Neuschwanstein: A fairy tale darling's dark Nazi past

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Re: Neuschwanstein: A fairy tale darling's dark Nazi past

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The IraqComm system

With DARPA-funded research, SRI contributed to the development of speech recognition and translation products[82][83] and was an active participant in DARPA's Global Autonomous Language Exploitation (GALE) program.[83] SRI developed DynaSpeak speech recognition technology which was used in the handheld VoxTec Phraselator, allowing U.S. soldiers overseas to communicate with local citizens in near real time.[84] SRI also created translation software for use in the IraqComm, a device which allows two-way, speech-to-speech machine translation between English and colloquial Iraqi Arabic.[85]

In medicine and chemistry, SRI developed dry-powder drugs,[86] laser photocoagulation (a treatment for some eye maladies),[87] remote surgery (also known as telerobotic surgery), bio-agent detection using upconverting phosphor technology, the experimental anticancer drugs Tirapazamine and TAS-108, ammonium dinitramide (an environmentally benign oxidizer for safe and cost-effective disposal of hazardous materials), the electroactive polymer ("artificial muscle"), new uses for diamagnetic levitation, and the antimalarial drug Halofantrine.[26][88]

SRI performed a study in the 1990s for Whirlpool Corporation that led to modern self-cleaning ovens.[89] In the 2000s, SRI worked on Pathway Tools software for use in bioinformatics and systems biology to accelerate drug discovery using artificial intelligence and symbolic computing techniques.[90] The software system generates the BioCyc database collection, SRI's growing collection of genomic databases used by biologists to visualize genes within a chromosome, complete biochemical pathways, and full metabolic maps of organisms.[91]

Early 21st century

SRI researchers made the first observation of visible light emitted by oxygen atoms in the night-side airglow of Venus, offering new insight into the planet's atmosphere.[92][93][94] SRI education researchers conducted the first national evaluation of the growing U.S. charter schools movement. For the World Golf Foundation, SRI compiled the first-ever estimate of the overall scope of the U.S. golf industry's goods and services ($62 billion in 2000), providing a framework for monitoring the long-term growth of the industry.[95][96] In April 2000, SRI formed Atomic Tangerine, an independent consulting firm designed to bring new technologies and services to market.[97]

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A building on SRI International's campus

In 2006, SRI was awarded a $56.9 million contract with the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases to provide preclinical services for the development of drugs and antibodies for anti-infective treatments for avian influenza, SARS, West Nile virus and hepatitis.[98] Also in 2006, SRI selected St. Petersburg, Florida, as the site for a new marine technology research facility targeted at ocean science, the maritime industry and port security; the facility is a collaboration with the University of South Florida College of Marine Science and its Center for Ocean Technology.[99][100][101] That facility created a new method for underwater mass spectrometry, which has been used to conduct "advanced underwater chemical surveys in oil and gas exploration and production, ocean resource monitoring and protection, and water treatment and management" and was licensed to Spyglass Technologies in March 2014.[102]

In December 2007, SRI launched a spin-off company, Siri Inc., which Apple acquired in April 2010.[103] In October 2011, Apple announced the Siri personal assistant as an integrated feature of the Apple iPhone 4S.[104] Siri's technology was born from SRI's work on the DARPA-funded CALO project, described by SRI as the largest artificial intelligence project ever launched.[105] Siri was co-founded in December 2007 by Dag Kittlaus (CEO), Adam Cheyer (vice president, engineering), and Tom Gruber (CTO/vice president, design), together with Norman Winarsky (vice president of SRI Ventures). Investors included Menlo Ventures and Morgenthaler Ventures.[106]

For the National Science Foundation (NSF), SRI operates the advanced modular incoherent scatter radar (AMISR), a novel relocatable atmospheric research facility.[107] Other SRI-operated research facilities for the NSF include the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico and the Sondrestrom Upper Atmospheric Research Facility in Greenland. In May 2011, SRI was awarded a $42 million contract to operate the Arecibo Observatory from October 1, 2011 to September 30, 2016.[108] The institute also manages the Hat Creek Radio Observatory in Northern California, home of the Allen Telescope Array.[109]

In February 2014, SRI announced a "photonics-based testing technology called FASTcell" for the detection and characterization of rare circulating tumor cells from blood samples. The test is aimed at cancer-specific biomarkers for breast, lung, prostate, colorectal and leukemia cancers that circulate in the blood stream in minute quantities, potentially diagnosing those conditions earlier.[110][111]

In September 2018, NSF announced that SRI International will be rewarded $4.4 million to establish the backbone organization of a national network.[112]

Description

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SRI awards by source[113]

Employees and financials

As of February 2015, SRI employs approximately 2,100 people.[1] In 2014, SRI had about $540 million in revenue.[1] In 2013, the United States Department of Defense consisted of 63% of awards by value; the remainder was composed of the National Institutes of Health (11%); businesses and industry (8%); other United States agencies (6%); the National Science Foundation (6%); the United States Department of Education (4%); and foundations (2%).[113]

As of February 2015, approximately 4,000 patents have been granted to SRI International and its employees.[7]

Facilities

SRI is primarily based on a 63-acre (0.25 km2; 0.10 sq mi) campus located in Menlo Park, California, which is considered part of Silicon Valley. This campus encompasses 1,300,000 square feet (120,000 m2) of office and lab space.[114] In addition, SRI has a 254-acre (1.028 km2; 0.397 sq mi) campus in Princeton, New Jersey, with 600,000 square feet (56,000 m2) of research space. There are also offices in Washington, D.C., and Tokyo, Japan. In total, SRI has 2,300,000 square feet (210,000 m2) of office and laboratory space.[114]

Organization

SRI International is organized into seven units (generally referred to as divisions) that focus on specific subject areas.[115]

Name / Research area / Reference

Advanced Technology and Systems / SRI's largest organizational unit manages complex projects for government and commercial clients in areas such as chemistry, physics, and materials science; geospace studies and space and marine technology; surveillance and remote sensing; applied optics and secure circuits; and robotics, medical devices, and nanotechnology. / [116]

Biosciences / SRI Biosciences works with academic, commercial, foundation, and government clients and partners to bring new medicines to market through basic research, pharmaceutical discovery, pre-clinical development, and clinical translation. SRI has helped move more than 100 drugs into clinical trials. / [117][118]

Education / SRI Education works with government officials, private foundations, and commercial clients to provide research-based analysis and evaluation of programs to identify trends, understand outcomes, and guide public policy and practice. Focus areas include early learning, educational technology, social and emotional learning, teacher quality assessments, college and career readiness, and large-scale surveys. / [119]

Global Partnerships / It comprises three groups: the Center for Science, Technology, and Economic Development, the Center for Innovation Leadership, the Energy Center, and a team focused on R&D programs for international clients. / [120]

Information and Computing Sciences / For its government and commercial clients, this division conducts R&D activities to understand the computational principles underlying intelligence in humans and machines, and to create computer-based systems that solve problems. ICS is organized into four laboratories, one of which is SRI's Artificial Intelligence Center. The division focuses on artificial intelligence, speech recognition, natural language processing, bioinformatics, and computer security. / [121]

Mission Solutions / Mission Solutions performs technology and services in support U.S. government-deployed systems. The division focuses on information operations, navigation and survivability systems, and systems and signal technology. / [122]

Products and Solutions / This SRI division transitions R&D technology into products for its government and commercial clients. It maintains a portfolio that includes biometric identification systems, real-time video processing systems, integrated video and sensor exploitation solutions, and video test tools. / [123]


Staff members and alumni

Main article: List of SRI International people

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William A. Jeffrey

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Douglas Engelbart

SRI has had a chief executive of some form since its establishment. Prior to the split with Stanford University, the position was known as the director; after the split, it is known as the company's president and CEO. SRI has had nine so far, including William F. Talbot (1946–1947),[15] Jesse E. Hobson (1947–1955),[124] E. Finley Carter (1956–1963),[125] Charles Anderson (1968–1979),[126] William F. Miller (1979–1990),[127] James J. Tietjen (1990–1993),[128] William P. Sommers (1993–1998)[129] Curtis Carlson (1998–2014)[130] and most recently, William A. Jeffrey (2014–present).[131]

SRI also has a board of directors since its inception, which has served to both guide and provide opportunities for the organization. The current board of directors includes Samuel Armacost (Chairman of the Board Emeritus), Mariann Byerwalter (chairman), William A. Jeffrey, Charles A. Holloway (vice chairman), Vern Clark, Robert L. Joss, Leslie F. Kenne, Henry Kressel, David Liddle, Philip J. Quigley, Wendell Wierenga and John J. Young, Jr.[132]

Its notable researchers include Elmer Robinson (meteorologist), co-author of the 1968 SRI report to the American Petroleum Institute (API) on the risks of fossil fuel burning to the global climate.[133] Many notable researchers were involved with the Augmentation Research Center. These include Douglas Engelbart, the developer of the modern GUI;[134] William English, the inventor of the mouse;[135] Jeff Rulifson, the primary developer of the NLS;[136] Elizabeth J. Feinler, who ran the Network Information Center;[137] and David Maynard, who would help found Electronic Arts.[138]

The Artificial Intelligence Center has also produced a large number of notable alumni, many of whom contributed to Shakey the robot;[139] these include project manager Charles Rosen[140] as well as Nils Nilsson,[141] Bertram Raphael,[139] Richard O. Duda,[142] Peter E. Hart,[142] Richard Fikes[143] and Richard Waldinger.[144] AI researcher Gary Hendrix went on to found Symantec.[145][146] Current Yahoo! President and CEO Marissa Mayer performed a research internship in the Center in the 1990s.[147] The CALO project (and its spin-off, Siri) also produced notable names including C. Raymond Perrault and Adam Cheyer.[148][149]

Several SRI projects produced notable researchers and engineers long before computing was mainstream. Early employee Paul M. Cook founded Raychem.[150] William K. MacCurdy developed the Hydra-Cushion freight car for Southern Pacific in 1954;[27] Hewitt Crane and Jerre Noe were instrumental in the development of Electronic Recording Machine, Accounting;[40] Harrison Price helped The Walt Disney Company design Disneyland;[22] James C. Bliss developed the Optacon;[151] and Robert Weitbrecht invented the first telecommunications device for the deaf.[152][153]

Spin-off companies

Main article: List of SRI International spin-offs

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Intuitive Surgical's robotic surgery system, the da Vinci Surgical System

Working with investment and venture capital firms, SRI and its former employees have launched more than 60 spin-off ventures[154] in a wide range of fields, including Siri (acquired by Apple), Tempo AI (acquired by Salesforce.com), Redwood Robotics (acquired by Google), Desti (acquired by HERE), Grabit, Kasisto, Artificial Muscle, Inc. (acquired by Bayer MaterialScience), Nuance Communications, Intuitive Surgical, Ravenswood Solutions, and Orchid Cellmark.[4][155][156]

Former SRI staff members have also established new companies. In engineering and analysis, for example, notable companies formed by SRI alumni include Weitbrecht Communications,[157] Exponent and Raychem.[156] Companies in the area of legal, policy and business analysis include Fair Isaac Corporation, Global Business Network and Institute for the Future.[156]

Research in computing and computer science-related areas led to the development of many companies, including Symantec, the Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute, E-Trade, and Verbatim Corporation. Wireless technologies spawned Firetide and venture capital firm enVia Partners.[156] Health systems research inspired Telesensory Systems.[156][158]

See also

• San Francisco Bay Area portal

References

Notes


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150. Bohning, James J. (2 April 1992). Paul M. Cook, Transcript of an Interview Conducted by James J. Bohning at San Carlos, California on 2 April 1992 (PDF). Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation.
151. Bliss, James C. (June 1966). "Contributors". IEEE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics. Retrieved June 11, 2010.
152. "Robert H. Weitbrecht". Deaf Scientist Corner. Texas Women's University. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
153. Hevesi, Dennis (2009-08-22). "James Marsters, Deaf Inventor, Dies at 85". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
154. "SRI Ventures". SRI International. Retrieved 2015-07-08.
155. "Alphabetical List". SRI International. Retrieved 2015-07-08.
156. Nielson, p. F1-F4
157. Lang, Harry G (2000). A phone of our own: the deaf insurrection against Ma Bell. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press. ISBN 978-1-56368-090-8.
158. "Ventures: Biotech/Medical". SRI International. Retrieved 2012-07-01.

Works cited

• Nielson, Donald (2006). A Heritage of Innovation: SRI's First Half Century. Menlo Park, California: SRI International. ISBN 978-0-9745208-1-0.
• Gibson, Weldon B. (1980). SRI: The Founding Years. Los Altos, California: Stanford Research Institute. ISBN 978-0-913232-80-4.
• McLaughlin, John R.; Weimers, Leigh A.; Winslow, Wardell V. (2008). Silicon Valley: 110 Year Renaissance. Palo Alto, California: Santa Clara Valley Historical Association. ISBN 978-0-9649217-4-0.
• DARPA: 50 Years of Bridging The Gap. DARPA. 2008. Archived from the original on 2011-05-06.
Further reading[edit]
SRI history[edit]
• Carlson, Curtis R.; Wilmot, William W. (2006). Innovation: The Five Disciplines for Creating What Customers Want. New York: Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-33669-9.
• Lento, Thomas V (2006). Inventing the Future: 60 Years of Innovation at Sarnoff. Princeton, New Jersey: Sarnoff Corporation. ISBN 978-0-9785463-0-4.
• Gibson, Weldon B. (1986). SRI: The Take-Off Days. Los Altos, California: Stanford Research Institute. ISBN 978-0-86576-103-2.
Specific topics[edit]
• Crane, Hewitt; Kinderman, Edwin; Malhotra, Ripudaman (June 2010). A Cubic Mile of Oil. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 978-0-19-532554-6.
• Markoff, John (2005). What the Dormouse Said: How the 60s Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry. New York: Viking Adult. ISBN 978-0-670-03382-9.
• Hafner, Katie (1996). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet (with Matthew Lyon). New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-83267-8.
• Bowden, Mark (2011). WORM: The First Digital World War [about the Conficker computer worm]. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-1983-4.

