by Wikipedia
Accessed: 2/27/20
The Right Honourable The Lord Brougham and Vaux PC QC FRS
Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain
In office: 22 November 1830 – 9 July 1834
Monarch: William IV
Prime Minister: Earl Grey
Preceded by: Lord Lyndhurst
Succeeded by: Lord Lyndhurst
Member of the House of Lords
Lord Temporal
In office: 22 November 1830 – 7 May 1868
Hereditary Peerage
Preceded by: Peerage created
Succeeded by: The 2nd Lord Brougham and Vaux
Member of Parliament for Knaresborough
In office: February 1830 – August 1830
Preceded by: George Tierney
Succeeded by: Henry Cavendish
Member of Parliament for Winchelsea
In office: 1815 – February 1830
Preceded by: William Vane
Succeeded by: John Williams
Member of Parliament for Camelford
In office: 1810 – November 1812
Preceded by: Lord Henry Petty
Succeeded by: Samuel Scott
Personal details
Born: 19 September 1778, Cowgate, Edinburgh
Died: 7 May 1868 (aged 89), Cannes, Second French Empire
Nationality: British
Political party: Whig
Spouse(s) Mary Anne Eden (1785–1865)
Alma mater: University of Edinburgh
Sir Henry Brougham by John Adams Acton 1867
Henry Peter Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux, PC, QC, FRS (/ˈbruː(ə)m ... ˈvoʊks/; 19 September 1778 – 7 May 1868) was a British statesman who became Lord High Chancellor and played a prominent role in passing the 1832 Reform Act and 1833 Slavery Abolition Act.
Born in Edinburgh, Brougham helped found the Edinburgh Review in 1802 before moving to London, where he qualified as a barrister in 1808. Elected to the House of Commons in 1810 as a Whig, he was Member of Parliament for a number of constituencies until becoming a peer in 1834.
Brougham won popular renown for helping defeat the 1820 Pains and Penalties Bill, an attempt by the widely disliked George IV to annul his marriage to Caroline of Brunswick. He became an advocate of liberal causes including abolition of the slave trade, free trade and parliamentary reform. Appointed Lord Chancellor in 1830, he made a number of reforms intended to speed up legal cases and established the Central Criminal Court. He never regained government office after 1834 and although he played an active role in the House of Lords, he often did so in opposition to his former colleagues.
Education was another area of interest. He helped establish the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge and University College London, as well as holding a number of academic posts, including Rector, University of Edinburgh.
The Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (SDUK), was founded in 1826, mainly at the instigation of Lord Brougham,[1] with the object of publishing information to people who were unable to obtain formal teaching, or who preferred self-education. A Whiggish London organisation that published inexpensive texts intended to adapt scientific and similarly high-minded material for the rapidly expanding reading public, it was wound up in 1848.
Lecture-Hall of the Greenwich Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, on its opening 15 February 1843
An American group of the same name was founded as part of the Lyceum movement in the United States in 1829. Its Boston branch sponsored lectures by such speakers as Ralph Waldo Emerson, and was active from 1829 to 1947.[2] Henry David Thoreau cites the Society in his essay "Walking," in which he jestingly proposes a Society for the Diffusion of Useful Ignorance.[3]
-- Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, by Wikipedia
If Josiah Holbrook had lived to-day, probably he might have been tempted to organize an educational trust, or to corner the market in professors. As it was, he planned a World Lyceum, of which Chancellor Brougham, of England, should be president, and which should have fifty-two vice-presidents, men distinguished in science and in philanthropy, men chosen from every country in the world.
-- Who's Who In the Lyceum, edited by A. Augustus Wright
In later years he spent much of his time in the French city of Cannes, making it a popular resort for the British upper-classes; he died there in 1868.
Life
Early life
Brougham Hall in 1832.
Brougham was born and grew up in Edinburgh, the eldest son of Henry Brougham (1742–1810), of Brougham Hall in Westmorland, and Eleanora, daughter of Reverend James Syme. The Broughams had been an influential Cumberland family for centuries. Brougham was educated at the Royal High School and the University of Edinburgh, where he chiefly studied natural science and mathematics, but also law. He published several scientific papers through the Royal Society, notably on light and colours and on prisms, and at the age of only 25 was elected a Fellow. However, Brougham chose law as his profession, and was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1800. He practised little in Scotland, and instead entered Lincoln's Inn in 1803. Five years later he was called to the Bar.
