–present
Labels: Justin Time, IBS, Angel Air
Associated acts: Linda Hoyle, Mo Foster, The Antler River Project
Oliver Whitehead is a guitarist and composer, originally from England, who has worked mostly in Canada. He is an Associate Composer at the Canadian Music Centre.[1] His orchestral works include the oratorio We Shall be Changed (1993), Concerto For Oboe (1996) and Pissarro Landscapes (2000). His jazz album Free For Now was nominated for a Juno Award as Best Jazz Album of 1985.[2] He has composed for, and played with, many individual musicians and groups over the years, most recently world music/jazz group The Antler River Project,[3] the singer Linda Hoyle and the music producer and songwriter/composer Mo Foster. The Fetch, an album of original songs by Linda Hoyle, Mo Foster and Whitehead, was released in August 2015. In 2018, Whitehead’s first opera, Look! An Opera in 9 Paintings – about a couple on an awkward date at an art gallery – was debuted to sold-out performances[4] at Museum London, Canada. Whitehead collaborated with Hoyle on the libretto.
Early life and influences
Oliver's father Henry Whitehead was a mathematician at Balliol College, Oxford, and a codebreaker at Bletchley Park during World War II. His son knew almost nothing of the latter fact until 1995, three decades after his father's death, when the Official Secrets Act on WWII service expired. His mother Barbara began a career as a concert pianist (under her maiden name Smyth), but spent most of the 1950s and 60s running a farm that the family bought in the tiny village of Noke, near Oxford. Barbara's first cousin was the operatic tenor Peter Pears, partner of composer Benjamin Britten. Pears and Britten were close with the Whiteheads, often exchanging visits.
Oliver grew up in a home where classical music was highly valued—and jazz was little understood and rarely played. His parents tried to give him formal piano lessons. Instead, Oliver taught himself guitar and, by means of the radio and his wind-up 78 rpm gramophone, soon discovered all the British chart-toppers of the day, such as Tommy Steele, Lonnie Donegan and Cliff Richard, later finding more advanced models in Andres Segovia and Django Reinhardt.
After his father's early death in 1959, when Oliver was 11, his mother increasingly spent time in Donegal, Ireland, where she had holidayed as a child, eventually moving there permanently in 1970. Traditional Irish tunes became another ingredient in Oliver's mental music box.
The only guitar lesson Oliver ever took was from Julian Bream, who showed him a few blues and jazz licks, during a Christmas party with Britten and Pears in 1962.
At school, Oliver and his friends (including blues singer-guitarist Giles Hedley[5]) shared a passionate love of blues and folk, mostly American. He came to the US at age 17, to study literature at Princeton University, where his father had worked for many years at the Institute For Advanced Study. In 1970 he moved to Canada to pursue post-graduate studies at the University of Toronto.
Musical career
In 1978,Oliver moved to London, Ontario to take up an academic post at Western University. With the encouragement of some new friends there, he began to play and compose jazz for the first time, and formed the Oliver Whitehead Quintet (1983–1990), fronted by sax player Chris Robinson, to play original compositions by him and pianist Patrick Dubois. Their first LP was encouragingly nominated for Best Jazz Album in Canada's Juno Award of 1985. The quintet played twice at the Montreal International Jazz Festival, as well as other jazz fests in Detroit, Toronto, Ottawa, Edmonton and Vancouver.
By 1997, Whitehead was incorporating more world music elements in his compositions, beginning with The Mass For All Creatures, a full length mass commissioned for a Blessing of the Animals ceremony, for child and adult choirs, and instrumentation that included African percussion and Celtic harp. The key players in that work went on to form The Antler River Project, which continues to play original jazz/world music compositions by Whitehead and pianist Steve Holowitz.
Whitehead wrote his first classical / art music piece—the oratorio We Shall Be Changed—in 1993, on commission from Pro Musica and Orchestra London Canada. That oratorio is based on the book Cosmic Consciousness by Richard Maurice Bucke, an early 20th-century psychiatrist and mystic who lived in London, Ontario. Other classical commissions followed, described in the list below.
Teaching
Whitehead has never taught music. After completing a PhD in Comparative Literature at the University of Toronto, under Northrop Frye, he began in 1978 to teach English and Comparative Literature and Culture, at Western University in London, Ontario, and continued for the next 35 years. Although he started as a full-timer, he resigned in 1988, to take up year-to-year, part-time contracts at the university, to devote more time to music. Over the years, his teaching course load focused on Shakespeare, Foundations of Literature (Homer, Virgil the Bible, Renaissance) and Literature and Music; as well as general survey courses. The field of Comparative Literature allowed him the freedom to break traditional academic boundaries by incorporating all the art forms, especially music, in his courses.
Personal life
Whitehead has been married since 1984 to Mary Malone, a journalist and communications project manager from Montreal. They have two daughters, Anne and Claire. He is a cryptic crossword addict.
Discography
Compositions
Jazz
• Latitude 43 (2011): Played by The Antler River Project (guitar, keyboards, flute, bass, drums, percussion). Whitehead compositions include: "Altitude," "Early Snow," "The River Suite" (movements 1 and 2) "Dusty Feet," "Whirlpool," "African Galliard," "El Jefe" (with co-composer Steve Holowitz).
• Resonance (1985): Played by Oliver Whitehead and Marg Stowe (two guitars). Whitehead compositions include: "Seen Through Green;" "Life Won't Stand Still;" "Plain and Simple;" "By The Sea;" and these titles, co-composed with Marg Stowe: "Openings," "Folie A Deux," "The House of the Spirits."
• Pulse/Impulse[6] (1985): Played by the Oliver Whitehead Quintet (guitar, keyboards, saxophone, bass, drums). Whitehead compositions include: "The Leopard Hunts," "Street Level," "Green Shade," "Touch The Heart" (with co-composer Patrick Dubois).
• Free For Now (1984): Played by the Oliver Whitehead Quintet (guitar, keyboards, saxophone, bass, drums). Whitehead compositions include: "Free For Now," "Six String Waltz," "Excuses, Excuses," "Woman In Blue," "Crazy Season." Liner notes by Katie Malloch of CBC Radio.
Pop / Rock
• The Fetch (2015) : All songs include lyrics written and sung by Linda Hoyle. Whitehead compositions: “The Fetch,” “Confessional,” “Brighton Pier,” “It’s The World,” “Maida Vale,” “So Simple,” “Acknowledgements.” Played by several musicians in Canada and England. Instrumentation includes: guitars, bass (acoustic, electric and fretless), drums, percussion, cello, piano, keyboards, church organ, mandolin, accordion, electric sitar, soprano sax.
Classical and art music
• Look! An Opera in 9 Paintings (2018): A 60 minute chamber opera for soprano and baritone, with piano and cello accompaniment; music and libretto by Oliver Whitehead, with co-lyricist Linda Hoyle and additional lyrics by Claire Whitehead. Supported by the London Arts Council and the Good Foundation Inc. Premiere: 3 June 2018 at Museum London, Canada.
• Excitations (2012) : A three-movement work for flute and piano. Premièred 9 November 2012. with Fiona Wilkinson,[7] flute, and Mark Payne, piano. Von Kuster Hall, Western University.
• Brushstrokes Decorating A Fan (2008): A song-cycle of seven settings of short poems by James Reaney for Soprano voice, flute, piano and guitar; co-composed with Steven Holowitz. Premiere, 15 February 2008 at First St. Andrew's United Church, London, ON, with Sonja Gustafson, soprano.
• Uhuru Peak (2008): A 15-minute work for cello and orchestra, commissioned by Christine Newland and Orchestra London, and supported by a grant from the Ontario Arts Council. Premiere: 6 June 2008 at the Grand Theatre, London, Ontario.
• The Blue Scales Quintet (2007): Commissioned by CBC Radio for the Ottawa Chamber Music Festival, was composed in 2007 and received its premiere at the festival on 5 August 2008. It is a three-movement piece with many elements drawn from jazz. The mandate of the composition was to use the same instrumentation as Schubert's "Trout" quintet, to which the title punningly refers.