External links

• SRI International website
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Re: Neuschwanstein: A fairy tale darling's dark Nazi past

Postby admin » Fri Sep 20, 2019 5:17 am

William F. Talbot
by Wikipedia
Accessed: 9/19/19

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William F. Talbot: Born Loup City, Nebraska, October 29, 1904 [to Nicholas Louis Talbot (Father), and Mary Ella 'Nellie' Fletcher (Mother)] [Children: Charles, Michael and Nicholas (Michael and Nicholas born in England)]
Died November 1967 (aged 63)
Nationality American
Alma mater State University of Iowa
Scientific career
Institutions DuPont, Sun Chemical, Office of Strategic Services, Stanford Research Institute, Rubberset Company, Bristol Myers

William Fletcher "Bill" Talbot (October 29, 1903 – November 1967) was a research chemist and the founding director of SRI International, a position he held from 1946 to 1947.[1][2]

Early life and education

Born in Loup City, Nebraska in 1903,[3] Talbot received M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the State University of Iowa.[4]

Career

Initially a teacher, Talbot joined E. I. du Pont as a research chemist.

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Talbot Gets Appointment

William F. Talbot, research assistant of chemistry, has received an appointment with the Dupont company, and will work at the experimental station in Wilmington, Del. He will begin his new duties Sept. 1, 1929.


He was then a research chemist for A. D. Little.[4] He was later the technical director of the Sun Chemical Company (formerly the General Printing Ink Company) and president of its Fine Chemicals Division. While on leave from Sun in 1944, he was the assistant director of research and development for the Office of Strategic Services.[4] During his career, he developed melamine resin, a type of plastic used for molding and casting. Talbot held several patents.[4]

Unofficially appointed in September 1946 and officially appointed in January 1947, he was SRI International's first director.[4] He helped establish the organization and set its early priorities. Due to a dispute with Stanford University president Donald Tresidder, he offered his resignation and reluctantly left SRI in December 1947. Talbot believed SRI should seek contracts from governmental organizations (and be what is now considered a defense contractor); Tressider believed the organization should be independent from government interference.[2]

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Social Events: Janet Woolbert, William Talbot Wed Last Night

Janet Woolbert, daughter of Prof. and Mrs. C.H. Woolbert, 716 N. Van Buren street, was married at the home of the bride’s parents last night to William F. Talbot.

Twenty-five guests witnessed the ceremony, which was read by the Rev. Harry Sherman Longley of the Episcopal church. Vows were spoken before a background of lighted tapers, surmounted by green leaves.

Miss Woolbert was attended by Alice Wood of Urbana, Ill, Robert G. Woolbert of Cambridge, Mass., a brother of the bridge, attended Mr. Talbot. Louise, Eunice, Frances, and Dorothy Gale, small daughters of Mr. Nell Gale of Rockford, Ill., were the flower girls. They stretched an aisle of ribbons and flowers through the room for the bridal couple to pass through.

The bride wore an ivory satin dress made with basque waist and bouffant skirt with an uneven hemline,l finished in deep lace. The costume was completed with a long veil of white tulle and white satin slippers with rhinestone buckles. She carried a bouquet of Ophelia roses.

Miss Wood was attired in a gown of pale pink moiré satin, pink satin slippers, and carried a bouquet of pale pink roses.

At 8 p.m. Margaret Schumacher of Urbana, Ill., began the nuptial music by playing Lohengrin’s “Bridal March.” Miss Woolbert, attended only by Miss Wood entered, and was met at the altar by the bridegroom, accompanied by Mr. Woolbert.

The double ring ceremony was used.

The bride attended the University of Illinois for one year and the University of Iowa for the last two years. She is a member of Delta Gamma sorority. Mr. Talbot received his undergraduate work at Hastings college. He was awarded his M.S. degree at the University of Iowa and is studying for a Ph.D. At present he is a research assistant in organic chemistry. He is a member of Alpha Chi Sigma, Phi Lambda Upsilon, Pi Kappa Delta and Sigma XI.

Out of town guests at the wedding were Miss Wood, Mr. and Mrs. G. M. Wood and Miss Schumacher of Urbana, Ill.; Mr. and Mrs. David Rifior, Mrs. L.W. Brewer and George Woolbert of Ottawa, Ill.; Neil Gale and daughters and Janette Gale of Rockford, Ill.; Elizabeth Fatherson, of Clarion; Catherin St. Clair of Marshalltown; Miss Marie Armil, and Betty Spencer, of Davenport, and Florence Ferman, of Cedar Rapids.

Immediately following the ceremony there was a reception. Marion Ketelson, Ruth Bywater, Jeanne Doran, and Betty Baxter, all of Iowa City acted as assistant hostesses.

The couple left after the reception for a wedding trip to Cass Lake in Minnesota. The new home will be made Sept. 15 at 311 N. Capitol street.

-- Social Events: Janet Woolbert, William Talbot Wed Last Night, by The Daily Iowan, August 29, 1928


Talbot went on to work for the Rubberset Company ...

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Talbot is Vice-President of Firm

Newark, N.J., Feb. 9 (Special to Sherman County Times) – Dr. William F. Talbot, a 1920 graduate of the Loup City high school, has been elected vice-president of the Rubberset Company here – an internationally known manufacturer of paint brushes, paint rollers, and shaving brushes.

Dr. Talbot is a native of Sherman county. His parents were Dr. Nicholas L. and Mary Talbot, pioneers of the county. He attended Hastings College, and after graduating there undertook advanced study in chemistry at the State University of Iowa, where he received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 1929. Dr. Talbot’s sisters, Mrs. A. Daddow and the late Mrs. P.G. Paige, were long-time residents of Sherman county.

Dr. Talbot has been active in various phases of the chemical industry and has published numerous technical articles. He holds a number of patents and is the inventor of the Melamine plastics that are widely used for molding of electrical insulation and other articles such as tableware.

Dr. Talbot has also been active in military affairs. During World War II he served as a consultant to the Office of Strategic Services and for a time was assistant director of the research and development branch of that organization. Just prior to joining the Rubberset Company early in 1952, Dr. Talbot served the Chemical Corps of the army as principal civilian scientist at Dugway Proving Ground, Tooele, Utah, where he was in charge of a group of 300 scientists engaged in large scale field testing of chemical, bacteriological, and radiological weapons.

At the Rubberset Company, Dr. Talbot is in charge of the plastic products division located at Salisbury, Md., and directs the research and development program of the company.

-- Talbot is Vice-President of Firm, by Sherman County Times, Feb. 9, 1953


and later on for Bristol Myers. He died in 1967.[4]

References

1. Nielson, Donald (2006). A Heritage of Innovation: SRI's First Half Century. SRI International. ISBN 978-0-9745208-1-0.
2. Lowen, Rebecca (July–August 1997). "Exploiting a Wonderful Opportunity". Stanford Magazine. Stanford Alumni Association. Retrieved 2011-12-27.
3. [1]
4. Gibson, Weldon B (1980). SRI: The Founding Years. Stanford Research Institute. ISBN 0-913232-80-7.
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Re: Neuschwanstein: A fairy tale darling's dark Nazi past

Postby admin » Fri Sep 20, 2019 10:03 am

Litton Industries
by Wikipedia
Accessed: 9/19/19

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Image
Image
Litton Industries
Litton logo at time of Northrop-Grumman merger in 2001.
Litton B1-A Advanced Extra-Vehicular Suit, Litton Industries, 1969 - Kennedy Space Center - Cape Canaveral, Florida - DSC02895.jpg
Industry Defense
Fate Acquired by Northrop Grumman
Successor Northrop Grumman
Founded 1953
Defunct 2001
Headquarters Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.
Website http://www.littoncorp.com/litton-industries.asp Edit this on Wikidata

Litton Industries was a large defense contractor in the United States named after inventor Charles Litton, Sr..

During the 1960s, the company began acquiring many unrelated firms and became one of the largest conglomerates in the United States. At its peak, in addition to many defense related companies, it also owned both Royal Typewriters and Adler, Moffat major appliances, Stouffer's frozen foods, and various office equipment and furniture companies.

Like many conglomerates, the company suffered significant declines in the 1970s, selling off many of its unrelated brands and had largely returned to its defense roots by the 1980s. The company continued to shrink after the ending of the cold war and by the late 1990s was a corporate takeover target. The company was purchased by Northrop Grumman in 2001.


Northrop Grumman Corporation (NYSE: NOC) is an American global aerospace and defense technology company. With over 85,000 employees[4] and an annual revenue in excess of $30 billion, it is one of the world's largest weapons manufacturers and military technology providers.[5][6][7][2] The firm ranks number 118 on the 2018 Fortune 500 list of America's largest corporations.[8]

Northrop Grumman and its industry partners have won the Collier Trophy eight times, most recently for developing the X-47B, the first-ever unmanned, autonomous air system operating from an aircraft carrier.[9] In 2004, Scaled Composites, a subsidiary of Northrop Grumman, won the Collier Trophy for the SpaceShipOne which was successful developed for the first privately financed, built, and flown space vehicle.[9] Northrop Grumman currently leads the development of B-21 Raider, a long-range, stealth strategic bomber capable of delivering conventional and thermonuclear weapons; it will replace Northrop's own B-2 Spirit, the only known stealth bomber in the world.


-- Northrop Grumman, by Wikipedia


History

Litton started in 1953 as an electronics company building navigation, communications and electronic warfare equipment. They diversified and became a much bigger business, with major shipyards, and manufacturing microwave ovens.

In the early 1990s, Litton Industries split into separate military and commercial companies. The US$2 billion commercial business, which included Litton's oilfield services, business and automated assembly line operations, was named Western Atlas, Inc.

The early "li" logo was designed by Robert Miles Runyan, but was modified in 1986 by designer Gregory Thomas after a worldwide comprehensive study and analysis of the corporate identity. For much of the early 1980s and 90s, "li SWEDA" and "li COLE" were commonly found on product goods but it was modified to bring emphasis to the parent company, whose name was little known.

In 1998, Litton Industries bought TASC, Inc.. In 2000, TASC sold three stand-alone commercial operations: Adesso Software, WSI (Weather Services International) Corporation[1] and Emerge. In 2001, Northrop Grumman bought Litton Industries.

Divisions

• Litton Industries, Potentiometer Division, Mount Vernon, NY
• Litton Airtron, Morris Plains, NJ (microwave waveguide, subsystems and components, AMDL-Advanced Material Development Laboratories for solid state crystal and substrate material growth and marketing and Diamonair gems and jewelry... As a by-product of AMDL crystal material.
• Litton Airtron-SYNOPTICS (Synthetic Optics and Crystals). Airtron purchased Allied Chemicals crystal growth facility in Charlotte, NC and merged AMDL into that facility eventually becoming Northrop Grumman-Synoptics after NGC acquisition.
• Litton Guidance and Control Systems
• Litton Aero Products
• Litton Computer Services
• Litton Electron Devices → now L3 Technologies, Electron Devices: Torrance CA & Williamsport PA
• Litton Data Systems
• Litton Space Systems
• Litton Integrated Systems
• Litton Ship Systems
o Avondale Shipyards
o Ingalls Shipyards

Litton Marine Systems logo
Litton Automated Marine Systems (AMS)
o Sperry Marine
o C.Plath
o Load monitoring System for Spanish Product Carriers (IMP-16 based embedded system w/real-time monitoring and calculation of shear forces and bending moment for load officers)
o Decca Radar (formerly a division of Racal)
 Decca Navigator, a historical VLF navigation system
• Litton Systems Canada
• Litton Italia
• Litton Encoder
• Litton Network Access Systems
• Litton PRC
• LITEF (Litton Technische Werke Freiburg, Germany)
• TELDIX
• Litton Kester, a manufacturer of electronics grade solders, particularly the "eutectic" Sn63Pb37 alloy (lowest melting point of any purely tin-lead alloy)
• Litton Advanced Systems (formerly Litton Amecom)
• Litton Life Support Systems (formerly Bendix Instruments and Life Support Division) Davenport, Iowa
• Litton Datalog (formerly the New York Times Facsimile Company and the printer part of Monroe Calculator; merged into Amecom 1982)
• Litton Westrex (Formerly Western Electric, provider to the film industry of magnetic and photographic sound recording systems. Credits on nearly every Columbia, Fox, M-G-M, Paramount and Universal features, and several independents, including Quinn Martin. Developer of the 45-45 system of stereo phonograph recording, StereoDisk.)
• Litton Bionetics, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD
• Western Atlas, a joint venture formed with Dresser Industries, including former Litton subsidiary Western Geophysical. Spun off in 1994.
• Litton Revenue Control Systems, formerly Taller and Cooper on Front Street in Brooklyn, manufacturer of highway toll ticket dispensing and reading machines.