Not a wealthy man, Brougham turned to journalism as a means of supporting himself financially through these years. He was one of the founders of the Edinburgh Review and quickly became known as its foremost contributor, with articles on everything from science, politics, colonial policy, literature, poetry, surgery, mathematics and the fine arts.[1] In the early 19th century, Brougham, a follower of Newton, launched anonymous attacks in the Edinburgh Review against Thomas Young's research, which proved light was a wave phenomenon that exhibited interference and diffraction. These attacks slowed acceptance of the truth for a decade, until François Arago and Augustin-Jean Fresnel championed Young's work. Another example of Lord Brougham's scientific incompetence is his attack upon Sir William Herschel (1738–1822), a story is described by Pustiĺnik and Din.[2] Herschel, as Royal Astronomer, found a correlation between the observed number of sunspots and wheat prices.[3] This met with strong and widespread rejection, even ridicule as a "grand absurdity" from Lord Brougham. Herschel had to cancel further publications of these results. Seventy years later, the English economist W. S. Jevons indeed discovered 10–11-year intervals between high wheat prices, in agreement with the 11-year cycle of solar activity discovered at those times. Miroslav Mikulecký, J. Střeštík and V. Choluj[4] found by cross-regression analysis shared periods between climatic temperatures and wheat prices of 15 years for England, 16 years for France and 22 years for Germany. They now believe they have found a direct evidence of a causal connection between the two.
Early career
Henry Brougham in 1825
The success of the Edinburgh Review made Brougham a man of mark from his first arrival in London. He quickly became a fixture in London society and gained the friendship of Lord Grey and other leading Whig politicians. In 1806 the Foreign Secretary, Charles James Fox, appointed him secretary to a diplomatic mission to Portugal, led by James St Clair-Erskine, 2nd Earl of Rosslyn, and John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent. The aim of the mission was to counteract the anticipated French invasion of Portugal. During these years he became a close supporter of the movement for the abolition of slavery, a cause to which he was to be passionately devoted for the rest of his life. Despite being a well-known and popular figure, Brougham had to wait before being offered a parliamentary seat to contest. However, in 1810 he was elected for Camelford, a rotten borough controlled by the Duke of Bedford. He quickly gained a reputation in the House of Commons, where he was one of the most frequent speakers, and was regarded by some as a potential future leader of the Whig Party. However, Brougham's career was to take a downturn in 1812, when, standing as one of two Whig candidates for Liverpool, he was heavily defeated. He was to remain out of Parliament until 1816, when he was returned for Winchelsea. He quickly resumed his position as one of the most forceful members of the House of Commons, and worked especially in advocating a programme for the education of the poor and legal reform.[1]
In 1828 he made a six-hour speech, the longest ever made in the House of Commons.[5]
Defence of Queen Caroline
In 1812 Brougham had become one of the chief advisers to Caroline of Brunswick, the estranged wife of George, Prince of Wales, the Prince Regent and future George IV. This was to prove a key development in his life. In April 1820 Caroline, then living abroad, appointed Brougham her Attorney-General. Earlier that year George IV had succeeded to the throne on the death of his long incapacitated father George III. Caroline was brought back to Britain in June for appearances only, but the king immediately began divorce proceedings against her. The Pains and Penalties Bill, aimed at dissolving the marriage and stripping Caroline of her Royal title on the grounds of adultery, was brought before the House of Lords by the Tory government. However, Brougham led a legal team (which also included Thomas Denman) that eloquently defended the Princess. Brougham threatened to introduce evidence of George IV's affairs and his secret marriage to a Catholic woman. This could have potentially thrown the monarchy into chaos, and it was suggested to Brougham that he hold back for the sake of his country. He responded with his now famous speech in the House of Lords:
"An advocate, in the discharge of his duty, knows but one person in all the world, and that person is his client. To save that client by all means and expedients, and at all hazards and costs to other persons, and amongst them, to himself, is his first and only duty; and in performing this duty he must not regard the alarm, the torments, the destruction which he may bring upon others. Separating the duty of a patriot from that of an advocate, he must go on reckless of consequences, though it should be his unhappy fate to involve his country in confusion."
The speech has since become legendary among defence lawyers for the principle of zealously advocating for one's client.[6] The bill passed, but by the narrow margin of only nine votes. Lord Liverpool, aware of the unpopularity of the bill and afraid that it might be overturned in the House of Commons, then withdrew it. The British public had mainly been on the Princess's side, and the outcome of the trial made Brougham one of the most famous men in the country. His legal practice on the Northern Circuit rose fivefold, although he had to wait until 1827 before being made a King's Counsel.[1]
In 1826 Brougham, along with Wellington, was one of the clients and lovers named in the notorious Memoirs of Harriette Wilson. Before publication, Wilson and publisher John Joseph Stockdale wrote to all those named in the book offering them the opportunity to be excluded from the work in exchange for a cash payment. Brougham paid and secured his anonymity.[7][8]
Lord Chancellor
NO SLAVERY!