• Pissarro Landscapes (2000): Four pieces for clarinet, piano and string orchestra (length: c.15 m.) Co-commissioned by the International Symphony Orchestra and the Woodstock Strings for Jerome Summers, clarinet. Premiere: 12 February 2000, by the ISO, Port Huron, Michigan. Recorded by Jerome Summers for the Cambria label in Ottawa, April 2006
• The Mass For All Creatures (1997): A world-music mass commissioned by St Paul’s Anglican Cathedral in London, Ontario, written for adult choir, children’s choir and an ensemble of flute, Celtic harp, guitar, piano, bass and 3 percussionists. Premiere: October 1997. Released on CD in the fall of 1998
• Games Without Rules (1997): A Seven-part electro-acoustic composition for MIDI-implemented flute, oboe and sequencer. Premiere by Fiona Wilkinson[8] and Harry Sargous, 5 March 1997
• Concerto For Oboe (1997): Premiered 26 November 1997. Ian Franklin with Orchestra London Canada
• The Sorcerer's Apprentice (1995): A 40-minute electronic ballet score for the Ontario Ballet Theatre. Performed throughout Ontario from Oct.'95 to April '96
• Home/Suite/Home (1994): A suite in five movements for woodwind quintet. It is the title piece on the Aeolian Winds' CD of the same name (released summer 1998) on the IBS label. It has been broadcast twice in its entirety by CBC Radio 2, in performances by the Aeolian Winds: 1) A performance on 30 September 1994. 2) A performance in 1996 in London, Ont
• The Lion, The Witch And The Wardrobe: A ballet adaptation of C.S Lewis's classic children's story, commissioned by the Ontario Ballet Theatre and choreographed by Patti Caplette of the Royal Winnipeg Ballet. The work is approximately forty minutes in length.
• We Shall Be Changed (1993): An oratorio in six movements (43 minutes) for choir with symphony orchestra, premiered by London Pro Musica and Orchestra London in May 1993.
• Aladdin: A forty-minute ballet score for the Ontario Ballet Theatre. Choreographed by Patti Caplette.
• The Wind In The Willows: A 40-minute electronic ballet score for the Ontario Ballet Theatre
• Childhood Musette (1992): A setting of James Reaney's poem for voice and piano, performed by Ernest Redekop in "The Great Reaney Suite," 16 February 1992, Von Kuster Hall, UWO
• Rapunzel: A 40-minute electronic score for the Ontario Ballet Theatre.
• The Magic Flute: A 40-minute electronic ballet for the Ontario Ballet Theatre
References
1. "Composer Showcase". Canadian Music Centre. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
2. "Yearly Summary". JUNO, Canada's Music Awards. The Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences (CARAS). 1985. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
3. "The Antler River Project". Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
4. "A museum. An opera. A unique London experience". The London Free Press. 19 June 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
5. "Giles Hedley". Giles Hedley. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
6. "Downbeat". Downbeat: 38. October 1986.
7. "Fiona Wilkinson, Flute". Western University. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
8. "Fiona Wilkinson, Associate Professor, Flute and Chamber Music". Western University. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
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Richard Maurice Bucke
by Wikipedia
Accessed: 6/17/20
Richard Maurice Bucke.
Richard Maurice Bucke (18 March 1837 – 19 February 1902), often called Maurice Bucke, was a prominent Canadian psychiatrist in the late 19th century.
An adventurer during his youth, Bucke later studied medicine. Eventually, as a psychiatrist, he headed the provincial Asylum for the Insane in London, Ontario. Bucke was a friend of several noted men of letters in Canada, the United States, and England.[1]
Besides publishing professional articles, Bucke wrote three non-fiction books: Man's Moral Nature, Walt Whitman, and Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind, which is his best-known work.
Early life
Richard Maurice Bucke was born in 1837 in Methwold, England, the son of Rev. Horatio Walpole Bucke (a parish curate) and his wife Clarissa Andrews. The parents and their children emigrated to Canada when he was a year old, settling near London, Ontario.
Horatio W. Bucke had given up the profession of religious minister, and trusted his family's income to their Ontario farm. A sibling in a large family, Richard Maurice Bucke was a typical farm boy of that era. He was an athletic boy who enjoyed a good ball game. When he left home at the age of 16, he traveled to Columbus, Ohio and then to California. Along the way, Bucke worked at various odd jobs. He was part of a travelling party who had to fight for their lives when they were attacked by Shoshone Indians, whose territory they were trespassing.[2]
In the winter of 1857–58, he was nearly frozen to death in the mountains of California, where he was the sole survivor of a silver-mining party.[3] He had to walk out over the mountains and suffered extreme frostbite. As a result, a foot and several of his toes were amputated. He then returned to Canada via the Isthmus of Panama, probably in 1858.[4][5]
Medicine and Psychiatry
Bucke enrolled in McGill University's medical school in Montreal, where he delivered a distinguished thesis in 1862. Although he practiced general medicine briefly as a ship's surgeon (in order to pay for his sea travel), he later specialized in psychiatry. He did his internship in London (1862–63) at University College Hospital. During that time he visited France.
He was for several years an enthusiast for Auguste Comte's positivist philosophy.[2] Huston Smith said of Comte's philosophy: "Auguste Comte had laid down the line: religion belonged to the childhood of the human race.... All genuine knowledge is contained within the boundaries of science."[6] Comte's belief that religion, if by that is meant spirituality, had been outmoded by science contrasts with Bucke's later belief concerning the nature of reality.
Bucke returned to Canada in 1864 and married Jessie Gurd in 1865; they had eight children. In January 1876, Bucke became the superintendent of the Asylum for the Insane in Hamilton, Ontario. In 1877, he was appointed head of the provincial Asylum for the Insane in London, Ontario, a post he held for nearly the remainder of his life. In his work with asylum inmates, he was a reformer who encouraged organized sports and what is now called occupational therapy.[2] Some of his surgical treatments proved deeply controversial. After adopting the Victorian-era theory that mental illness in women was often due to defective reproductive organs, Bucke began performing surgical removals of these organs from female patients. He continued this practice until his death, despite receiving increasing amounts of criticism from the medical health care community.[7]
Cosmic consciousness experience
In 1872, after an evening of stimulating conversation with a friend in the countryside, Richard M Bucke, was traveling back to London in a buggy. He relates:
He later described the characteristics and effects of the faculty of experiencing this type of consciousness as:
• its sudden appearance
• a subjective experience of light ("inner light")
• moral elevation
• intellectual illumination
• a sense of immortality
• loss of a fear of death
• loss of a sense of sin
Bucke's personal experience of the inner state had yet another attribute, mentioned separately by the author: the vivid sense of the universe as a living presence, rather than as basically lifeless, inert matter.[8]
Bucke did not immediately record the details and interpretation of his experience. This was not done until years later, and only after he had researched much of the world's literature on mysticism and enlightenment and had corresponded with many others about this subject.
Cosmic Consciousness
Bucke's magnum opus was his book Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind.[10] The book is a compilation of various theories rather than strictly a simple record of his original mystical experience.
Bucke borrowed the term "cosmic consciousness" from Edward Carpenter, who had traveled and studied religion in the East. Bucke's friend,[2] Carpenter, had derived the term "cosmic consciousness" from the Eastern term "universal consciousness." In his description of his personal experience, Bucke combined his recollection with thoughts of another of his friends, Caleb Pink ("C.P.")[11]—and others—and recorded his experience in a poetic style.
Cosmic Consciousness was a book which he researched and wrote over a period of many years. It was published in 1901 and has been reprinted several times since then. In it, Bucke describes his own experience, the experiences of contemporaries (most notably Walt Whitman), and the experiences of historical figures, including Jesus, Saint Paul, Muhammad, Plotinus, Dante, Francis Bacon, William Blake, Buddha, and Ramakrishna.
Bucke developed a theory that posited three stages in the development of consciousness:
• the simple consciousness of animals
• the self-consciousness of the mass of humanity (encompassing reason, imagination, and foresight)
• cosmic consciousness — an emerging faculty which is the next stage of human development
Within self-consciousness, there exist gradations among individuals in their degrees of intellectual development and talent. (Bucke considered that no doubt there would be gradations within the level of cosmic consciousness, as well.)
Among the effects of humanity's natural evolutionary progression, Bucke believed he detected a long historical trend in which religious conceptions and theologies had become less and less frightening.