Consumer and office products:

• Litton Cole (filing cabinets and office furniture)
• Litton Moffat (major appliances)
• Litton Sweda (cash registers)
• Litton Monroe (adding machines/calculators)
• Litton Royal (typewriters)
• Litton Adler (typewriters)
• Stouffer's (frozen food products, restaurants, and hotels; purchased in 1967, sold to Nestlé in 1973)[2]

See also

• Litton Industries bombing

References

1. aviation week, February 14, 2000
2. "Stouffer Corporation". Ohio History Central. Ohio Historical Society. Retrieved December 1, 2013.

Further reading

• Robert Sobel The Money Manias: The Eras of Great Speculation in America, 1770–1970 (1973) reprinted (2000).

External links

• Official website
• Northrop Grumman website
• LITTON Industries Alumni - LITTON Industries Alumni group on LinkedIn
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Re: Neuschwanstein: A fairy tale darling's dark Nazi past

Postby admin » Fri Sep 20, 2019 10:53 am

Arthur D. Little
by Wikipedia
Accessed: 9/20/19

NOTICE: THIS WORK MAY BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT

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Arthur D. Little
Type: Incorporated partnership
Industry: Management consulting
Founded: 1886; 133 years ago
Founder: Arthur Dehon Little
Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium[1]
Number of locations: 38 offices[2]
Key people: Ignacio Garcia Alves, Global CEO
Products: Management consulting services
Number of employees: 1000 [3]
Website http://www.adlittle.com

Arthur D. Little is an international management consulting firm originally headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, and formally incorporated by that name in 1909[4] by Arthur Dehon Little, an MIT chemist who had discovered acetate. Arthur D. Little pioneered the concept of contracted professional services. The company played key roles in the development of business strategy, operations research, the word processor, the first synthetic penicillin, LexisNexis, SABRE and NASDAQ. Today the company is a multi-national management consulting firm operating as a partnership.

Early history

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Arthur D. Little's eponymous founder

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The Arthur D. Little Inc. building at 30 Memorial Drive in Cambridge, Massachusetts, near MIT, which opened in 1917.

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Entrance to 30 Memorial Drive ADL building

The roots of the company were started in 1886 by Arthur Dehon Little, an MIT chemist, and co-worker Roger B. Griffin (Russell B. Griffin), another chemist and a graduate of the University of Vermont who had met when they both worked for Richmond Paper Company. Their new company, Little & Griffin, was located in Boston where MIT was also located. Griffin and Little prepared a manuscript for The Chemistry of Paper-making[5] which was for many years an authoritative text in the area. The book had not been entirely finished when Griffin was killed in a laboratory accident in 1893.[4]

Little, who had studied Chemistry at MIT, collaborated with MIT and William Hultz Walker of the MIT Chemistry department, forming a partnership, Little & Walker, which lasted from 1900 to 1905, while both MIT and Little's company were still located in Boston.[4] The partnership dissolved in 1905 when Walker dedicated all of his time to being in charge of the new Research Laboratory of Applied Chemistry at MIT.[4]

Little continued on his own and formally incorporated the company, Arthur D. Little (ADL), in 1909.[4] He conducted analytical studies, the precursor of the consulting studies for which the firm would later become famous. He also taught papermaking at MIT from 1893 to 1916.[6]

In 1917, the company, originally based at 103 Milk Street in Boston, moved to a building of its own, the Arthur D. Little Inc., Building, at 30 Memorial Drive on the Charles River next to the new campus of MIT, which had also relocated from Boston to Cambridge.[4][7] The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. In November 1953, ADL opened a 40-acre site for its Acorn Park labs in west Cambridge, Massachusetts, about 6 miles (10 km) from MIT.[7] The new site took its name from the company motto - "Glandes Sparge Ut Quercus Crescant," translated as "Scatter Acorns That Oaks May Grow." [8] The Memorial Drive Trust, a tax-exempt retirement trust for the benefit of its employees, was set up.[9] From 1972 to 2001 ADL owned Cambridge Consultants Ltd in Cambridge UK and both companies forged close links.

Seminal Projects

As the pioneer firm in professional services, Arthur D. Little played a key role in numerous 20th-century business initiatives:

In 1911 ADL organized General Motors' first R&D lab,[10] leading to the formation of the firm's dedicated management consulting division, and the birth of the management consulting industry.[11]

In 1916 ADL was commissioned by the Canadian Pacific Railway to do a survey of Canada's natural resources.[10]

In 1921 the firm succeeded in using a bucket of sows' ears to make a silk purse.[10] This revolutionary achievement later became part of the Smithsonian Institute's collection.[12]

In 1968 ADL designed the NASDAQ stock exchange systems for London and Tokyo.[10]

In 1980, ADL produced the European Commission's first white paper on telecommunications deregulation, having completed the first worldwide telecommunications database on phones installed, markets, technical trends, services and regulatory information.[10] It also helped privatize British Rail, generally regarded as one of the most complex privatization exercises in the world.

The Altran Era

By 2001, Arthur D. Little reached its peak as a global consulting firm. However, a new management team mismanaged the company's core business and engaged in manipulation of the Memorial Drive Trust. The ADL Board of Trustees replaced this management team. However, the damage had been done, and Arthur D. Little filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 2002.[13] At an auction in 2002, Paris-based Altran Technologies bought the non-U.S. assets and brand name of Arthur D. Little.

Under Altran's ownership, Arthur D. Little operated primarily as a European-centric company initially, rebuilding and strengthening its core practices in oil and gas, telecommunications, automotive, manufacturing, and chemicals. Later ADL grew and expanded throughout Europe, the Middle East, and Asia and continued to be recognized for its expertise in areas combining aspects of technology, innovation, and strategy.

Refounding - Current Partnership Organization

A group of partners led a management buyout from the Altran group in 2011.[14] The MBO was completed on 30 December 2011 with the vast majority of ADL directors becoming partners and shareholders. A small number of principals, as well as the CFO and COO, are also shareholders. The firm is led by the elected Global CEO, Ignacio Garcia-Alves, who was also the leader of the MBO team.[15] Currently the firm operates with an elected board of directors and several elected committees - Compensation Committee, Partnership Committee, and an Audit Committee. Since the MBO, ADL opened new offices in Turkey, Oslo, Buenos Aires, Mexico City, Singapore, and Hong Kong. In addition, ADL recently re-established itself in the US market and has opened offices in Boston, Houston, New York, and San Francisco.[16]

Practice areas

Arthur D. Little is organized across a number of industry specialty groups including Automotive, Energy / Utilities / Chemicals, Telecommunication / Information / Media / Electronics (TIME), Consumer Goods & Retail, Healthcare & Life Sciences, Engineering / Manufacturing, Public Services, and Travel & Transportation.[17] Major service lines are in Strategy & Organization, Technology Innovation Management, Operations Management, and Risk/Safety.[18]

Rankings, Awards, and Recognitions

In 2019, Arthur D. Little is rated #10 and #11 in Vault's 2019 Consulting rankings for Europe[19] and Asia[20] respectively.

ADL recently re-established itself the US market and has been recognized by Forbes in 2016, 2017, and 2018 as one of "America's Best Management Consulting Firms" [21] and made its debut as #34 in Vault's 2017 North America Consulting rankings.[22]

On Vault's global rankings of key employment factors, ADL was ranked #7 for firm culture.[23] #9 for international opportunities,[24]

Publications

Books


• Guillebaud, David (2016). Disruption Denial: How Companies Are Ignoring What Is Staring Them in the Face. LID Publishing. ISBN 1910649775.
• Träm, Michael (2010). Innovate Your Company: Trends to Follow for a Competitive Advantage. Wiley. ISBN 9783527505227.
• Deneux, François; Rouach, Daniel; Louzoun, Steve (2010). Incubators of the World. Pearson. ISBN 2744064599.
• Scott-Morgan, Peter; Hoving, Erik (2001). The End of Change: How Your Company Can Sustain Growth and Innovation While Avoiding Change Fatigue. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0071357009.
• Senge, Peter (1999). The Dance of Change: The Challenges to Sustaining Momentum in a Learning Organization. Crown Business. ISBN 0385493223.
• Deschamps, Jean-Philippe; Nayak, P. Ranganath (1995). Product Juggernauts: How Companies Mobilize to Generate a Stream of Market Winners. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. ISBN 0-87584-341-7. OCLC 31330407.
• Scott-Morgan, Peter (1994). The Unwritten Rules of the Game: Master Them, Shatter Them, and Break Through the Barriers to Organizational Change. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0070570752.
• Jonash, Ronald; Sommerlatte, Tom (1994). The Innovation Premium: How Next Generation Companies Are Achieving Peak Performance And Profitability. Perseus Publishing. ISBN 978-0738203607.
• Nayak, P. Ranganath; Ketteringham, John M. (1994). Breakthroughs!. Pfeiffer. ISBN 0893842508.
• Roussel, Philip A.; Saad, Kamal N.; Erickson, Tamara J. (1991). Third Generation R & D: Managing the Link to Corporate Strategy. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. ISBN 0-87584-252-6. OCLC 22596604.

Studies and Viewpoints

Arthur D. Little publishes a number of regular global studies including:

• Twice a year, Arthur D. Little publishes its latest thinking on strategy, technology and innovation in its corporate magazine Prism.[25]
• The Annual Arthur D. Little - Exane BNP Paribas report[26] which has provided in-depth analysis of the telecoms sector since 2001

In addition, Arthur D. Little frequently publishes topical or industry-centric reports. Recent examples include:

• Media Flow of Funds 2017 : Consolidate, Diversity, or Perish,[27] which is the most recent in a multi-year study assessing the digital shifts in the content industry and the associated shifts in value along the industry ecosystem.
• Telecoms & Media Flagship Report 2017 : Major strategic choices ahead of TelCos: Reconfiguring for value[28] which assesses how digitalization will impact telecommunication operators' configuration.
• The Future of Urban Mobility Study (2014 version in cooperation with International Association of Public Transport)[29] which is a comprehensive global urban mobility benchmarking report
• The Global Innovation Excellence Study[30][31] which benchmarks innovation performance is published every 2–3 years and is in its 9th iteration
• Socioeconomic Effects of Broadband Speed [32]

Career education

In 1961, Arthur D. Little launched the first management education program to focus exclusively on training general managers from developing countries. Originally known as the Arthur D. Little Management Education Institute, this was a fully accredited academic institution with master's degree granting status.[33] In 1996, the Arthur D. Little School of Management formed a partnership with Boston College's Carroll School of Management in order to gain access to faculty and facilities.[34]
The Arthur D. Little School of Management became Hult International Business School in 2002, following a structural reorganization of Arthur D. Little Inc.

Controversy

In 1987, ADL claimed that sabotage was likely the cause of the Bhopal disaster, which resulted in the death of thousands.[35] ADL's investigation was funded by Union Carbide, the company that owned the chemical plant responsible for the chemical disaster.[36] Analysis by Arthur D. Little argues that the Negligence argument was impossible for several tangible reasons.[37]

In 2001, ADL wrote a Philip Morris-funded report saying that smoking can help Czech economy: Public Finance Balance of Smoking in the Czech Republic.

Notable current and former employees

Business


• Al Angrisani, Angrisani Turnarounds, LLC
• William J. J. Gordon and George M. Prince, creators of synectics.
• Bruce Henderson, founder of the Boston Consulting Group
Charles Koch, chairman and chief executive officer, Koch Industries
• Royal Little, founder of Textron, Inc.
• H. Donald Wilson, first president of LexisNexis database

Politics and public service

Merrill Cook, former member of the United States House of Representatives from Utah.
• Glen Fukushima, advisor to U.S. President Bill Clinton
• James M. Gavin, US Army Lieutenant General, World War II veteran, Commander of the 82nd Airborne Division, and later US Ambassador to France

• David Brown, Chief Executive IChemE (Institution of Chemical Engineers)[38]

Other

Karl P. Stevenson, Arthur D. Little's president and chairman of the Ad Hoc Committee on Chemical and Biological Warfare that in 1950 expedited the creation of Camp Detrick's Special Operations Division that consolidated chemical and biological warfare projects in one location.[39]
• Winnett Boyd, engineer
• Fischer Black, economist who co-developed option pricing, which led to a Nobel Prize for his co-authors (the Nobel prize is not awarded posthumously)
Philip Chapman, Australian-born American astronaut
• Peter Glaser, inventor of the Solar power satellite
• David Levy, inventor
• Pamela Low, developed the flavored coating for Cap'n Crunch cereal
• Donald Schön, academic
• Jack Treynor, economist
• Bernard Vonnegut, atmospheric scientist, and brother of Kurt Vonnegut

References

1. Arthur D. Little. "Arthur D. Little: Locations".
2. "Locations". Arthur D. Little. Retrieved August 17, 2018.
3. "About Us". Archived from the original on 2015-07-14. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
4. Scatter Acorns That Oaks May Grow: An Arthur D. Little Exhibit, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The Institute Archives and Special Collections, 2009-08-25
5. Little, A.D.; Griffin, R.B., "The Chemistry of Paper-Making, together with the principles of general chemistry; a handbook for the student and manufacturer", New York : Howard Lockwood & Co., 1894.
6. Report: "On the Making of Silk Purses from Sows' Ears," 1921, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The Institute Archives and Special Collections, 2009-08-25
7. Photographs: Early Days/30 Memorial Drive, Cambridge/Arthur D. Little/Acorn Park, Cambridge, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The Institute Archives and Special Collections, 2010-03-18
8. "Arthur D. Little, Inc.: Exhibits: Institute Archives & Special Collections: MIT". libraries.mit.edu.
9. "COMPANY NEWS; Plenum Bidding for Arthur D. Little". 14 July 1987.
10. "ADL History Timeline" - ADL
11. "The Birth of Management Consulting - The MIT Campaign for a Better World".
12. "Report: "On the Making of Silk Purses from Sows' Ears," 1921" - ADL
13. Glater, Jonathan (2002-06-02). "Arthur D. Little Plans Bankruptcy Filing". NY Times. Retrieved 2012-07-26.
14. Altran website "The Group signed, on November 1st, 2011, a termsheet for an MBO concerning the disposal of Arthur D. Little due to be finalised by the year-end"
15. "Arthur D. Little announces the successful completion of its Management Buy-Out - Business Wire".
16. "Arthur D. Little Announces More Than 20 New Partners Through External Hiring and Promotions - Business Wire".
17. "Industries". Arthur D. Little. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved April 17,2017.
18. "Services". Arthur D. Little. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
19. "Best European consulting company to work for-Vault.com".
20. "Best Asian Consulting companies to work for-Vault.com".
21. "America's Best Management Consulting Firms".
22. "Best companies to work for-Vault.com".
23. "Best Asia Pacific companies to work for-Vault.com".
24. "Best companies to work for-Vault.com".
25. Prism is available from its website http://www.adlittle.com/prism-intro.html or free on demand from any of the corporate offices.
26. Arthur D. Little - Exane BNP Paribas report available from ADL website
27. Little, Arthur D. "Arthur D. Little - Publications: Viewpoints". http://www.adlittle.com.
28. Little, Arthur D. "Arthur D. Little - Publications: Viewpoints". http://www.adlittle.com.
29. Arthur D. Little - The Future of Urban Mobility 2.0 available from ADL website
30. "Arthur D. Little Study Says External Business Intelligence Boosts Innovation and Profits - The CIO Report - WSJ". WSJ.
31. ADL Global Innovation Excellence Study available from ADL website
32. "Socioeconomic Effects of Broadband Speed" (PDF). Ericsson. September 2013.
33. "Arthur D. Little, Inc.: Exhibits: Institute Archives & Special Collections: MIT". libraries.mit.edu.
34. "Arthur D. Little, Inc.: Exhibits: Institute Archives & Special Collections: MIT". libraries.mit.edu.
35. BBC. "Response: Union Carbide and Dow Chemical". BBC Website. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
36. Laymon, Brent. "Carbide Consultant Says Sabotage Caused Bhopal Tragedy". AP Report. Associated Press. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
37. Kalelkar AS, Little AD (1988). Investigation of Large-magnitude Incidents: Bhopal as a Case Study. London: Presented at the Institution of Chemical Engineers conference on preventing major chemical accidents.
38. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-09-03.
39. A Terrible Mistake:The Murder of Frank Olson and the CIA’s Secret Cold War Experiments A Terrible Mistake:The Murder of Frank Olson and the CIA’s Secret Cold War Experiments - H.P. Albarelli - July 1, 2009 - ISBN 0-9777953-7-3
Further reading[edit]
• James Adams (1992). Bull's eye: the assassination and life of supergun inventor Gerald Bull. (Chapter Seven) Times Books.
• Eagar, Rick, “Who says it can't be done?” : A brief history of Arthur D. Little, PRISM magazine, 2006 (issue for the 120th anniversary of the company)
• Peter Herman (2006). Managing other people's business, but not our own. http://www.adlbook.com
• E. J. Kahn, Jr. (1986). The Problem Solvers. Little Brown.

External links

• Arthur D. Little official website
• Prism: Bi-Annual Thought Leadership Collection
• Of Silk Purses and Lead Balloons
• ICHEME official website
• Alumni Association
• The Original ADL Alumni Association
• ADL Chronicles Products and Inventions from the ADL Labs
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Re: Neuschwanstein: A fairy tale darling's dark Nazi past

Postby admin » Sat Sep 21, 2019 2:25 am

Donald Tresidder
by Wikipedia
Accessed: 9/20/19

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Image
Donald Bertrand Tresidder
Donald Tresidder in front of the Ahwahnee Hotel, Yosemite National Park, California
4th President of Stanford University
In office: October 14, 1943 – January 28, 1948
Preceded by: Ray Lyman Wilbur
Succeeded by: Alvin C. Eurich (acting)
Personal details
Born: April 7, 1894, Tipton, Indiana
Died: January 28, 1948 (aged 53), New York City
Spouse(s): Mary Curry
Alma mater: Stanford University
Profession: Businessman

Donald Bertrand Tresidder (April 7, 1894 – January 28, 1948) was the fourth president of Stanford University, serving from 1943 until his sudden death in 1948. He also had a longtime association with Yosemite National Park.

Early life

Son of John Treloar Tresidder (from Cornwall), Tresidder was born in Tipton, Indiana.

Yosemite

At the age of 20 he took a trip with his sister to Southern California. However, the railroad tracks were washed out and they went to Yosemite Valley instead. There he met many Stanford faculty, who convinced him to enroll in Stanford University.[1]

On that visit to Yosemite, Tresidder also met his future wife Mary Curry, daughter of David and Jennie Curry, the owners of Camp Curry. Tresidder spent his summers working in Yosemite as a porter and other various odd jobs, and was briefly fired for taking his future wife rock climbing up the back side of Half Dome. They married June 17, 1920.

After graduating from Stanford he became president of Yosemite Park and Curry Company. During his tenure he presided over the construction of new roads, the Badger Pass Ski Area, and the Ahwahnee Hotel, built in 1927 and now a National Historic Landmark.[1]

For many years, Tresidder played the role of the Squire at the Bracebridge Dinner, a lavish Christmas feast which was held every Christmas Day at the Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite. His wife played the role of Lady Bracebridge. It was Tresidder who, in 1929, asked photographer Ansel Adams to take over as director of the Dinner, which Adams agreed to do.

Stanford

Tresidder later described himself on arrival at Stanford as an undergraduate: "a gangling youth from the Midwest, wearing a jacket with sleeves too short to cover his long arms, shambling nervously up Palm Drive carrying a battered suitcase. But each student he passed waved and spoke to him cheerfully. At last he encountered President (David Starr) Jordan. The president tipped his broadbrimmed hat, bowed and greeted the young man from Indiana. Tresidder never forgot that welcome."[1]

He earned his M.D. from Stanford Medical School in San Francisco; however, he never practiced medicine. While attending medical school he was a member of Phi Chi Medical Fraternity.[2]

While serving as president of the Yosemite concession, he was active as a Stanford supporter, raising funds and serving as co-chair of the 50th anniversary celebration. In 1942 he became president of the Stanford board of trustees. When Stanford president Ray Lyman Wilbur retired, he took over as president.

He served as president of Stanford from 1943 until 1948 and brought the school through the difficult years of World War II. He often said that his main job at Stanford was fundraising for the school. Tresidder set up a professional fundraising organization and streamlined administrative and accounting practices. He established a scholarship program and upgraded the music program to a full department. Tresidder also abolished the sorority system on campus in 1944, after female students voted to support the move, saying there was "serious disunity" between women who pledged sororities and women who lived in dormitories.[3]

Tresidder also helped establish the Stanford Research Institute. The organization's first director, William F. Talbot, was initially instructed by Tresidder to avoid work that would conflict with the university's interests, particularly federal contracts that might attract political pressure.[4] The drive to find work and the lack of support from Stanford University faculty caused the new research institute to violate this directive six months later through the pursuit of a contract with the Office of Naval Research.[4] As a result, Talbot was fired and replaced by Jesse Hobson, who had previously led the Armour Research Foundation, but the pursuit of contract work remained.[5]

Tresidder died of a heart attack at The St. Regis Hotel in New York City on January 28, 1948, while on University business.[6]

Recognition

• Tresidder Peak[7] in Yosemite National Park is named for him.
• The Tresidder Memorial Union[8] at Stanford University, dedicated in 1962, is named for him.
• The Tresidder Bollards[9], also at Stanford University, are named for him.
• The Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite has a Mary Curry Tresidder suite and an Underwood/Tresidder suite which incorporates the Tresidder Library.[10]

References

1. "Donald Tresidder: Stanford's Overlooked Treasure", by Edwin Kiester Jr., Stanford Historical Society, 1992
2. Cannon, Daniel H. (1989). The History of Phi Chi Medical Fraternity Inc. Centennial Edition 1889-1989. Phi Chi Quarterly Office.
3. Nielson, Donald (2006). A Heritage of Innovation: SRI's First Half Century. Menlo Park, California: SRI International. pp. B–3 – B–4. ISBN 978-0974520810.
5. Lowen, Rebecca (July–August 1997). "Exploiting a Wonderful Opportunity". Stanford Magazine. Stanford Alumni Association. Retrieved 2011-12-27.
6. "Donald Bertrand Tresidder". Stanford University. Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
7. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Tresidder Peak
8. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Tresidder Memorial Union
9. "Tresidder Bollards".
10. "Ahwahnee Hotel accommodations".

Further reading

• Edwin Kiester, Jr., Donald Tresidder: Stanford's Overlooked Treasure (Stanford Historical Society, 1992)
• Shirley Sargent, Yosemite’s Innkeepers (1975, 2000).
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Re: Neuschwanstein: A fairy tale darling's dark Nazi past

Postby admin » Sat Sep 21, 2019 2:30 am

Jesse E. Hobson
by Wikipedia
Accessed: 9/20/19

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Image
Jesse E. Hobson
Born: May 2, 1911, Marshall, Indiana
Died: November 5, 1970 (aged 59), Seattle, Washington
Nationality American
Awards IEEE Fellow
Scientific career
Institutions SRI International
Armour Research Foundation

Jesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955.[1][2][3] Prior to SRI, he was the director of the Armour Research Foundation.[4][5]

Early life and education

Hobson was born in Marshall, Indiana.[6] He received bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering from the California Institute of Technology.[3] Hobson was also selected as a nationally outstanding engineer.[3]

Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children.[7]

Awards and memberships

Hobson was named an IEEE Fellow in 1948.[8]

References

1. Associated Press (1970-11-06). "DR.JESSE HOBSON, RESEARCHER, DIES; Former Head of Stanford Institute Was 59". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-31.
2. Nielson, Donald (2006). A Heritage of Innovation: SRI's First Half Century. SRI International. pp. F1–4. ISBN 978-0-9745208-1-0.
3. Gillmor, C. Stewart (2004-09-22). Fred Terman at Stanford: building a discipline, a university, and Silicon Valley. Stanford University Press. pp. 291–293. Retrieved 2011-12-31.
4. "J. E. Hobson". SRI International. Retrieved 2013-06-13.
5. "Illinois Tech Announces New Agency for License of Armour Wire Recorder". Billboard. 1946-06-06. Retrieved 2011-12-31.
6. [1]
7. "Obituary: Jessie Eugertha Bell Hobson". The Powhatan County Historical Society. Retrieved 2011-12-31.
8. "Awards to Staff by Professional Societies". SRI International. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
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Re: Neuschwanstein: A fairy tale darling's dark Nazi past

Postby admin » Sat Sep 21, 2019 2:41 am

Dr. Jesse Hobson, Researcher, Dies
by New York Times
Nov. 7, 1970

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SEATTLE, Nov. 6 (AP)—Dr. Jesse E. Hobson, educational consultant and former director of the Stanford Research Institute, died last evening of a heart attack, while on a business trip here. He was 59 years old.

Headed Institute 8 Years

Dr. Hobson had headed Stanford, one of the country's “think tanks,” at Menlo Park, Calif., from 1948 to 1956. The institute's staff rose from 25 workers to more than 1,500 during his eight years as its director.

He was graduated from Purdue University with a doctorate in physics and had another in electrical engineering from the California Institute of Technology.

He had been vice president for research and planning of the United Fruit Company, Boston, and vice president of Southern Methodist University, Dallas, and director of planning and development of the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio.

Four years ago, Dr. Hobson joined Henry T. Heald, former president of New York University and president of the Ford Foundation, when Mr. Heald left the Ford post to form Heald, Hobson & Associates, at 230 Park Avenue. The concern, which acted as a consultant to higher‐education institutions, recently opened an office in Beverly Hills, Calif., and Dr. Hobson moved last March from New York to Los Angeles.


Dr. Hobson was a native of Marshall, Ind. and spent his boyhood on a farm. Besides his violin, he liked history and biography best and this led him to decide to prepare for a teaching career.

It was at Purdue that he found an even greater interest in electricity, which led him to study and do research on high‐voltage equipment and the building of measuring equipment in California. This then turned him into the field of pure research.

Surviving are his widow, Louise; a daughter, Mrs. Caro lyn Tracy of Indianapolis, and his father, Clayton A. Hobson of Marshall, Ind.

****************************************

J. E. Hobson
by Stanford Research International Alumni Hall of Fame
Accessed: 9/20/19

Jesse Hobson was the second Director (now called President) of Stanford Research Institute. Dr. Hobson, an electrical engineer, came to SRI early in 1948, from a similar position at the Armour Research Foundation in Chicago, a well known contract research organization similar to what SRI was to become.

Hobson remained in his new SRI position until the end of 1955, when he resigned to enter private industry as a research consultant. By the time Hobson left SRI, after less than 8 years, the staff had increased from 40 to more than 1,000 and annual revenues had moved from $230,000 to beyond $10 million.