In Cosmic Consciousness, beginning with Part II, Bucke explains how animals developed the senses of hearing and seeing. Further development culminated in the ability to experience and enjoy music. Bucke states that, initially, only a small number of humans were able to see colors and experience music. But eventually these new abilities spread throughout the human race until only a very small number of people were unable to experience colors and music.
In Part III, Bucke hypothesizes that the next stage of human development, which he calls "cosmic consciousness," is slowly beginning to appear and will eventually spread throughout all of humanity.
Bucke’s vision of the world was profoundly optimistic. He wrote in Part I (“First Words”) “that the universe is so built and ordered that without any peradventure all things work together for the good of each and all, that the foundation principle of the world is what we call love and that the happiness of every one is in the long run absolutely certain.”[12]
Involvement with poetry and literature
Bucke was deeply involved in the poetry scene in America and had friends among the literati, especially those who were poets. In 1869, he read Leaves of Grass by Walt Whitman, an American poet, and was deeply impressed by it.[2] In Cosmic Consciousness, he notes that his cosmic consciousness experience occurred following a night reading Whitman and Romantic poets.[13] Later, he met Whitman in 1877 in Camden, New Jersey, and the two developed a lasting friendship.
Bucke later testified that he was "lifted to and set upon a higher plane of existence" because of his friendship with Whitman. He published a biography of Whitman in 1883 and was one of Whitman's literary executors.[14]
In 1882, Bucke was elected to the English Literature Section of the Royal Society of Canada.[2]
Death
On February 19, 1902, Bucke slipped on a patch of ice in front of his home and struck his head. He died a few hours later without regaining consciousness.
Legacy
Bucke's concept of cosmic consciousness took on a life of its own (though not always well understood) and influenced the thought and writings of many other people. His work is directly referenced by the mystics Franklin Merrell-Wolff [15] and Ouspensky,[16] and it was essential to Aldous Huxley's concept of the perennial philosophy [17] and Evelyn Underhill's concept of mysticism.[18] In India, Aurobindo uses the term cosmic consciousness extensively in his work [19] and Ramana Maharshi was asked about Bucke's concept.[20] Erich Fromm says, in Psychoanalysis and Zen Buddhism, 'What Bucke describes as cosmic consciousness is, in my opinion, precisely the experience which is called satori in Zen Buddhism' and that "Bucke's book is perhaps the book most germane to the topic of this article."[21]
Along with William James's classic work The Varieties of Religious Experience (which cites Bucke), Bucke's Cosmic Consciousness has become part of the foundation of transpersonal psychology.
Bucke was part of a movement that sought to improve the care and treatment of mentally ill persons.
He was one of the founders of the Medical School of the University of Western Ontario. His papers are held at Western University's Archives and Research Collections Centre. The finding aid can be found here https://www.lib.uwo.ca/files/archives/a ... g_Aid1.pdf
He was portrayed by Colm Feore in the 1990 Canadian film Beautiful Dreamers.
Publications
• Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. 2009. ISBN 9780486471907.
• Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind,1905 Innes edition, facsimile, 37 MB PDF file.
• Diary of R. Maurice Bucke, M.D., C.M, 1863.
• Man's Moral Nature: An Essay, 1879 Internet Archive
• Richard Maurice Bucke, Medical Mystic: Letters of Dr. Bucke to Walt Whitman and His Friends, Artem Lozynsky (editor), 1977, Wayne State University Press, ISBN 0814315763.
• The New Consciousness: Selected Papers of Richard Maurice Bucke 1997, compiled by Cyril Greenland & John Robert Colombo. Toronto: Colombo & Company.
• Walt Whitman (original 1883 edition). OCLC 859421735
• Walt Whitman's Canada 1992, compiled by Cyril Greenland & John Robert Colombo. Toronto: Hounslow Press.
See also
• Cosmic Consciousness
• New Thought
• Nondualism
• Recept
• Spirituality
• Walter Russell
• Henry Landor
References
1. Rechnitzer, Peter A. (1994) The Life of Dr. R.M. Bucke
2. Rechnitzer, Peter A. (1994)
3. Bucke, Richard M. (June 1883). "Twenty-five years ago". Overland Monthly. I. (Second series) (6): 553–560.
4. James H Coyne, Richard Maurice Bucke: A Sketch. Toronto: Henry S. Saunders, 1923, Revised edition Reprinted from the Transactions of The Royal Society of Canada, 1906 pp. 26-30. (NB: Henry Mills Hurd says he returned to Canada in 1860.)
5. Hurd, Henry Mills; William Francis Drewry (1917). The institutional care of the insane in the United States and Canada. 4. et al. Johns Hopkins Press. (google books link) p. 555
6. Smith, Huston (2001) Why Religion Matters. San Francisco: Harper Collins, pp. 94 & 97
7. "The Hysterical Female". Restoring Perspective: Life & Treatment at London's Asylum.
8. Bucke, Richard Maurice (2009). Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-486-47190-7.
9. Bucke, Richard Maurice (2009). Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-486-47190-7.
10. Bucke, Richard Maurice (2009). Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-47190-7.
11. Pink, Caleb (1895). The Angel of the Mental Orient. London: William Reeves.
12. Bucke, Richard Maurice (2009). Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-486-47190-7.
13. Cosmic Consciousness, 7
14. Edward Haviland Miller, Walt Whitman, The Correspondence, New York University Press, 1961, vol.1, p.vii
15. Franklin Merrell-Wolff's Experience and Philosophy, 12
16. see The Cosmic Consciousness of Dr. Richard M. Bucke
17. see pg 68 of Huxley's Perennial Philosophy
18. see Underhill, Mysticism, 7, 193, 255
19. see The Divine Life part 1
20. Be As You Are: The Teachings of Sri Ramana Maharshi, pg 21: "Q: Of what nature is the realization of westerners who relate that they have had flashes of cosmic consciousness
21. Fromm, Erich (1960). Psychoanalysis and Zen Buddhism. George Allen & Unwin. ISBN 0-04-616029-9.
Bibliography
• James, William (1987), The Varieties of Religious Experience, Library of America, pp. 1–477, ISBN 978-0-940450-38-7.
• James H Coyne, Richard Maurice Bucke: A Sketch, 1906, J. Hope & Sons
• George Hope Stevenson, The Life and Work of Richard Maurice Bucke,: An Appraisal, 1937 (American Journal of Psychiatry, 93, pp. 1127 – 1150)
• Cyril Greenland, Richard Maurice Bucke, M.D. 1837-1902. The evolution of a mystic, 1966
• Samuel Edward Dole Shortt, Victorian Lunacy : Richard M. Bucke and the Practice of Late Nineteenth-Century Psychiatry, 1986, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30999-9
• Peter Rechnitzer, The Life of Dr. R.M. Bucke, 1994, Quarry Press 1997 edition: ISBN 1-55082-064-8
• P. D. Ouspensky, The Cosmic Consciousness of Dr. Richard M. Bucke, Kessinger Publishing, 2005 edition: ISBN 1-4253-4399-6 (48 pp)
• Susan Maynard, The Illumination of Dr. Bucke: A Journey Beyond the Intellect, 2014, AuthorHouse, Kindle eBooks: ASIN: B00MJ5YKFA (website: http://theilluminationofdrbucke.com)
External links
• Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
• Notes on Bucke at McGill University
• Collections at University of Western Ontario
• Zero Summer
• Cosmic Consciousness at Google Books
• Works by or about Richard Maurice Bucke at Internet Archive
• Works by Richard Maurice Bucke at Project Gutenberg
• Beautiful Dreamers (1990) on IMDb
by Wikipedia
Accessed: 6/17/20
© National Portrait Gallery, London. Henry Whitehead, by Elliott & Fry. Albumen cabinet card, circa 1900. Given by Corporation of Church House, 1949. Sitter: Henry Whitehead (1863-1947), Bishop of Madras. Artist:
Elliott & Fry (active 1863-1962), Photographers. Portrait set: Photographs of Anglican Bishops, 1860s-1940s
Henry Whitehead (19 December 1853 – 14 April 1947) was an eminent Anglican bishop in the last decade of the 19th century[1] and the first quarter of the 20th.