When Hobson arrived, SRI was indeed a small and slow-moving institute. Its annual report for 1947 had carried the theme that the Institute has been founded, but was not yet established. For lack of resources and other reasons, there was no development program for the future. Projects were sought first and professional staff later.

Hobson was distressed about the Institute's size, growth rate, inadequate equipment, space, practically no public relations program, and a bare minimum of service facilities and office space. However, he was highly enthusiastic about SRI's purpose, location, and possibilities for the future.

With help from his new colleagues, research and administrative, Hobson lost no time in developing an aggressive program. He laid it out and led the way with a new theme: "Simultaneous Action on Five Fronts."

The five fronts included almost all aspects of SRI's meager operations: a search for added staff first and projects second, instead of the reverse. He asked for some $325,000 to start his proposed development plan. He got only about a third of the amount needed to get a plan under way, but SRI was soon on its way, even with loans, contributions, and deficit financing.

For his accomplishments in getting SRI off the ground, great credit is due.
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Re: Neuschwanstein: A fairy tale darling's dark Nazi past

Postby admin » Sat Sep 21, 2019 2:48 am

IIT Research Institute [Armour Research Foundation]
by Wikipedia
Accessed: 9/20/10

NOTICE: THIS WORK MAY BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT

YOU ARE REQUIRED TO READ THE COPYRIGHT NOTICE AT THIS LINK BEFORE YOU READ THE FOLLOWING WORK, THAT IS AVAILABLE SOLELY FOR PRIVATE STUDY, SCHOLARSHIP OR RESEARCH PURSUANT TO 17 U.S.C. SECTION 107 AND 108. IN THE EVENT THAT THE LIBRARY DETERMINES THAT UNLAWFUL COPYING OF THIS WORK HAS OCCURRED, THE LIBRARY HAS THE RIGHT TO BLOCK THE I.P. ADDRESS AT WHICH THE UNLAWFUL COPYING APPEARED TO HAVE OCCURRED. THANK YOU FOR RESPECTING THE RIGHTS OF COPYRIGHT OWNERS.


IITRI
Type
Non-profit organization[1]
Industry Contract Research Organizations
Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology
Founded 1936
Headquarters Chicago, Illinois
Products pre-clinical
drug development services
Number of employees
150[1]
Website http://www.iitri.org

Image
IITRI Tower (Built 1964–65; Dedicated 1966)

IIT Research Institute (IITRI),[2][3][4][note 1] also known historically and interchangeably as IIT Research Center,[2][5][6][note 2][note 3] is a high-technology scientific research organization and applied research laboratory located in Chicago, Illinois. Previously known as the Armour Research Foundation,[7][8][note 4] the IITRI is an independent corporation that operates collaboratively with the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) and the U.S. Government.

History of IITRI

IITRI was formed in 1936[9][note 5] as the Armour Research Foundation (ARF), and was renamed IITRI in 1963. Initially, ARF was formed to support the research endeavors of faculty members from the Armour Institute of Technology, predecessor to the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT).

IITRI is headquartered on the IIT campus in Chicago, but operates as an independent, not-for-profit research organization.[1] Between its founding in 1936 and 2000, IITRI developed research operations in approximately two dozen locations[10] across the United States. The IITRI staff grew to approximately 1700 employees who performed research and development programs with an annual research budget exceeding $200 M per year. Historically, as a major national science research center, work involved both unclassified and classified (secret) research.

In 2002, IITRI became entirely focused on the life sciences. All other science and engineering divisions were spun off into Alion Science and Technology,[11] a separate employee-owned corporation. Since 2002, research at IITRI has been entirely focused on biomedical research,[1] with particular emphasis on pre-clinical toxicology,[1] safety evaluations, and drug discovery and development.

In 2006, IITRI formed Technology Research, Inc. (TRI), as a wholly owned subsidiary in which research programs that fall outside of IITRI's not-for-profit charter can be conducted.

Image
Cover of A Study of Lunar Research Flights – Volume I technical report on 1959 June 19 by Leonard Reiffel of the Armour Research Foundation involving flight paths for Project A119.

Research history

Research and development programs explored as an engineering think tank over the decades have involved many areas of science, including applied physics, high energy physics, upper atmosphere research (aeronomy),[4] nuclear physics, nuclear attack survival, numerical and computer simulations, electron microscopes and microscopy, police technologies, military, luminescence, aerosols, spacecraft thermal protective coatings,[12] material effects by solar radiation,[13] energy work,[14] and mining engineering. The invention of the modern cellphone was developed here. Early research into magnetics here would cause the development of early wire recorders[15][16] (fostering modern tape recording),[15] and later the new field of computer science.

Patents

Numerous patents over the decades have resulted from work by its researchers, including as an assignee under "IIT Research Institute".[17][18][note 6]

Awards

Several of its engineer scientists have distinguished themselves as recipients of the National Medal of Technology or the National Medal of Science, in addition to other awards.

Current activities

Current investigations at IITRI are focused on biomedicine as a contract research organization (CRO), with particular emphasis on non-clinical toxicology, inhalation toxicology and technology, microbiology and molecular biology,[19] and drug discovery[20] and development for cancer[20] and infectious diseases.[19] IITRI conducts research programs with particular emphasis on studies to support Investigational New Drug applications and New Drug applications to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

Current Divisions of IITRI

IITRI currently performs research in five Technical Divisions: Toxicology, Inhalation Toxicology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology,[19] Carcinogenesis and Cancer Chemoprevention,[20] and Drug Discovery.[20]

Toxicology

Scientists working in IITRI's Toxicology Division have performed non-clinical toxicology studies for U.S. Government and medical industry sponsors for more than thirty years. Current programs involve acute, subchronic and chronic studies in both rodent and non-rodent model systems to support new drug research. In addition to general toxicology studies, IITRI scientists routinely perform pharmacokinetics and metabolism (PK/ADME) studies, reproductive toxicology studies, safety pharmacology studies, and studies involving a variety of specializations and clinical endpoints. A particular strength of the scientific staff is the integration of non-routine evaluations (genomics/gene expression, cell biology, biochemistry, and enzymology) into the conduct of non-clinical toxicology protocols.

Inhalation Toxicology

IITRI's Inhalation Toxicology Division integrates the efforts of doctoral-level inhalation scientists and engineers with experienced, doctoral-level toxicologists to conduct non-clinical toxicology studies in support of Investigational New Drug (IND) and New Drug (NDA) Applications. Studies are performed in both rodent and non-rodent species.

Nose-only and whole body exposures are performed using metered dose inhalaers, nebulizers, atomizers, powder dispensers, and vapor generation systems, with continuous on-line monitoring to document test atmosphere composition. Study endpoints are similar to those performed by scientists of the Toxicology Division, and commonly involve safety evaluations.

Safety Pharmacology studies are performed to determine the effects of drugs and other xeniobiotics on the function of the central nervous, respiratory, cardiovascular, and urinary/renal systems. Cardiovascular safety pharmacology studies are performed using telemetry instrumentation.

Microbiology and Molecular Biology

Scientists working in IITRI's Microbiology and Molecular Biology Division[19] work in genetic toxicology, immunotoxicology, applied microbiology, genomics and gene expression, and molecular diagnostics.

Genetic Toxicologists at IITRI routinely perform bacterial mutagenesis assays (Ames Tests), mammalian mutagenesis assays (mouse lymphoma and other tests), DNA damage assays (micronucleus and chromosomal aberration assays), and cytotoxicity assays.

Molecular biologists perform a wide range of studies in gene expression, including genomics evaluations using several different platforms.

IITRI has studied immunotoxicology for more than 25 years. In the early 1980s, IITRI scientists were key participants in the original tripartite program (with the NIEHS and the Medical College of Virginia) in which murine immunotoxicology bioassays were developed and validated. Subsequently, IITRI scientists played a major role in the development and validation of the local lymph node assay (LLNA) for the rapid detection of agents that induce hypersensitivity.

IITRI's Microbiology and Molecular Biology Division[19] operates both Biosafety Level-2 and Biosafety Level-3 laboratories for in vitro and in vivo studies, and is approved by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to conduct studies with a broad range of pathogenic agents. This work involves molecular diagnostics, drug and vaccine efficacy evaluations, drug and vaccine safety evaluations, and decontamination studies.

Carcinogenesis and Cancer Chemoprevention

The focus of research efforts in Carcinogenesis and Cancer Chemoprevention Division[20] is the prevention of cancer by pharmacologic, nutritional, or hormonal interventions. IITRI has done preclinical studies of cancer prevention for more than 30 years, and IITRI scientists have published more than 200 peer-reviewed papers in the field.

Originally focused entirely on the prevention of experimental breast cancer, scientists working in IITRI's Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention Division[20] have conducted studies directed at mechanisms of carcinogenesis and prevention of cancer in the breast, prostate, lung, colon, urinary bladder, oral cavity, liver, skin, and hematopoietic system, among other organ sites. The earliest studies conducted by this group (in the 1970s) focused on the prevention of cancer by natural and synthetic analogs of vitamin A (retinoids). This work has expanded substantially since that time, and currently involves a wide range of natural products (soy isoflavones and protease inhibitors, tea polyphenols, organic selenium compounds, vitamin D and derivatives), hormones and hormone analogs, and pharmacologic agents originally developed for other indications. Mechanistic studies are performed at the cell, biochemical, and molecular levels, and preclinical drug discovery and development studies involve a wide range of in vitro and in vivo screening, efficacy, and preclinical toxicology programs.

Drug Discovery

The various research efforts in the foregoing divisions supports Drug Discovery Division[20] with Investigational New Drug (IND) Applications and New Drug Applications (NDA) to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, as well as submissions to other regulatory agencies. Studies comply with Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) regulations. IITRI's expertise in non-clinical studies also supports the development of drugs for cancer prevention and therapy.

See also

• California Institute of Technology
• Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• McCrone Research Institute
• SRI International
• Association of Independent Technological Universities
• Project A119
• ADME
• End point of clinical trials
• Drug development
• Pharmacodynamics

Notes

1. "IITRI" (or "iiTRi") is used on cover sheets of technical paper documents in prior decades.
2. "IIT Research Center" appears under document title heading labels used on cover sheets of technical paper documents in prior decades. This can also appear together on the same sheet with the background abbreviation "IITRI" (or "iiTRi").
3. "IIT Research Center" appears on one of the recipient address pages (p. 23) in Rome, New York on the lower right side of the Gama; et al. (2004) reference.
4. Actual letter stationery in the period notes in its header "IIT Research Institute" as the primary letterhead first line. The second line underneath has the name "Formerly Armour Research Foundation of Illinois Institute of Technology". Both lines are in upper case block type with address, etc. information below as the third line. The left of the letterhead has an IITRI upended rectangular box with five straight non-parallel intersecting lines with a dark field, and the letters IITRI in caps at the box bottom in its own white background field (the second "I" and the "R" being subscript slightly to the rest of the letters). For example, see the Zerlaut; et al. (1964) ref. Additionally, some journal articles of the transition period, particularly for author information, show "IIT Research Institute (formerly Armour Research Foundation)". For example, see the Weil & Daniel (1964) ref.
5. Incorporation date shows as 1936 April 06, which is the original date of the Armour Research Foundation. The file name is currently under the entity of IIT Research Institute, which would have been done by filing a change of name as an amendment to the articles of incorporation at a later date, thus allowing retention of the original Armour incorporation date.
6. For example: U.S. Patent 3,564,154, issued February 16, 1971, by inventor Marvin Camras, for "Cathode Ray Tube Magnetic Reproducer For Video"; and more recently U.S. Patent 6,461,290, issued October 8, 2002, by inventor David A. Reichman; et al., for "Collapsible Isolation Apparatus", involving isolation of a patient in a controlled environment protecting the transported patient against biological or chemical hazards.

References (citations)

1. IIT 2003 Annual Report on Research, p. 41.
2. Greenbaum & Wheeler (1967), cover sheet (technical paper).
3. Szpakiewicz; et al. (1990), cover sheet i (technical paper).
4. McCormac; et al. (1967), p. i (book).
5. Gama; et al. (2004), p. 23 (technical paper).
6. Szpakiewicz; et al. (1990), cover sheet ii (technical paper).
7. Zerlaut; et al. (1964), p. 1 (Technical Letter Report).
8. Weil & Daniel (1964), p. 268 (journal article).
9. Corporation File Report, Illinois Secretary of State.
10. IIT 2003 Annual Report on Research, p. 23.
11. IIT 2003 Annual Report on Research, p. 21.
12. Gilligan & Harada (1976) (technical report).
13. Firestone & Harada (1979) (technical report).
14. Boston Globe, 1980 March 25, p. 1 (Economy).
15. Morton (1998) (journal article).
16. Los Angeles Times, 1942 June 21, p. 17.
17. U.S. Utility Patent 3,564,154.
18. U.S. Utility Patent 6,461,290.
19. Sagripanti; et al. (2010) (journal article) [see author affiliations].
20. Mehta; et al. (2010) (journal article) [see author affiliations].

References (books)

• McCormac, Billy M. (editor); et al. (authors)(1967), (book), Aurora and Airglow, Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute held at the University of Keele, Staffordshire, England, August 15–26, 1966, p. i [title page]; McCormac as editor, of the Physics Division, IIT Research Institute [p. i], Chicago, Illinois; 1967 [p. ii] Reinhold Publishing Corporation.