Whitehead was educated at Sherborne and Trinity College, Oxford.[2] Ordained in 1879 his first post was as a preacher at St Nicholas, Abingdon.[3] He then emigrated to India where he was principal of Bishop’s College, Calcutta[4] from 1883 to 1899. On St Peter's Day (29 June) 1899, he was consecrated a bishop by Frederick Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury, at St Paul's Cathedral,[5] to serve as the fifth Bishop of Madras,[6][7] an office he held for 23 years. In 1903 he married Isabel Duncan.[8] A noted author on his adopted country, he died on 14 April 1947.[9] He had become a Doctor of Divinity (DD).
Whitehead was the brother of the philosopher Alfred North Whitehead and the father of the mathematician J. H. C. Whitehead.
Publications
• Whitehead, Henry (1916). The Village Gods of South India. Humphrey Milford.
• Whitehead, Henry (1924). Indian Problems in Religion, Education, Politics. Constable.
• Anderson, George; Whitehead, Henry (1932). Christian Education in India. Macmillan.
References[edit]
1. The Clergy List, Clerical Guide and Ecclesiastical Directory London, John Phillips, 1900
2. "Who was Who"1897-1990 London, A & C Black, 1991 ISBN 0-7136-3457-X
3. "Church details". Archived from the original on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
4. Anglican History
5. "Consecration of bishops". Church Times (#1901). 30 June 1899. p. 783. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 30 October 2019 – via UK Press Online archives.
6. "Consecration Of Bishops". Canterbury Journal, Kentish Times and Farmers' Gazette. 8 July 1899. p. 7 col B. Retrieved 28 May 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive.
7. The Times, Monday, 13 February 1899; p. 12; Issue 35751; col A Ecclesiastical Intelligence New Bishop of Calcutta
8. "Marriage". Warminster & Westbury Journal, and Wilts County Advertiser. 18 July 1903. p. 8 col E. Retrieved 28 May 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive.
9. "Obituary Bishop Whitehead Forty Years In India" The Times Thursday, 17 April 1947; p. 7; Issue 50737; col E
*********************************
J. H. C. Whitehead [John Henry Constantine Whitehead]
by Wikipedia
Accessed: 6/17/20
J. H. C. Whitehead
Born: 11 November 1904, Madras (Chennai), India
Died: 8 May 1960 (aged 55), Princeton, New Jersey
Nationality: British
Alma mater: Oxford University; Princeton University
Known for: CW complex; Simple homotopy; Crossed module; Whitehead group; Whitehead manifold; Whitehead product
Awards: Senior Berwick Prize (1948); Fellow of the Royal Society[1]
Scientific career
Fields: Mathematics
Institutions: Oxford University
Doctoral advisor: Oswald Veblen
Doctoral students: Ronald Brown; Graham Higman; Peter Hilton; Ioan James
John Henry Constantine Whitehead FRS[1] (11 November 1904 – 8 May 1960), known as Henry, was a British mathematician and was one of the founders of homotopy theory. He was born in Chennai (then known as Madras), in India, and died in Princeton, New Jersey, in 1960.
Life
J. H. C. (Henry) Whitehead was the son of the Right Rev. Henry Whitehead, Bishop of Madras, who had studied mathematics at Oxford, and was the nephew of Alfred North Whitehead and Isobel Duncan. He was brought up in Oxford, went to Eton and read mathematics at Balliol College, Oxford. After a year working as a stockbroker, at Buckmaster & Moore, he started a PhD in 1929 at Princeton University. His thesis, titled The representation of projective spaces, was written under the direction of Oswald Veblen in 1930. While in Princeton, he also worked with Solomon Lefschetz.
He became a fellow of Balliol in 1933. In 1934 he married the concert pianist Barbara Smyth [Barbara Sheila Carew Smyth] , great-great-granddaughter of Elizabeth Fry and a cousin of Peter Pears; they had two sons. In 1936, he co-founded The Invariant Society, the student mathematics society at Oxford.[2]
During the Second World War he worked on operations research for submarine warfare. Later, he joined the codebreakers at Bletchley Park [with Alan Turing], and by 1945 was one of some fifteen mathematicians working in the "Newmanry", a section headed by Max Newman and responsible for breaking a German teleprinter cipher using machine methods.[3] Those methods included the Colossus machines, early digital electronic computers.[3]
Dead Ends and a Mysterious Disease
The first person to take a serious crack at the Poincare Conjecture was the Englishman John H. C. Whitehead, who usually went by his middle name Henry. Henry Whitehead's father was an Anglican minister; his mother was Isobel Duncan, one of the few female math scholars at Oxford at the time. Mathematics seemed to run in the family: Alfred North Whitehead, the famous philosopher and coauthor -- with Bertrand Russell -- of Principa Mathematica, was his father's brother.
Whitehead's life was quite unspectacular, with little for the biographer to chronicle, as a colleague would put it in an obituary. Henry was born in Madras (now Chennai) in India, where his father served as a bishop. Apparently the parents felt that India was not the ideal place to bring up an English child, and when he was one and a half years old, they brought him back to Britain. There he was raised by his maternal granndmother, who lived in Oxford. Later in life he would fondly remember the drives in her carriage, which shaped his lifelong attachment to the university town, Only after his father's retirement, fifteen years later, did the boy see his parents more than just occasionally.
Henry got the best education that the English school system had to offer. Even though he was of above average intelligence according to his teachers in primary school, he was no child prodigy. Somewhat careless in his work and not very good at mathematical manipulations, he nevertheless managed to pass the entrance examination to Eton, the most prestigious of England's boys' schools, After Eton he did his undergraduate studies at Balliol College at Oxford. Known for his high spirits and good humor, he was considered what the English would call a Jolly good fellow. Excelling above all at boxing, cricket, and billiards, he also did fairly well academically, winning first-class honors in Moderations (a first set of examinations) and Finals. But by no means was he an outstanding student. So upon graduation, it seemed natural for him to look for a job, and he moved to the City to become a stockbroker.
Financial markets did not provide the environment that Whitehead wished for in a career. He did not suffer life among the London banks and brokerage houses for long; after barely a year in the City, Whitehead returned to Oxford to do more work in mathematics. Fortunately, one of the world's foremost mathematicians, Oswald Veblen, from Princeton University, was then on a sabbatical visit to Oxford. Together the two men would produce some major works in differential geometry. When Veblen's year at Oxford was up, Whitehead -- who had just received a Commonwealth fellowship -- followed him back to Princeton. During the ensuing three years his interest in and talent for mathematics were firmly established. Together with Veblen he wrote The Foundations of Differential Geometry, which became a classic in Its field, before his interests started shifting toward topology.
Back at Oxford, Whitehead met and fell in love with Barbara Sheila Carew Smyth, a concert pianist with an interest in agriculture and husbandry. The two married in 1934 and had two sons. World War II found Whitehead at legendary Bletchley Park. Supervised by Alan Turing, one of the fathers of modern computing theory, he spent four years cracking German ciphers. During the night of the worst blitz on London, he took shelter in the wine cellar of a friend and passed the time working on a mathematical problem. Somewhat surprisingly, not a single bottle was opened that night. In 1947 he was named Waynflete professor of Pure Mathematics at Oxford's Magdalen College.
Upon the death of his mother in 1953, Whitehead inherited some cattle from her estate, and he and his wife established Manor Farm in the village of Noke, eight kilometers north of Oxford. The couple liked to entertain friends and students in an informal atmosphere. Whitehead was universally liked, with everybody calling him by his first (actually middle) name, Henry. His habit of breaking into song at appropriate -- and sometimes inappropriate -- occasions made him the life of any party but proved to be somewhat disconcerting to his hosts at more formal events. Whitehead died on a sabbatical visit to Princeton quite unexpectedly from a heart attack. It happened at eight o'clock one morning while he was walking back from an all-night undergraduate poker game.
On both sides of the Atlantic he gained the reputation of a profound and deep thinker in mathematics. In the late 1950s he founded the journal Topology. (Recently the board of editors collectively resigned because the subscription price had become too high.) But he did not dismiss the lighter sides of intellectual exercise, and at one time or another he was fond of card puzzles and of palindromes -- "step on no pets" being one of the latter of his own making. By all accounts he was an inspiring teacher and a wonderful talker. As a writer he was less polished, since he had little time and not much taste for elegance. "He gave his readers a rough ride," one of his friends admitted. As a lecturer, he was even worse. There were many jokes about his style of lecturing. One of them claimed that the initials of his name, J.H.C., stood for "Jesus, he's confusing." It was his cheerful personality that most impressed colleagues and students alike. "The fact that the Mathematical Institute at Oxford ... is one of the happiest of all the university departments and laboratories anywhere, is largely a tribute to his gaiety and wholesomeness of spirit," the Times of London wrote in an obituary.
Whitehead was eight when Poincare died, and about thirty when he turned his attention to the as yet not very famous conjecture. At that time it was just one of a host of open problems: nobody knew how fiendishly difficult the proof would be. Hence, Whitehead simply turned to the standard tools of algebraic topology in search of a proof....
-- Poincare's Prize: The Hundred-Year Quest to Solve One of Math's Greatest Puzzles, by George G. Szpiro
From 1947 to 1960 he was the Waynflete Professor of Pure Mathematics at Magdalen College, Oxford.
He became president of the London Mathematical Society (LMS) in 1953, a post he held until 1955.[4] The LMS established two prizes in memory of Whitehead. The first is the annually awarded, to multiple recipients, Whitehead Prize; the second a biennially awarded Senior Whitehead Prize.[5]
Joseph J. Rotman, in his book on algebraic topology, as a tribute to Whitehead's intellect, says, "There is a canard that every textbook of algebraic topology either ends with the definition of the Klein bottle or is a personal communication to J. H. C. Whitehead."[6]
Whitehead died from an asymptomatic heart attack during a visit to Princeton University in May 1960.[7]
In the late 1950s, Whitehead had approached Robert Maxwell, then chairman of Pergamon Press, to start a new journal, Topology, however Whitehead died before its first edition appeared in 1962.
Work
Whitehead's definition of CW complexes gave a setting for homotopy theory that became standard. He introduced the idea of simple homotopy theory, which was later much developed in connection with algebraic K-theory. The Whitehead product is an operation in homotopy theory. The Whitehead problem on abelian groups was solved (as an independence proof) by Saharon Shelah. His involvement with topology and the Poincaré conjecture led to the creation of the Whitehead manifold. The definition of crossed modules is due to him. He also made important contributions in differential topology, particularly on triangulations and their associated smooth structures.
Selected publications
• Whitehead, J. H. C. (October 1940). "On C1-Complexes". The Annals of Mathematics. Second Series. 41 (4): 809–824. doi:10.2307/1968861. JSTOR 1968861.
• J. H. C. Whitehead, On incidence matrices, nuclei and homotopy types, Ann. of Math. (2) 42 (1941), 1197–1239.
• J. H. C. Whitehead, Combinatorial homotopy. I., Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 55 (1949), 213–245
• J. H. C. Whitehead, Combinatorial homotopy. II., Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 55 (1949), 453–496
• J. H. C. Whitehead, A certain exact sequence, Ann. of Math. (2) 52 (1950), 51–110
• J. H. C. Whitehead, Simple homotopy types, Amer. J. Math. 72 (1950), 1–57.
• Saunders MacLane, J. H. C. Whitehead, On the 3-type of a complex, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 36 (1950), 41–48.
• Whitehead, J.H.C. (1961). "Manifolds with Transverse Fields in Euclidean Space". The Annals of Mathematics. 73 (1): 154–212. doi:10.2307/1970286. JSTOR 1970286. (published posthumously)
See also
• Simple homotopy
• Spanier–Whitehead duality
• Whitehead conjecture
• Whitehead problem
• Whitehead link
• Whitehead theorem
• Whitehead torsion
• Whitehead's lemma (Lie algebras)
References
1. Newman, M. H. A. (1961). "John Henry Constantine Whitehead. 1904-1960". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 7: 349–363. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1961.0025.
2. The Early History of the Invariant Society by Robin Wilson, printed in The Invariant (2010), Ben Hoskin
3. Paul Gannon, Colossus: Bletchley Park's Greatest Secret, 2006, Atlantic Books; ISBN 1-84354-330-3. p. 347
4. "MacTutor History of Mathematics archive". Retrieved 8 July 2007.
5. "List of LMS prize winners". Retrieved 27 July 2013.
6. https://www.springer.com/us/book/9780387966786
7. James, I. M. (1962). Mathematical Works of J. C. H. Whitehead. Oxford: Pergamon. p. xviii. ISBN 9781483164731. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
External links
• J. H. C. Whitehead at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
• O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "J. H. C. Whitehead", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.
*********************************
Oliver Whitehead
by Wikipedia
Accessed: 6/17/20
Oliver Whitehead
Oliver Whitehead in 2013
Background information
Born: 29 August 1948 (age 71), Oxford, England, United Kingdom
Genres: Jazz, classical
Occupation(s): Guitarist, composer, teacher
Instruments: Guitar
Years active: 1968–present
Labels: Justin Time, IBS, Angel Air
Associated acts: Linda Hoyle, Mo Foster, The Antler River Project
Oliver Whitehead is a guitarist and composer, originally from England, who has worked mostly in Canada. He is an Associate Composer at the Canadian Music Centre.[1] His orchestral works include the oratorio We Shall be Changed (1993), Concerto For Oboe (1996) and Pissarro Landscapes (2000). His jazz album Free For Now was nominated for a Juno Award as Best Jazz Album of 1985.[2] He has composed for, and played with, many individual musicians and groups over the years, most recently world music/jazz group The Antler River Project,[3] the singer Linda Hoyle and the music producer and songwriter/composer Mo Foster. The Fetch, an album of original songs by Linda Hoyle, Mo Foster and Whitehead, was released in August 2015. In 2018, Whitehead’s first opera, Look! An Opera in 9 Paintings – about a couple on an awkward date at an art gallery – was debuted to sold-out performances[4] at Museum London, Canada. Whitehead collaborated with Hoyle on the libretto.
Early life and influences
Oliver's father Henry Whitehead was a mathematician at Balliol College, Oxford, and a codebreaker at Bletchley Park during World War II. His son knew almost nothing of the latter fact until 1995, three decades after his father's death, when the Official Secrets Act on WWII service expired. His mother Barbara began a career as a concert pianist (under her maiden name Smyth), but spent most of the 1950s and 60s running a farm that the family bought in the tiny village of Noke, near Oxford. Barbara's first cousin was the operatic tenor Peter Pears, partner of composer Benjamin Britten. Pears and Britten were close with the Whiteheads, often exchanging visits.
Oliver grew up in a home where classical music was highly valued—and jazz was little understood and rarely played. His parents tried to give him formal piano lessons. Instead, Oliver taught himself guitar and, by means of the radio and his wind-up 78 rpm gramophone, soon discovered all the British chart-toppers of the day, such as Tommy Steele, Lonnie Donegan and Cliff Richard, later finding more advanced models in Andres Segovia and Django Reinhardt.
After his father's early death in 1959, when Oliver was 11, his mother increasingly spent time in Donegal, Ireland, where she had holidayed as a child, eventually moving there permanently in 1970. Traditional Irish tunes became another ingredient in Oliver's mental music box.
The only guitar lesson Oliver ever took was from Julian Bream, who showed him a few blues and jazz licks, during a Christmas party with Britten and Pears in 1962.
At school, Oliver and his friends (including blues singer-guitarist Giles Hedley[5]) shared a passionate love of blues and folk, mostly American. He came to the US at age 17, to study literature at Princeton University, where his father had worked for many years at the Institute For Advanced Study. In 1970 he moved to Canada to pursue post-graduate studies at the University of Toronto.
Musical career
In 1978,Oliver moved to London, Ontario to take up an academic post at Western University. With the encouragement of some new friends there, he began to play and compose jazz for the first time, and formed the Oliver Whitehead Quintet (1983–1990), fronted by sax player Chris Robinson, to play original compositions by him and pianist Patrick Dubois. Their first LP was encouragingly nominated for Best Jazz Album in Canada's Juno Award of 1985. The quintet played twice at the Montreal International Jazz Festival, as well as other jazz fests in Detroit, Toronto, Ottawa, Edmonton and Vancouver.
By 1997, Whitehead was incorporating more world music elements in his compositions, beginning with The Mass For All Creatures, a full length mass commissioned for a Blessing of the Animals ceremony, for child and adult choirs, and instrumentation that included African percussion and Celtic harp. The key players in that work went on to form The Antler River Project, which continues to play original jazz/world music compositions by Whitehead and pianist Steve Holowitz.