References (journals)

• Mehta, Rajendra G.; Murillo, Genoveva; Naithani, Rajesh; & Peng, Xinjian (2010), (journal article), "Cancer Chemoprevention by Natural Products: How Far Have We Come?", Pharmaceutical Research (ISSN 0724-8741), Vol. 27, Issue 6, pp. 950–961; Springer (publisher); 2010 June.
• Morton, David (1998) (journal article), "Armour Research Foundation and the Wire Recorder: How Academic Entrepreneurs Fail", Technology and Culture (ISSN 0040-165X), Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 213–244; Society for the History of Technology (publisher); 1998 April.
• Sagripanti, Jose-Luis; Rom, Amanda M.; & Holland, Louis E. (2010), (journal article), "Persistence in darkness of virulent alphaviruses, Ebola virus, and Lassa virus deposited on solid surfaces", Archives of Virology (ISSN 0304-8608), Vol. 155, Issue 12, pp. 2035–2039, December 2010.
• Weil, N.A.; & Daniels, I.M. (1964), (journal article), "Analysis of Fracture Probabilities in Nonuniformly Stressed Brittle Materials", Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 47, Issue 6, pp. 268–274, 1964 June.

References (newspapers)

• Boston Globe, 1980 March 25, p. 1 (Economy); McMillan, Gary (Globe staff); "Four leaders of America's energy business".
• Los Angeles Times, 1942 June 21, p. 17; "Recording of Sound on Wire Thin as Human Hair Developed".

References (technical literature, & other)

• Firestone, Ross F.; & Harada, Yoshiro (1979), (technical report), "Evaluation of the Effects of Solar Radiation on Glass", IIT Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois; for NASA Marshall Space Flight Center; IITRI Project D6139; Final Report No. D6139; 1979 January 31; U.S. Government Accession No. N79-26209.
• Gama, Bazle A.; Xiao, Jia-Run; Haque, Md. J.; Yen, Chian-Fong; & Gillespie, Jr., John W. (2004), (technical paper), "Experimental and Numerical Investigations on Damage and Delamination in Thick Plain Weave S-2 Glass Composites Under Quasi-Static Punch Shear Loading", Army Research Laboratory (ARL), ARL-CR-534, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland; [prepared by] Center for Composite Materials [CCM], University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 2004 February; under contract DAAD19-01-2-0001 and DAAD19-01-2-0005; p. 23; [CCM: Gama, Xiao, Haque, Gillespie; MSC (Material Sciences Corporation): Yen].
• Gilligan, J.E.; & Harada, Y. (1976), (technical report), "Development of Space-Stable Thermal Control Coatings for Use on Large Space Vehicles", IIT Research Center, Chicago, Illinois; for NASA Marshall Space Flight Center; 1976 March 15; Report No. IITRI-C6233-57; U.S. Government Accession No. N76-23584.
• Greenbaum, Miles A.; & Wheeler, W. John (1967), (technical paper), "Textile Technology From Aerospace Research", [Prepared under NASA contract by] IIT Research Center, Technology Utilization Center, 1967 June 9; NASA Ref. No. CR97195; U.S. Government Accession No. N68-36655.
• Illinois Institute of Technology (2004), (annual report), 2003 Fiscal Year "Report on Research": "Inventing the Future Together (A Report on Research at IIT) (Highlighting advances in basic and applied research, technology transfer and commercialization."; published by the Graduate College at Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois; copyright 2004.
• Szpakiewicz, Michael; Schatzinger, R.; Jackson, S.; Sharma, B.; Cheng, A.; & Honarpour, Matt (1990), (technical paper), "Selection of a Second Barrier Island Reservoir System for Expanding the Shoreline Barrier Reservoir Model and Refining NIPER Reservoir Characterization Methodology" [Status Report], NIPER-472, National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research (NIPER), IIT Research Institute [cover sheet i]/IIT Research Center [cover sheet ii], Bartlesville, Oklahoma, 1990 April.
• Zerlaut, Gene A. (letter author); (with contributing personnel) Allen, Mrs. J.; Raziunas, Mr. Victor; Kaye, Dr. Brian; & Katz, Dr. Sidney, (1964), (technical letter report), "Investigation of Light Scattering in Highly Reflecting Pigmented Coatings", "January 1 through March 1, 1964" [quarterly progress letter], 6 pages (pp. 1–4 report letter; pp. 5–6 distribution list), Letter of 1964 March 13; addressed to: Director, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Attention: Office of Grants and Research Contracts; Report No. IITRI-C6018-7; NASA Ref. No. CR53523; U.S. Government Accession No. N65-16474.

External links

• Official website
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Re: Neuschwanstein: A fairy tale darling's dark Nazi past

Postby admin » Sat Sep 21, 2019 3:00 am

Stanford Research International Corporate History
by Stanford Research International
Accessed: 9/20/19

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Learn about the key steps in SRI's founding and rise to prominence as a world-class research institute and innovation center.

1925

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Robert Swain

Dr. Robert E. Swain, Stanford University professor of chemistry, championed the idea of an interdisciplinary research institute within the University. Early supporters included Stanford alumnus and trustee, Herbert Hoover, the 31st U.S. President.

1927

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Ray Lyman Wilbur

Stanford President Ray Lyman Wilbur recommended that an institute plan be developed.

1929

Stanford's annual report presented a faculty proposal for a research institute. The institute idea was tabled in 1930 as the Great Depression spreads.

1939 Stanford's faculty committee discussed the institute idea while meeting at the Bohemian Grove in Northern California. Ray Lyman Wilbur presented the idea to University trustees.

1941 The institute idea was again tabled when the U.S. enters World War II.

1945 Plans for a research foundation were presented to Stanford President Donald Tresidder and Vice President Alvin Eurich, and to California Governor Earl Warren (later the 14th chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court). San Francisco businessman Atholl McBean and Ernest Black of the Pacific Research Foundation in Los Angeles met with Eurich at Stanford.

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Stanford President Donald Tresidder

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California Governor Earl Warren (later the 14th chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court)

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San Francisco businessman Atholl McBean

1946 Atholl McBean continued to campaign for a foundation dedicated to research in science, technology, industry, economics, and management. His dedication led to his eventual acknowledgment as the founder, along with the Stanford University Board of Trustees, of Stanford Research Institute.

1946 Stanford University trustees approved in principle the proposal for a research institute. Articles of incorporation for Stanford Research Institute were signed and filed with the state of California on November 6, and SRI was granted nonprofit status. Stanford University trustees elected 11 SRI directors.

SRI's first research project began in this year—an investigation of improving of the guayule plant as a source of rubber.

1947

The institute moved from the Stanford University campus to Stanford Village, the former site of the U.S. Army's Dibble Hospital in Menlo Park, California—still SRI's headquarters today.

William F. Talbot was named SRI's executive director, and Donald B. Tresidder, president of Stanford University, was named SRI's first chairman. At year's end, the institute had seven employees.

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Hoot Gibson

Weldon B. "Hoot" Gibson joined SRI as its third staff member and first chairman of business and economics. He held numerous executive roles, including senior director emeritus from 1988 until his death in 2001. Known as "Mr. SRI", Gibson is credited with building SRI’s international programs and bringing SRI to worldwide prominence.

1948

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Jesse E. Hobson

SRI inaugurated the International Division. The institute had 60 active research projects and 198 staff members. Jesse E. Hobson was named SRI's executive director.

1950

SRI opened its Washington, D.C. facility.

1953

SRI's Poulter Laboratory, named after researcher and explorer Thomas Poulter, was founded, marking the beginning of 60 years of research in the response of materials and structures to impacts, fatigue, explosions, and fractures.

Poulter Applied Mechanics

SRI’s Poulter Applied Mechanics, established in 1953, combines experimental and computational capabilities to develop novel solutions related to counter-terrorism, mine neutralization, target breaching, directed energy effects, and a variety of defense problems. The laboratory also works with commercial companies on projects to ensure public safety.

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Aerial view of SRI's remote test site.

SRI's privately owned test site contains specialized testing laboratories and hazard testing facilities such as a shock tube for explosive testing, explosive airblast simulation, a large water pool for underwater explosion experiments, and a gas-propelled-projectile launch facility for impact studies. The facility is frequently used to perform studies to ensure that emerging fuels, such as hydrogen and natural gas, can be produced, distributed, and used in a safe manner.

Poulter Laboratory has developed many unique scale-model experimental techniques to evaluate the response of structures to severe dynamic loading, providing significant cost savings in comparison to full-scale testing. The laboratory also develops tailored explosive experiments and systems for reducing collateral damage, such as SRI's patented Dilute Explosive Tile (DET) technology.


1955

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E. Finley Carter

E. Finley Carter became SRI's executive director (a title to be changed to president in 1958).

1955

SRI began a 13-year series of transactions to purchase from Stanford University all the land it presently occupies in Menlo Park, California.

1956

SRI's Molecular Physics Laboratory is founded. The lab performs fundamental and applied research in laser sensors, mass spectroscopy, and atmospheric processes. By year's end, the institute had 742 research projects and a staff of 1,408.

1963

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Karl A. Folkers

Karl A. Folkers was appointed SRI's president, and SRI opened its Tokyo, Japan office.

1966

SRI's pioneering Artificial Intelligence Center was founded.

Artificial Intelligence Center

SRI's Artificial Intelligence Center (AIC) researches the computational principles underlying intelligence in man and machines. We develop methods for building computer-based systems to learn, perceive and interact with the world, reason, and make decisions. Our activities include:

• Machine learning, with applications to understanding text, speech, and video
• Mixed-initiative planning and workflow management for military and commercial processes
• Intelligent, personalized assistance for information and task management
• Vision, localization, navigation, coordination, and grasping for mobile robots and human-robot interaction
• Acquisition, visualization, and prediction of biochemical pathways in support of drug discovery and engineering new organisms

Leading AI Innovation from R&D to Application

Founded in 1966, the AIC is the source of many seminal contributions to AI in the areas of mobile robotics (Shakey and Centibots), search (the A* algorithm), expert systems (PROSPECTOR), image understanding (the RANSAC algorithm), information extraction from texts (FASTUS), and intelligent agents (PRS).

Technology developed in the center has been fielded in military applications, notably as part of the U.S. Army’s Command Post of the Future (CPoF), and has been licensed to several SRI spin-off ventures such as Siri (acquired by Apple), Trapit (merged with Addvocate), Tempo AI (acquired by Salesforce), Desti (acquired by Nokia), and Kasisto.


1968

Charles A. Anderson became SRI's president.

1970

Stanford Research Institute became independent from Stanford University on January 13.

1977

Stanford Research Institute was renamed SRI International on May 16.

1979

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William Miller

William F. Miller was named SRI's president.

SRI established the SRI Fellows Award to recognize the technical, scientific, and professional contributions of SRI staff members.

1987

Sarnoff Corporation (then known as RCA Laboratories) became a wholly owned subsidiary of SRI. In 2011, Sarnoff was integrated fully into SRI.

The head of RCA during World War II was Colonel David Sarnoff, a stocky, square-set, determined man with a slow, subdued voice, who came from Russia as an immigrant at the turn of the century and began as a newspaper seller, messenger boy, and Marconi Wireless operator. He became world famous in 1912, at the age of twenty-one, as the young telegraph operator who first picked up word of the sinking of the Titanic: for seventy-two hours he conducted ships to the stricken vessel. He rose rapidly in the Marconi company, from inspector to commercial manager in 1917. He became general manager of RCA in 1922 at the age of thirty-one and president just before he was 40. Under his inspired organization NBC inaugurated network broadcasting and RCA and NBC became one of the most colossal of the American multinational corporations, pioneers in television and telecommunications.

After Pearl Harbor, Sarnoff cabled Roosevelt, "All of our facilities and personnel are ready and at your instant service. We await your command." Sarnoff played a crucial role, as crucial as Behn's, in the U.S. war effort, and, like Behn, he was given a colonelcy in the U.S. Signal Corps. He solved complex problems, dealt with a maze of difficult requirements by the twelve million members of the U.S. armed forces, and coordinated details related to the Normandy landings. He prepared the whole printed and electronic press-coverage of V-J day; in London in 1944, with headquarters at Claridge's Hotel, he was Eisenhower's inspired consultant and earned the Medal of Merit for his help in the occupation of Europe.

Opening in 1943 with a chorus of praise from various generals, the new RCA laboratories had proved to be indispensable in time of war.

But the public, which thought of Sarnoff as a pillar of patriotism, would have been astonished to learn of his partnership with the enemy through Transradio and TTP. The British public, beleaguered and bombed, would have been equally shocked to learn that British Cable and Wireless, 10 percent owned by the British government, and under virtual government control in wartime, was in fact also in partnership with the Germans and Italians through the same companies and proxies.

Immediately after Pearl Harbor, Hans Blume, manager of Transradio in Chile, set up an arrangement in connection with his related clandestine station, PYL, to transmit Nazi propaganda, coordinate espionage routes, give ship arrivals and departures, supply information on U.S. military aid, U.S. exports, the Latin American defense measures, and set up communications with German embassies throughout South America. Transradio was equally active in Rio and Buenos Aires.

In Brazil, Transradio was known as Radiobras, its mixed American, British, Nazi, and Italian shares permanently deposited in -- of course -- the National City Bank of New York in Rio. Its directors were American, Italian, German, and French. Transradio's London bank transferred as much as a quarter of a million shares of Transradio stock from Nazi-controlled banks to the National City Bank branch in 1942.