Whitehead wrote his first classical / art music piece—the oratorio We Shall Be Changed—in 1993, on commission from Pro Musica and Orchestra London Canada. That oratorio is based on the book Cosmic Consciousness by Richard Maurice Bucke, an early 20th-century psychiatrist and mystic who lived in London, Ontario. Other classical commissions followed, described in the list below.
Teaching
Whitehead has never taught music. After completing a PhD in Comparative Literature at the University of Toronto, under Northrop Frye, he began in 1978 to teach English and Comparative Literature and Culture, at Western University in London, Ontario, and continued for the next 35 years. Although he started as a full-timer, he resigned in 1988, to take up year-to-year, part-time contracts at the university, to devote more time to music. Over the years, his teaching course load focused on Shakespeare, Foundations of Literature (Homer, Virgil the Bible, Renaissance) and Literature and Music; as well as general survey courses. The field of Comparative Literature allowed him the freedom to break traditional academic boundaries by incorporating all the art forms, especially music, in his courses.
Personal life
Whitehead has been married since 1984 to Mary Malone, a journalist and communications project manager from Montreal. They have two daughters, Anne and Claire. He is a cryptic crossword addict.
Discography
Compositions performed by his musical ensembles
Year / Album / Performers & notes / Label
1984 / Free For Now / The Oliver Whitehead Quintet, nominated for the 1985 Juno award – Best Jazz Album / Justin Time
1985 / Pulse/Impulse / The Oliver Whitehead Quintet / Justin Time
1998 / The Mass For All Creatures / The St. Francis Ensemble / --
1998 / Resonance / Oliver Whitehead and Marg Stowe / --
2011 / Latitude 43 / The Antler River Project / --
Compositions performed by other musicians
Year / Album / Whitehead tracks / Performers / Notes / Label
1995 / Transformations / "We Shall Be Changed" (6 tracks) / London Pro Musica and Orchestra London Canada / An oratorio about Richard Maurice Bucke / IBS
1998 / Home Suite Home / "Home Suite Home" (3 tracks) / The Aeolian Winds / A three movement suite for woodwinds / IBS
2007 / The Nightingale's Rhapsody / "Pissarro Landscapes" (4 tracks) / Jerome Summers, clarinet / A suite for clarinet, piano and strings, inspired by paintings by Camille Pissarro / Cambria
2015 / The Fetch / (6 of 12 tracks) "The Fetch," "Confessional," "Brighton Pier," "It's The World," "Maida Vale," "So Simple," "Acknowledgements" / All lyrics by Linda Hoyle / Sung by Linda Hoyle / Angel Air
2018 / Look! An Opera in 9 Paintings / “Arriving,” ”Elmwood Avenue,” “The London Six,” “The White Painting,” “Every Summer.” “Sky Woman,” “Rain,” “Olga and Mary,” “Wheel,” “Dairy Queen,” “Leaving” / Paul Grambo, Sonja Gustafson, Steve Holowitz, Christine Newland / A nine movement opera, with visual projections, about paintings by artists in London, Ontario / Museum London (view opera online)
Arrangements for other artists
Year / Album / Whitehead tracks / Performers
2001 / The World Awaits: Songs for a winter's night / "River" (by Joni Mitchell) "Huron Carol" (by Jean de Brebeuf) "Riu Riu Chiu" (traditional)) / Project Sing; Eleven Eleven Productions
2003 / Goode Cheare: Christmas celebrations old and new / "Carol of The Birds," "Fum Fum Fum," "All Hail to the Dayes," "Gaudete," "Huron Carol," "Patapan," "Tomorrow Shall Be My Dancing Day," "Carol of the Bells" (all traditional) "In The Bleak Midwinter" (by Gustav Holst) / Guelph Chamber Choir
2008 / Songs of the Land / "All The Diamonds in The World" (by Bruce Cockburn) "Early Morning Rain" (co-arranger: Steve Holowitz), If I Could Read Your Mind (both by Gordon Lightfoot) "Night Ride Home," "Big Yellow Taxi" (both by Joni Mitchell) "Sisters of Mercy," "Hey That's No Way To Say Goodbye" (both by Leonard Cohen) "Helpless" (by Neil Young) / London Pro Musica
Compositions
Jazz
• Latitude 43 (2011): Played by The Antler River Project (guitar, keyboards, flute, bass, drums, percussion). Whitehead compositions include: "Altitude," "Early Snow," "The River Suite" (movements 1 and 2) "Dusty Feet," "Whirlpool," "African Galliard," "El Jefe" (with co-composer Steve Holowitz).
• Resonance (1985): Played by Oliver Whitehead and Marg Stowe (two guitars). Whitehead compositions include: "Seen Through Green;" "Life Won't Stand Still;" "Plain and Simple;" "By The Sea;" and these titles, co-composed with Marg Stowe: "Openings," "Folie A Deux," "The House of the Spirits."
• Pulse/Impulse[6] (1985): Played by the Oliver Whitehead Quintet (guitar, keyboards, saxophone, bass, drums). Whitehead compositions include: "The Leopard Hunts," "Street Level," "Green Shade," "Touch The Heart" (with co-composer Patrick Dubois).
• Free For Now (1984): Played by the Oliver Whitehead Quintet (guitar, keyboards, saxophone, bass, drums). Whitehead compositions include: "Free For Now," "Six String Waltz," "Excuses, Excuses," "Woman In Blue," "Crazy Season." Liner notes by Katie Malloch of CBC Radio.
Pop / Rock
• The Fetch (2015) : All songs include lyrics written and sung by Linda Hoyle. Whitehead compositions: “The Fetch,” “Confessional,” “Brighton Pier,” “It’s The World,” “Maida Vale,” “So Simple,” “Acknowledgements.” Played by several musicians in Canada and England. Instrumentation includes: guitars, bass (acoustic, electric and fretless), drums, percussion, cello, piano, keyboards, church organ, mandolin, accordion, electric sitar, soprano sax.
Classical and art music
• Look! An Opera in 9 Paintings (2018): A 60 minute chamber opera for soprano and baritone, with piano and cello accompaniment; music and libretto by Oliver Whitehead, with co-lyricist Linda Hoyle and additional lyrics by Claire Whitehead. Supported by the London Arts Council and the Good Foundation Inc. Premiere: 3 June 2018 at Museum London, Canada.
• Excitations (2012) : A three-movement work for flute and piano. Premièred 9 November 2012. with Fiona Wilkinson,[7] flute, and Mark Payne, piano. Von Kuster Hall, Western University.
• Brushstrokes Decorating A Fan (2008): A song-cycle of seven settings of short poems by James Reaney for Soprano voice, flute, piano and guitar; co-composed with Steven Holowitz. Premiere, 15 February 2008 at First St. Andrew's United Church, London, ON, with Sonja Gustafson, soprano.
• Uhuru Peak (2008): A 15-minute work for cello and orchestra, commissioned by Christine Newland and Orchestra London, and supported by a grant from the Ontario Arts Council. Premiere: 6 June 2008 at the Grand Theatre, London, Ontario.
• The Blue Scales Quintet (2007): Commissioned by CBC Radio for the Ottawa Chamber Music Festival, was composed in 2007 and received its premiere at the festival on 5 August 2008. It is a three-movement piece with many elements drawn from jazz. The mandate of the composition was to use the same instrumentation as Schubert's "Trout" quintet, to which the title punningly refers.