In Argentina the board was again a mixture of Nazi, Italian, and Allied members. Like the members of the Bank for International Settlements, though with even less excuse, the directors sat around a table discussing the future of Fascist alliances. So extreme was the situation that many messages could not be sent to Allied capitals by U.S. embassies or consulates without going through Axis hands first.

On March 15, 1942, Transradio in London instructed its Buenos Aires branch to open a radio-photograph circuit to Tokyo. Since British post office authorities were in charge of British Cable and Wireless's wartime operations, the British government was presumed to have authorized this act. On March 16 the U.S. Embassy in Buenos Aires reported to the State Department in Washington that the opening of the radio-photograph circuit "would appear to offer the Japanese opportunity of transmitting news photos unfavorable to the United Nations to Buenos Aires for distribution here and in other countries."

On March 16, Thomas Burke of the State Department sent a note to State's Breckinridge Long saying, over three months after Pearl Harbor, "Now that we are at war and parties to Resolution XL of the Rio Conference, it seems proper to require our companies to desist from carrying any Axis traffic in the other American republics. It is our understanding in this connection that the Treasury Department in the future will require licenses of American communications companies desiring to carry traffic of this nature. ... As far as the past is concerned, it is believed that we can give oral assurances to the companies that they will not be prosecuted against." It is of interest to note that those assurances extended into the future and that indeed the companies were not prosecuted against at any time.

At the same time, London allegedly authorized Transradio to transmit messages from South American capitals direct to Rome. The British authorities had cut off ltalcable's line to Rome at Gibraltar in 1939, but Transradio now took over its Italian partner's transmissions at a 50 percent discount.

Simultaneously, the Transradio stations, according to State Department reports with the full knowledge of David Sarnoff, kept up a direct line to Berlin. The amount of intelligence passed along the lines can scarcely be calculated. The London office was in constant touch with New York throughout the war, sifting through reports from Argentina, Brazil, and Chile and sending company reports to the Italian and German interests.

-- Trading With the Enemy: An Expose of the Nazi-American Money Plot 1933-1949, by Charles Higham


1990

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James Tietjen

James Tietjen was appointed SRI's president.

1994

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Bill Sommers

William P. Sommers was named SRI's president.

SRI established the Mimi Award as the highest recognition for staff members who have fostered the personal and professional growth of their co-workers.

1996

Commemorating SRI's 50 years, the SRI Alumni Association was established to recognize former staff members whose professional contributions have had significant impact for staff, management, or clients.

1998

BusinessWeek dubbed SRI "Spin-off City"—an innovation engine that creates new businesses to capitalize on SRI technology developments and move them into the marketplace.

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Curtis R. Carlson

Curtis R. Carlson became SRI's president and chief executive officer.

He served as the president of SRI International from 1998 to 2014,[3] and oversaw Sarnoff Corporation's full integration into SRI in January 2011.[4][5] During that period he was Chairman of the Sarnoff Corporation....

Carlson has served on several government task forces including the Air Force Scientific Advisory Board, the Army Science Board and the Defense Science Board task force on bio-chemical defense. He also serves on the National Academy of Engineering Committee on Manufacturing, Design, and Innovation, and is a council member on the Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable, a joint body of the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.[3] He is a member of the Highlands Group, which makes recommendations to government officials regarding technological developments of interest to the government.

-- Curtis Carlson, by Wikipedia


1996

SRI established the Gibson Achievement Award to honor staff members whose contributions have had a noteworthy impact on the standard of living and on the peace and prosperity of society.

2000

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Bill Clinton and Douglas Engelbart

SRI Senior Technical Advisor Emeritus Dr. Doug Engelbart, inventor of the mouse and other foundations of personal computing, received the National Medal of Technology and Innovation—the U.S.' highest technology honor.

Computer Mouse and Interactive Computing

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The world's first computer mouse was developed by SRI

Development of the mouse began in the early 1960s by SRI's Douglas Engelbart, while he was exploring the interactions between humans and computers. Bill English, then the chief engineer at SRI, built the first computer mouse prototype in 1964. Designs with multiple buttons soon followed.

A single wheel or a pair of wheels was used to translate the motion of the mouse into cursor movement on the screen. Engelbart was the inventor on the basic patent for what was then called the "X-Y Position Indicator for a Display System." The patent was filed in 1967 and issued in 1970.

SRI licensed the computer mouse technology to Apple, Xerox, and other companies. The mouse became commercially viable in 1984, three years before the patent's expiration.

Mother of All Demos Legacy

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Engelbart rehearses "Mother of All Demos"

For Engelbart, the mouse was one part of a much larger technological system whose purpose was to facilitate organizational learning and global online collaboration. When he was a graduate student in electrical engineering, Engelbart began to imagine ways in which all sorts of information could be displayed on the screens of cathode ray tubes, and he dreamed of "flying" through a variety of information spaces.

In early 1959, Engelbart pursued his visionary ideas by formulating a theoretical framework for the co-evolution of human skills, knowledge, and organizations. At the heart of his vision was the computer as an extension of human communication capabilities and a resource for the augmentation of human intellect.

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Researchers prepare for demo

By 1968, Engelbart created and became the director of SRI's Augmentation Research Center. With a group of young computer scientists and electrical engineers from the center, on December 9, 1968 he staged a 90-minute public multimedia demonstration at the 1968 Fall Joint Computer Conference in San Francisco. It was the world debut of personal and interactive computing, featuring a computer mouse that controlled a networked computer system to demonstrate hypertext linking, real-time text editing, multiple windows with flexible view control, cathode display tubes, and shared-screen teleconferencing.

For its impact on computing and the world, the 1968 event has been dubbed "the mother of all demos."


2007

With support of state and regional funds, SRI opened new research facilities in Harrisonburg, Virginia and St. Petersburg, Florida.

SRI Shenandoah Valley

SRI Shenandoah Valley focuses on health and biomedical research and drug discovery and development with the ultimate goal of bringing new therapies and diagnostics to market. As part of SRI Biosciences, the research complements research and development (R&D) capabilities at other SRI locations, including SRI's Menlo Park, California headquarters.

SRI’s state-of-the-art 40,000-square-foot research facility is located in Harrisonburg, Virginia on a 25-acre campus in the Innovation Village at Rockingham. The facility provides a convenient base for collaboration with academia, entrepreneurs, government, industry, and investors in Virginia and the greater Washington, D.C. area. SRI moved into its Shenandoah Valley laboratory facility in 2009 and further expanded in 2011 and 2013 to accommodate growth in its R&D programs.

Scientific research at SRI Shenandoah Valley focuses on prevention, detection and treatment of diseases. Activities span basic research in emerging infectious disease, metabolic disease and proteomics; applied research in therapeutics including drugs, biologics, and vaccines; and personalized medicine through the development of companion diagnostics and biomarkers.

Examples of activities at SRI Shenandoah Valley include:

• Virology research in the Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases focuses on the study of the pathogenesis and transmission of emerging and re-emerging viruses to better inform therapeutic and vaccine discovery for influenza, SARS-CoV, hantaviruses, paramyxoviruses, poxviruses, and flaviviruses. Recent studies have focused on the emerging Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus and the development of potential inhibitors for this acute viral disease.
• One research program in the Center for Chemical Biology focuses on novel and collaborative applications of the fluorescence-based CombiFluor™ technology platform for proteolytic enzyme-based biomarker discovery for therapeutic and diagnostic development.
• The Preclinical Development Section evaluates the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of a broad range of therapeutics in support of research grants and preclinical development contracts under the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and for other clients.
• The proteomics team in the Center for Cancer and Metabolism has developed a method to find proteins that bind drugs and are thus potential drug targets. This novel method does not require an affinity tag on the drug of interest, which means that it can be applied to any drug, natural product, repurposed drug, or hit from a high-throughput screen. The method is being applied by SRI’s cancer drug discovery program to identify potential novel drug targets.

SRI SV is contributing to regional innovation, with two spin-off companies created to date:

• Redcoat Solutions is developing products to detect and treat infestations of bed bugs (parasitic insects that feed on human blood and cause a number of adverse health effects). The products will allow users to quickly determine when a room is infested with bed bugs before obvious signs of infestation are visible.
• RioGin is researching a technology to increase the half-life and reduce the side-effects of important classes of drugs, such as those used to treat cancer or diabetes.

As SRI Shenandoah Valley conducts cutting-edge research on globally important problems, it serves as a magnet and resource for local faculty and students to actively engage in R&D with real-world applications. SRI's collaborations with leading Virginia academic institutions are facilitated by government funding, sponsored industrial research, and private foundation support.

SRI Shenandoah Valley was established in 2006 as the SRI Center for Advanced Drug Research (CADRE) to foster economic development centered on research and technology. The new facility received support from the Commonwealth of Virginia and partnerships with James Madison University, Rockingham County, the City of Harrisonburg, the Virginia Economic Development Partnership, and the Shenandoah Valley Partnership. Stakeholders include the education sector, business and industry, economic development advocates, workforce development groups, community organizations, and local government.


SRI St. Petersburg

SRI established operations in St. Petersburg, Florida in 2007 with the help of the state's Innovation Incentive Program. The fund invested $20 million over a five-year period to support startup activities and establish a base for the growth of SRI's marine technology and maritime security programs. A partnership with the City of St. Petersburg, Pinellas County, and the State of Florida provided an additional $10 million in funding and land to build a new building for SRI's operations. The city's contribution included the waterfront site at the Port of St. Petersburg and a 10-year facility lease.


2010

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Vern Clark

Admiral Vern Clark is named chairman of the SRI Board of Directors.

SRI sold off its spin-off venture Siri to Apple.

2011

SRI subsidiary Sarnoff Corporation, a leader in vision, video, and semiconductor technology innovations, was fully integrated into SRI on January 1.

2012

SRI has conducted more than $4 billion in R&D in the last decade.

2013

SRI has 2,300 employees at 20 locations.

2014

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Marianne Byerwalter

Mariann Byerwalter, Chairman, SRI Board of Directors, and Chairman, JDN Corporate Advisory LLC

Mariann Byerwalter joined SRI's Board in 1998 and was named its Chairman in 2014. Byerwalter was previously Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Stanford Hospital and Clinics and is a former Trustee of Stanford University. Prior to that, she served as Chief Financial Officer of Stanford University. Her broad business, finance, and administrative responsibilities at Stanford included government cost and rate studies, business development, and information technology systems and services.

Prior to this she was an entrepreneur and co-founded America First Financial Corporation, which raised funds to purchase and turn-around failed savings and loans from the government. Byerwalter served as Chief Financial Officer at Eurekabank, and Chief Operating Officer of America First Eureka Holdings. She was Vice President of Strategic Planning and Corporate Development at Bank America Corporation.

Byerwalter currently serves on the Boards of Directors of Burlington Capital Group; Franklin Resources, Inc.; Lucile Packard Children's Hospital; Pacific Life Insurance; Redwood Trust, Inc.; Stanford Health Care; and WageWorks.

Byerwalter holds a B.A. degree from Stanford University and an MBA from Harvard Business School. She received the 1998 Financial Woman of the Year Award from the Financial Women's Association of San Francisco, is a Distinguished Honoree for the Harvard Business School Association of Northern California’s “50 Years of Women at HBS,” and has been selected as an Outstanding Director for 2014 by the San Francisco Business Times and Silicon Valley Business Journal.


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and William Jeffrey

Mariann Byerwalter is named chairman of the SRI Board of Directors.

William Jeffrey became SRI's president and chief executive officer.

William Jeffrey, Chief Executive Officer

William Jeffrey, Ph.D., is chief executive officer of SRI International, a leading research and development organization serving government and industry. Jeffrey joined SRI in 2014. From 2008 to 2014, Jeffrey was president and CEO of HRL Laboratories, a corporate R&D organization owned by The Boeing Company and General Motors.

Prior to joining HRL, Jeffrey served in the George W. Bush Administration as director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Jeffrey also served in the Executive Office of the President as senior director for homeland and national security and as assistant director for space and aeronautics within the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP).

Earlier in his career, Jeffrey was deputy director for the Advanced Technology Office and chief scientist for the Tactical Technology Office at the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), and assistant deputy for technology at the Defense Airborne Reconnaissance Office. Jeffrey started his professional career at the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA).

Jeffrey is an elected Fellow of the American Physical Society, an elected Honorary Member of the International Society of Automation, a recipient of the 2008 Navigator Award from the Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, and a recipient of the Secretary of Defense Medal for Outstanding Public Service.

Jeffrey serves on the board of TE Connectivity, and serves on the Office of Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) Technical Advisory Board. He is also on the Lawrence Livermore National Lab External Review Committee.

Jeffrey received his M.A. and Ph.D. in astronomy from Harvard University, and his B.Sc. in physics is from MIT.


SRI's Phase 1 Clinical Trial and Strategic Development Services facility opened in Plymouth, Michigan.

Phase 1 Clinical Trial and Strategic Development Services Facility

SRI’s Phase 1 Clinical Trial and Strategic Development Services unit operates a state-of-the-art clinical trial facility to provide clients and partners with comprehensive early-stage human research capabilities for new medicines and medical devices. As part of SRI Biosciences, the research leverages research and development (R&D) capabilities at other SRI locations, including SRI's Menlo Park, California headquarters, to provide integrated, comprehensive support and extend product development continuity from the preclinical to the clinical phase.