• Pissarro Landscapes (2000): Four pieces for clarinet, piano and string orchestra (length: c.15 m.) Co-commissioned by the International Symphony Orchestra and the Woodstock Strings for Jerome Summers, clarinet. Premiere: 12 February 2000, by the ISO, Port Huron, Michigan. Recorded by Jerome Summers for the Cambria label in Ottawa, April 2006
• The Mass For All Creatures (1997): A world-music mass commissioned by St Paul’s Anglican Cathedral in London, Ontario, written for adult choir, children’s choir and an ensemble of flute, Celtic harp, guitar, piano, bass and 3 percussionists. Premiere: October 1997. Released on CD in the fall of 1998
• Games Without Rules (1997): A Seven-part electro-acoustic composition for MIDI-implemented flute, oboe and sequencer. Premiere by Fiona Wilkinson[8] and Harry Sargous, 5 March 1997
• Concerto For Oboe (1997): Premiered 26 November 1997. Ian Franklin with Orchestra London Canada
• The Sorcerer's Apprentice (1995): A 40-minute electronic ballet score for the Ontario Ballet Theatre. Performed throughout Ontario from Oct.'95 to April '96
• Home/Suite/Home (1994): A suite in five movements for woodwind quintet. It is the title piece on the Aeolian Winds' CD of the same name (released summer 1998) on the IBS label. It has been broadcast twice in its entirety by CBC Radio 2, in performances by the Aeolian Winds: 1) A performance on 30 September 1994. 2) A performance in 1996 in London, Ont
• The Lion, The Witch And The Wardrobe: A ballet adaptation of C.S Lewis's classic children's story, commissioned by the Ontario Ballet Theatre and choreographed by Patti Caplette of the Royal Winnipeg Ballet. The work is approximately forty minutes in length.
• We Shall Be Changed (1993): An oratorio in six movements (43 minutes) for choir with symphony orchestra, premiered by London Pro Musica and Orchestra London in May 1993.
• Aladdin: A forty-minute ballet score for the Ontario Ballet Theatre. Choreographed by Patti Caplette.
• The Wind In The Willows: A 40-minute electronic ballet score for the Ontario Ballet Theatre
• Childhood Musette (1992): A setting of James Reaney's poem for voice and piano, performed by Ernest Redekop in "The Great Reaney Suite," 16 February 1992, Von Kuster Hall, UWO
• Rapunzel: A 40-minute electronic score for the Ontario Ballet Theatre.
• The Magic Flute: A 40-minute electronic ballet for the Ontario Ballet Theatre
References
1. "Composer Showcase". Canadian Music Centre. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
2. "Yearly Summary". JUNO, Canada's Music Awards. The Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences (CARAS). 1985. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
3. "The Antler River Project". Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
4. "A museum. An opera. A unique London experience". The London Free Press. 19 June 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
5. "Giles Hedley". Giles Hedley. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
6. "Downbeat". Downbeat: 38. October 1986.
7. "Fiona Wilkinson, Flute". Western University. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
8. "Fiona Wilkinson, Associate Professor, Flute and Chamber Music". Western University. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
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Richard Maurice Bucke
by Wikipedia
Accessed: 6/17/20
Richard Maurice Bucke.
Richard Maurice Bucke (18 March 1837 – 19 February 1902), often called Maurice Bucke, was a prominent Canadian psychiatrist in the late 19th century.
An adventurer during his youth, Bucke later studied medicine. Eventually, as a psychiatrist, he headed the provincial Asylum for the Insane in London, Ontario. Bucke was a friend of several noted men of letters in Canada, the United States, and England.[1]
Besides publishing professional articles, Bucke wrote three non-fiction books: Man's Moral Nature, Walt Whitman, and Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind, which is his best-known work.
Early life
Richard Maurice Bucke was born in 1837 in Methwold, England, the son of Rev. Horatio Walpole Bucke (a parish curate) and his wife Clarissa Andrews. The parents and their children emigrated to Canada when he was a year old, settling near London, Ontario.
Horatio W. Bucke had given up the profession of religious minister, and trusted his family's income to their Ontario farm. A sibling in a large family, Richard Maurice Bucke was a typical farm boy of that era. He was an athletic boy who enjoyed a good ball game. When he left home at the age of 16, he traveled to Columbus, Ohio and then to California. Along the way, Bucke worked at various odd jobs. He was part of a travelling party who had to fight for their lives when they were attacked by Shoshone Indians, whose territory they were trespassing.[2]
In the winter of 1857–58, he was nearly frozen to death in the mountains of California, where he was the sole survivor of a silver-mining party.[3] He had to walk out over the mountains and suffered extreme frostbite. As a result, a foot and several of his toes were amputated. He then returned to Canada via the Isthmus of Panama, probably in 1858.[4][5]
Medicine and Psychiatry
Bucke enrolled in McGill University's medical school in Montreal, where he delivered a distinguished thesis in 1862. Although he practiced general medicine briefly as a ship's surgeon (in order to pay for his sea travel), he later specialized in psychiatry. He did his internship in London (1862–63) at University College Hospital. During that time he visited France.
He was for several years an enthusiast for Auguste Comte's positivist philosophy.[2] Huston Smith said of Comte's philosophy: "Auguste Comte had laid down the line: religion belonged to the childhood of the human race.... All genuine knowledge is contained within the boundaries of science."[6] Comte's belief that religion, if by that is meant spirituality, had been outmoded by science contrasts with Bucke's later belief concerning the nature of reality.
Bucke returned to Canada in 1864 and married Jessie Gurd in 1865; they had eight children. In January 1876, Bucke became the superintendent of the Asylum for the Insane in Hamilton, Ontario. In 1877, he was appointed head of the provincial Asylum for the Insane in London, Ontario, a post he held for nearly the remainder of his life. In his work with asylum inmates, he was a reformer who encouraged organized sports and what is now called occupational therapy.[2] Some of his surgical treatments proved deeply controversial. After adopting the Victorian-era theory that mental illness in women was often due to defective reproductive organs, Bucke began performing surgical removals of these organs from female patients. He continued this practice until his death, despite receiving increasing amounts of criticism from the medical health care community.[7]
Cosmic consciousness experience
In 1872, after an evening of stimulating conversation with a friend in the countryside, Richard M Bucke, was traveling back to London in a buggy. He relates:
I was in a state of quiet, almost passive enjoyment. All at once, without warning of any kind, I found myself wrapped around as it were by a flame-coloured cloud. For an instant I thought of fire, some sudden conflagration in the great city; the next, I knew that the light was within me.
Directly afterward came upon me a sense of exultation, of immense joyousness accompanied by an intellectual illumination quite impossible to describe. Into my brain streamed one momentary lightning—flash of the Divine Splendor which has ever since lightened my life; upon my heart fell one drop of Divine Bliss, leaving thenceforward for always an aftertaste of heaven.
Among other things, I did not come to believe: I saw and knew that the Cosmos is not dead matter but a living Presence, that the soul of man is immortal, that the universe is so built and ordered that without any peradventure all things work together for the good of each and all, that the foundation principle of the world is what we call love, and that the happiness of everyone in the long run is absolutely certain.
I learned more within the few seconds that illumination lasted than in all my previous years of study and I learned much that no study could ever have taught.
-- Paraphrased in the first person from the book "Cosmic Consciousness" by Richard M Bucke.
He later described the characteristics and effects of the faculty of experiencing this type of consciousness as:
• its sudden appearance
• a subjective experience of light ("inner light")
• moral elevation
• intellectual illumination
• a sense of immortality
• loss of a fear of death
• loss of a sense of sin
Bucke's personal experience of the inner state had yet another attribute, mentioned separately by the author: the vivid sense of the universe as a living presence, rather than as basically lifeless, inert matter.[8]
The supreme occurrence of that night was his real and sole initiation to the new and higher order of ideas. But it was only an initiation. He saw the light but had no more idea whence it came and what it meant than had the first creature that saw the light of the sun.[9]
Bucke did not immediately record the details and interpretation of his experience. This was not done until years later, and only after he had researched much of the world's literature on mysticism and enlightenment and had corresponded with many others about this subject.
Cosmic Consciousness
Bucke's magnum opus was his book Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind.[10] The book is a compilation of various theories rather than strictly a simple record of his original mystical experience.
Bucke borrowed the term "cosmic consciousness" from Edward Carpenter, who had traveled and studied religion in the East. Bucke's friend,[2] Carpenter, had derived the term "cosmic consciousness" from the Eastern term "universal consciousness." In his description of his personal experience, Bucke combined his recollection with thoughts of another of his friends, Caleb Pink ("C.P.")[11]—and others—and recorded his experience in a poetic style.
Cosmic Consciousness was a book which he researched and wrote over a period of many years. It was published in 1901 and has been reprinted several times since then. In it, Bucke describes his own experience, the experiences of contemporaries (most notably Walt Whitman), and the experiences of historical figures, including Jesus, Saint Paul, Muhammad, Plotinus, Dante, Francis Bacon, William Blake, Buddha, and Ramakrishna.
Bucke developed a theory that posited three stages in the development of consciousness:
• the simple consciousness of animals
• the self-consciousness of the mass of humanity (encompassing reason, imagination, and foresight)
• cosmic consciousness — an emerging faculty which is the next stage of human development
Within self-consciousness, there exist gradations among individuals in their degrees of intellectual development and talent. (Bucke considered that no doubt there would be gradations within the level of cosmic consciousness, as well.)
Among the effects of humanity's natural evolutionary progression, Bucke believed he detected a long historical trend in which religious conceptions and theologies had become less and less frightening.
In Cosmic Consciousness, beginning with Part II, Bucke explains how animals developed the senses of hearing and seeing. Further development culminated in the ability to experience and enjoy music. Bucke states that, initially, only a small number of humans were able to see colors and experience music. But eventually these new abilities spread throughout the human race until only a very small number of people were unable to experience colors and music.
In Part III, Bucke hypothesizes that the next stage of human development, which he calls "cosmic consciousness," is slowly beginning to appear and will eventually spread throughout all of humanity.
Bucke’s vision of the world was profoundly optimistic. He wrote in Part I (“First Words”) “that the universe is so built and ordered that without any peradventure all things work together for the good of each and all, that the foundation principle of the world is what we call love and that the happiness of every one is in the long run absolutely certain.”[12]
Involvement with poetry and literature
Bucke was deeply involved in the poetry scene in America and had friends among the literati, especially those who were poets. In 1869, he read Leaves of Grass by Walt Whitman, an American poet, and was deeply impressed by it.[2] In Cosmic Consciousness, he notes that his cosmic consciousness experience occurred following a night reading Whitman and Romantic poets.[13] Later, he met Whitman in 1877 in Camden, New Jersey, and the two developed a lasting friendship.
Bucke later testified that he was "lifted to and set upon a higher plane of existence" because of his friendship with Whitman. He published a biography of Whitman in 1883 and was one of Whitman's literary executors.[14]
In 1882, Bucke was elected to the English Literature Section of the Royal Society of Canada.[2]
Death
On February 19, 1902, Bucke slipped on a patch of ice in front of his home and struck his head. He died a few hours later without regaining consciousness.
He was deeply mourned by a large circle of friends, who loved him for his sturdy honesty, his warm heart, his intellectual force, but most of all for his noble qualities as a man.[5]
Legacy
Bucke's concept of cosmic consciousness took on a life of its own (though not always well understood) and influenced the thought and writings of many other people. His work is directly referenced by the mystics Franklin Merrell-Wolff [15] and Ouspensky,[16] and it was essential to Aldous Huxley's concept of the perennial philosophy [17] and Evelyn Underhill's concept of mysticism.[18] In India, Aurobindo uses the term cosmic consciousness extensively in his work [19] and Ramana Maharshi was asked about Bucke's concept.[20] Erich Fromm says, in Psychoanalysis and Zen Buddhism, 'What Bucke describes as cosmic consciousness is, in my opinion, precisely the experience which is called satori in Zen Buddhism' and that "Bucke's book is perhaps the book most germane to the topic of this article."[21]
Along with William James's classic work The Varieties of Religious Experience (which cites Bucke), Bucke's Cosmic Consciousness has become part of the foundation of transpersonal psychology.
Bucke was part of a movement that sought to improve the care and treatment of mentally ill persons.
He was one of the founders of the Medical School of the University of Western Ontario. His papers are held at Western University's Archives and Research Collections Centre. The finding aid can be found here https://www.lib.uwo.ca/files/archives/a ... g_Aid1.pdf
He was portrayed by Colm Feore in the 1990 Canadian film Beautiful Dreamers.
Publications
• Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. 2009. ISBN 9780486471907.
• Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind,1905 Innes edition, facsimile, 37 MB PDF file.
• Diary of R. Maurice Bucke, M.D., C.M, 1863.
• Man's Moral Nature: An Essay, 1879 Internet Archive
• Richard Maurice Bucke, Medical Mystic: Letters of Dr. Bucke to Walt Whitman and His Friends, Artem Lozynsky (editor), 1977, Wayne State University Press, ISBN 0814315763.
• The New Consciousness: Selected Papers of Richard Maurice Bucke 1997, compiled by Cyril Greenland & John Robert Colombo. Toronto: Colombo & Company.
• Walt Whitman (original 1883 edition). OCLC 859421735
• Walt Whitman's Canada 1992, compiled by Cyril Greenland & John Robert Colombo. Toronto: Hounslow Press.
See also
• Cosmic Consciousness
• New Thought
• Nondualism
• Recept
• Spirituality
• Walter Russell
• Henry Landor
References
1. Rechnitzer, Peter A. (1994) The Life of Dr. R.M. Bucke
2. Rechnitzer, Peter A. (1994)
3. Bucke, Richard M. (June 1883). "Twenty-five years ago". Overland Monthly. I. (Second series) (6): 553–560.
4. James H Coyne, Richard Maurice Bucke: A Sketch. Toronto: Henry S. Saunders, 1923, Revised edition Reprinted from the Transactions of The Royal Society of Canada, 1906 pp. 26-30. (NB: Henry Mills Hurd says he returned to Canada in 1860.)
5. Hurd, Henry Mills; William Francis Drewry (1917). The institutional care of the insane in the United States and Canada. 4. et al. Johns Hopkins Press. (google books link) p. 555
6. Smith, Huston (2001) Why Religion Matters. San Francisco: Harper Collins, pp. 94 & 97
7. "The Hysterical Female". Restoring Perspective: Life & Treatment at London's Asylum.
8. Bucke, Richard Maurice (2009). Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-486-47190-7.
9. Bucke, Richard Maurice (2009). Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-486-47190-7.
10. Bucke, Richard Maurice (2009). Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-47190-7.
11. Pink, Caleb (1895). The Angel of the Mental Orient. London: William Reeves.
12. Bucke, Richard Maurice (2009). Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-486-47190-7.
13. Cosmic Consciousness, 7
14. Edward Haviland Miller, Walt Whitman, The Correspondence, New York University Press, 1961, vol.1, p.vii
15. Franklin Merrell-Wolff's Experience and Philosophy, 12
16. see The Cosmic Consciousness of Dr. Richard M. Bucke
17. see pg 68 of Huxley's Perennial Philosophy
18. see Underhill, Mysticism, 7, 193, 255
19. see The Divine Life part 1
20. Be As You Are: The Teachings of Sri Ramana Maharshi, pg 21: "Q: Of what nature is the realization of westerners who relate that they have had flashes of cosmic consciousness
21. Fromm, Erich (1960). Psychoanalysis and Zen Buddhism. George Allen & Unwin. ISBN 0-04-616029-9.
Bibliography
• James, William (1987), The Varieties of Religious Experience, Library of America, pp. 1–477, ISBN 978-0-940450-38-7.
• James H Coyne, Richard Maurice Bucke: A Sketch, 1906, J. Hope & Sons
• George Hope Stevenson, The Life and Work of Richard Maurice Bucke,: An Appraisal, 1937 (American Journal of Psychiatry, 93, pp. 1127 – 1150)
• Cyril Greenland, Richard Maurice Bucke, M.D. 1837-1902. The evolution of a mystic, 1966
• Samuel Edward Dole Shortt, Victorian Lunacy : Richard M. Bucke and the Practice of Late Nineteenth-Century Psychiatry, 1986, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30999-9
• Peter Rechnitzer, The Life of Dr. R.M. Bucke, 1994, Quarry Press 1997 edition: ISBN 1-55082-064-8
• P. D. Ouspensky, The Cosmic Consciousness of Dr. Richard M. Bucke, Kessinger Publishing, 2005 edition: ISBN 1-4253-4399-6 (48 pp)
• Susan Maynard, The Illumination of Dr. Bucke: A Journey Beyond the Intellect, 2014, AuthorHouse, Kindle eBooks: ASIN: B00MJ5YKFA (website: http://theilluminationofdrbucke.com)
External links
• Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
• Notes on Bucke at McGill University
• Collections at University of Western Ontario
• Zero Summer
• Cosmic Consciousness at Google Books
• Works by or about Richard Maurice Bucke at Internet Archive
• Works by Richard Maurice Bucke at Project Gutenberg
• Beautiful Dreamers (1990) on IMDb