The Phase I Clinical Trials facility was completed late 2014 and occupies a purpose-built, approximately 9,400 square-foot expansion of the Michigan Life Science and Innovation Center in Plymouth, Michigan, which is centrally situated near academic medical centers in Ann Arbor, Detroit, and Royal Oak and within 20 minutes of the Detroit International Airport. With support from the Michigan Economic Development Corporation (MEDC), the facility was established to advance business, innovation, and human health in this region and beyond.

Phase 1 Clinical Research and Operations

The unit offers Phase 1 clinical studies in patients and healthy volunteers. The 13-bed and 3-infusion chair, state-of-the-art facility includes the examination and research subject rooms and office, reception, pharmacy, and laboratory processing space necessary to enable Phase I clinical research operations and overnight stays for research subjects. Studies include integrated single and multiple ascending dose studies, bioequivalence studies, food-effect studies, and drug-drug interaction studies, as well as Phase 1b trials in patients drawing on a patient base managed by therapeutic area specialists in multiple areas. Access to SRI’s existing strengths in biomarker development facilitates Phase 1b studies in patients with translational biomarker endpoints, which serves to mitigate the risk of late-stage clinical development failure.

Clinical Strategy Development

The unit provides early strategic guidance in the refinement of efficient, scientifically sound development plans leading to a future drug product or device that addresses a well-defined, unmet medical need. The unit’s capabilities build on decades of SRI experience in clinical development and translational medicine across many therapeutic areas in the biotechnology, biopharmaceutical, and nonprofit sectors. Investigators apply SRI Biosciences’ strategic insight, scientific depth and resources, biomarker development and validation strengths, and executional expertise to design and implement customized clinical research programs that maximize the potential for regulatory and commercial success.

Capabilities
View a list of the unit's capabilities and services.

Study Volunteers

Phase 1 Clinical Research and Operations: New medical cures depend on healthy volunteers to participate in research studies of potential new therapeutics, and SRI compensates study participants for their time. Learn more or sign up here.


2015

To expand its capability to meet strategic U.S. Army needs, SRI established a facility in Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland.

Meeting Strategic Army Client Requirements at Aberdeen Proving Ground
by Jonathan B. Cory
April 30, 2015

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Technitial at proving ground

SRI engages strategic partners within the U.S. Army and the small business community to offer a new operational approach to moving information systems into sustainment. Our cost-effective, iterative, and seamless approach involves subject matter experts from across SRI’s multidisciplinary technology R&D focus areas. To expand our capabilities for Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG) clients, SRI’s Information and Intelligence Systems (I2S) group has opened a new location inside the APG gates.

APG is home to the Army’s Communications and Electronics Command (CECOM), Research and Development Command (RDECOM), Army Research Lab (ARL), Army’s Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC) and Program Executive Offices for Command, Control, Computers Tactical (C3T) and Intelligence Electronic Warfare & Sensors (IEW&S). SRI has provided ongoing support to commands at this location since 2007. We have also supported the Army Reprogramming Analysis Team (ARAT) since 1991, and recently secured a new contract to support ARAT for another three years.

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Re: Neuschwanstein: A fairy tale darling's dark Nazi past

Postby admin » Sat Sep 21, 2019 3:28 am

Walt Disney's World War II propaganda production
by Wikipedia
Accessed: 9/16/19

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DESPITE A PASSIONATE OPPOSITION to socialism and to any government meddling with free enterprise, Walt Disney relied on federal funds in the 1940s to keep his business afloat. The animators' strike had left the Disney Studio in a precarious financial condition. Disney began to seek government contracts - and those contracts were soon responsible for 90 percent of his studio's output. During World War II, Walt Disney produced scores of military training and propaganda films, including Food Will Win the War, High-Level Precision Bombing, and A Few Quick Facts About Venereal Disease. After the war, Disney continued to work closely with top military officials and military contractors, becoming America's most popular exponent of Cold War science. For audiences living in fear of nuclear annihilation, Walt Disney became a source of reassurance, making the latest technical advances seem marvelous and exciting. His faith in the goodness of American technology was succinctly expressed by the title of a film that the Disney Studio produced for Westinghouse Electric: The Dawn of Better Living.

Disney's passion for science found expression in "Tomorrowland," the name given to a section of his theme park and to segments of his weekly television show. Tomorrowland encompassed everything from space travel to the household appliances of the future, depicting progress as a relentless march toward greater convenience for consumers. And yet, from the very beginning, there was a dark side to this Tomorrowland. It celebrated technology without moral qualms. Some of the science it espoused later proved to be not so benign - and some of the scientists it promoted were unusual role models for the nation's children.

In the mid-1950s Wernher von Braun cohosted and helped produce a series of Disney television shows on space exploration. "Man in Space" and the other Tomorrowland episodes on the topic were enormously popular and fueled public support for an American space program. At the time, von Braun was the U.S. Army's leading rocket scientist. He had served in the same capacity for the German army during World War II. He had been an early and enthusiastic member of the Nazi party, as well as a major in the SS. At least 20,000 slave laborers, many of them Allied prisoners of war, died at Dora-Nordhausen, the factory where von Braun's rockets were built. Less than ten years after the liberation of Dora-Nordhausen, von Braun was giving orders to Disney animators and designing a ride at Disneyland called Rocket to the Moon. Heinz Haber, another key Tomorrowland adviser - and eventually the chief scientific consultant to Walt Disney Productions - spent much of World War II conducting research on high-speed, high-altitude flight for the Luftwaffe Institute for Aviation Medicine. In order to assess the risks faced by German air force pilots, the institute performed experiments on hundreds of inmates at the Dachau concentration camp near Munich. The inmates who survived these experiments were usually killed and then dissected. Haber left Germany after the war and shared his knowledge of aviation medicine with the U.S. Army Air Force. He later cohosted Disney's "Man in Space" with von Braun. When the Eisenhower administration asked Walt Disney to produce a show championing the civilian use of nuclear power, Heinz Haber was given the assignment. He hosted the Disney broadcast called "Our Friend the Atom" and wrote a popular children's book with the same title, both of which made nuclear fission seem fun, instead of terrifying. "Our Friend the Atom" was sponsored by General Dynamics, a manufacturer of nuclear reactors. The company also financed the atomic submarine ride at Disneyland's Tomorrowland.

The future heralded at Disneyland was one in which every aspect of American life had a corporate sponsor. Walt Disney was the most beloved children's entertainer in the country. He had unrivaled access to impressionable young minds - and other corporations, with other agendas to sell, were eager to come along for the ride. Monsanto built Disneyland's House of the Future, which was made of plastic. General Electric backed the Carousel of Progress, which featured an Audio-Animatronic housewife, standing in her futuristic kitchen, singing about "a great big beautiful tomorrow." Richfield Oil offered utopian fantasies about cars and a ride aptly named Autopia. "Here you leave Today," said the plaque at the entrance to Disneyland, "and enter the world of Yesterday, Tomorrow, and Fantasy."


-- Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal [EXCERPT], by Eric Schlosser


Between 1942 and 1945, during World War II, Walt Disney was involved in the production of propaganda films for the U.S. government. The widespread familiarity of Disney's productions benefited the U.S. government in producing pro-American war propaganda in an effort to increase support for the war.

Disney's involvement

Upon the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by the Axis-affiliated Empire of Japan on December 7, 1941, 500 United States Army troops moved in the next day to occupy Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California for the next eight months—the only Hollywood film studio under military occupation in history—as America began a massive build up to fight in World War II. The soldiers were stationed there to protect a nearby Lockheed aircraft plant from enemy air raids, convert parking garages into ammunition depots, and fixing equipment in large soundstages.[1] From there, Disney was approached with requests from the U.S. services to produce propaganda films.[2] The Navy was the first, and other branches of the government, including the Army Air Forces, the Department of Agriculture, and the Treasury Department, rapidly caught on to Disney’s creative approach to generating educational films, propaganda, and insignias.

During World War II, Disney made films for every branch of the United States Armed Forces and government.[3][4] This was accomplished through the use of animated graphics by means of expediting the intelligent mobilization of servicemen and civilians for the cause of the war. Over 90% of Disney employees were devoted to the production of training and propaganda films for the government.[3] Throughout the duration of the war, Disney produced over 400,000 feet of educational war films, most at cost, which is equal to 68 hours of continuous films. In 1943 alone, 204,000 feet of film was produced. [2]

As well as producing films for different government divisions from 1942 to 1943, Disney was asked to create animation for a series of pictures produced by Colonel Frank Capra for the U.S. Army.[2] This series included films such as Prelude to War and America goes to War. Although these films were originally intended for servicemen, they were released to theaters because of their popularity.


The Navy productions

The Navy first requested 90,000 feet of film to be ready in three months. The purpose of these films was to educate sailors on navigation tactics. This was a shock for Disney, as he was used to creating 27,000 feet of film in a year.[2]

The Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs also requested educational films for aviation branches of the government. The subjects of these films varied widely from aerology and not compact tactics to ground crew aircraft maintenance.[5]

The Treasury Department productions

Disney created The New Spirit (1942) after a request from the Secretary of the Treasury, Henry Morgenthau, Jr., to make Americans accept the payment of income taxes. The film was followed by The Spirit of '43 (1943). In this film, Donald Duck deals with income taxes and shows their benefit to the American war effort.[6] The film was seen by 26 million people. In a later Gallup poll 37% admitted that the film played a factor on their willingness to pay taxes. Disney also made a book for children to try to encourage them to purchase War Savings stamps.[7]

The Army Air Forces (USAAF or AAF) productions

Aerology film production was supervised by naval aviation experts and some members of Disney's team learned how to fly to better understand the problems the Army Air Forces encountered.[3] Victory Through Air Power (1943) is one of the propaganda films Disney produced for air warfare.[5] This film is an attempt to sell Major Alexander de Seversky's theories about the practical uses of long range strategic bombing. The animated film humorously tells about the development of air warfare and then switches to the Major illustrating how his ideas could win the war for the Allies.

Propaganda productions

As requested by the U.S. Government, Walt Disney created a number of anti-German and anti-Japanese films for the servicemen and the U.S. public. He wanted to portray these countries and their leaders as manipulative without morals. A few of the films he produced were Reason and Emotion (1943), Der Fuehrer's Face (1942), Education for Death - The Making of a Nazi (1943), and Commando Duck (1944).

In Der Fuehrer’s Face, Donald Duck experiences a day in a Nazi country where he has to make do with eating ridiculous Nazi food rations (smell of bacon and eggs, coffee made with one bean, and a slice of stale bread) experiences a day at a Nazi artillery factory and breaks down. He wakes up realizing that the experience was a nightmare, embraces a model of the Statue of Liberty and exclaims Am I glad to be a citizen of the United States of America!

Education for Death - The Making of a Nazi was a wartime propaganda film that takes on the perspective of Hans, a young German boy. As the movie progresses and Hans is exposed to Hitler youth and the Nazi culture, his ability to value human life decreases. In Commando Duck, Donald, by himself, destroys an entire Japanese airbase.

Further reading

• "Disney's Troupe Goes to War". Times. 15 November 1942. p. 20–21

See also

• The Walt Disney Company
o List of Walt Disney World War II propaganda productions
• United States home front during World War II
• American propaganda during World War II
• Propaganda film
• World War II and American animation

Notes

1. Moseley, Doobie (December 7, 2015). "Pearl Harbor Changed Everything, Even the Disney Studio". Laughing Place. Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
2. "Walt Disney's Animated War". Flying. March 1945. p. 50–51
3. "Walt Disney Goes to War". Life magazine. 31 August 1942.p. 61–69.
4. "Walt Disney: Great Teacher; His Films for War are Revolutionizing the Technique of Education". Fortune. August 1942. p. 90–95
5. {{cite journal |date=September 1942 | title =Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck Work for Victory | journal =Popular Science | volume =141.3 | issue =September 1942 | pages =98
6. "The New Pictures". Time Magazine. February 9, 1942.
7. "Disney Studio at War". Theater Arts. Jan 1943. p. 31–39

External links

• "World War II: Propaganda". www3.eou.edu. Retrieved 2007-10-05.
• Veteran's Day School Kit
• "Transcript of interview with Disney about his propaganda ideas". Archived from the original on April 6, 2008.
• Disney at War
• The short film All Together (1941) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film Attack in the Pacific (1944) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film The Case of the Tremendous Trifle (1944) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film Cleanliness Brings Health (1945) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film Camouflage (1944) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film Defense Against Invasion (1943) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film Dental Health is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film Der Fuehrer's Face is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film Donald's Decision (1941) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film Education for Death: The Making of the Nazi is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film Environmental Sanitation (1946) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film Flak (1943) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film Food Will Win the War (1942) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film Four Methods of Flush Riveting (1942) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film The Grain That Built A Hemisphere (1943) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film Human Body (Spanish) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film Ice Formation On Aircraft is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film Infant Care and Feeding (1944) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film Infant Care and Feeding (Spanish) (1944) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film Insects as Carriers of Disease (1944) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film Insects as Carriers of Disease (Spanish) (1944) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film It's Your War Too (1944) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film The New Spirit (1942) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film Out of the Frying Pan Into the Firing Line (1942) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film Planning for Good Eating (1946) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film Report from the Aleutians (1943) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film Seven Wise Dwarfs (1941) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film The Spirit of '43 (1943) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film The Stillwell Road is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film Stop That Tank! (1942) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film The Thrifty Pig (1941) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film The Unseen Enemy (1945) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film Victory Through Air Power (1943) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film The Winged Scourge (1943) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film The Winged Scourge (Spanish) (1943) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
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