ELECTORS OF THE COUNTY OF YORK
You honourably distinguished yourselves
In the ABOLITION OF THE SLAVE TRADE
by your zealous support of
WILLIAM WILBERFORCE
Who can be more worthy of your choice as a
REPRESENTATIVE FOR THE COUNTY
the enlightened friend and champion of Negro Freedom
HENRY BROUGHAM
by returning him
YOU WILL DO AN HONOUR TO THE COUNTY
and
A SERVICE TO HUMANITY[9]
Brougham remained member of Parliament for Winchelsea until February 1830 when he was returned for Knaresborough. However, he represented Knaresborough only until August the same year, when he became one of four representatives for Yorkshire. His support for the immediate abolition of slavery brought him enthusiastic support in the industrial West Riding. The Reverend Benjamin Godwin of Bradford devised and funded posters that appealed to Yorkshire voters who had supported William Wilberforce to support Brougham as a committed opponent of slavery[9] However, Brougham was adopted as a Whig candidate by only a tiny majority at the nomination meeting: the Whig gentry objecting that he had no connection with agricultural interests, and no connection with the county.[10] Brougham came second in the poll, behind the other Whig candidate; although the liberals of Leeds had placarded the town with claims that one of the Tory candidates supported slavery, this was strenuously denied by him.[11]
In November the Tory government led by the Duke of Wellington fell, and the Whigs came to power under Lord Grey. Brougham joined the government as Lord Chancellor, although his opponents claimed he previously stated he would not accept office under Grey.[12] Brougham refused the post of Attorney General, but accepted that of Lord Chancellor, which he held for four years. On 22 November, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Brougham and Vaux, of Brougham in the County of Westmorland.[1]
Brougham as Lord Chancellor (1830-1834)
The highlights of Brougham's time in government were passing the 1832 Reform Act and 1833 Slavery Abolition Act but he was seen as dangerous, unreliable and arrogant. Charles Greville, who was Clerk of the Privy Council for 35 years, recorded his 'genius and eloquence' was marred by 'unprincipled and execrable judgement.'[13] Although retained when Lord Melbourne succeeded Grey in July 1834, the administration was replaced in November by Sir Robert Peel's Tories. When Melbourne became Prime Minister again in April 1835, he excluded Brougham, claiming his conduct was one of the main reasons for the fall of the previous government; Baron Cottenham became Lord Chancellor in January 1836.[1]
Later life
Bust of Henry Brougham in the Playfair Library of Edinburgh University's Old College
The title page of British Constitution (1st ed., 1844), written by Brougham
Brougham was never to hold office again. However, for more than thirty years after his fall he continued to take an active part in the judicial business of the House of Lords, and in its debates, having now turned fiercely against his former political associates, but continuing his efforts on behalf of reform of various kinds. He also devoted much of his time to writing. He had continued to contribute to the Edinburgh Review, the best of his writings being subsequently published as Historical Sketches of Statesmen Who Flourished in the Time of George III.
In 1834 he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
In 1837 Brougham presented a bill for public education, arguing that "it cannot be doubted that some legislative effort must at length be made to remove from this country the opprobrium of having done less for the education of the people than any of the more civilized nations on earth".[14]
In 1838, after news came up of British colonies where emancipation of the slaves was obstructed or where the ex-slaves were being badly treated and discriminated against, Lord Brougham stated in the House of Lords:
"The slave … is as fit for his freedom as any English peasant, aye, or any Lord whom I now address. I demand his rights; I demand his liberty without stint… . I demand that your brother be no longer trampled upon as your slave!"[15]
Brougham was elected Rector of Marischal College for 1838.[16] He also edited, in collaboration with Sir Charles Bell, William Paley's Natural Theology and published a work on political philosophy and in 1838 he published an edition of his speeches in four volumes. The last of his works was his posthumous Autobiography. In 1857 he was one of the founders of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science and was its president at a number of congresses.
In 1860 Brougham was given by Queen Victoria a second peerage as Baron Brougham and Vaux, of Brougham in the County of Westmorland and of Highhead Castle in the County of Cumberland, with remainder to his youngest brother William Brougham (died 1886). The patent stated that the second peerage was in honour of the great services he had rendered, especially in promoting the abolition of slavery.
Family
Brougham married Mary Spalding (d. 1865), daughter of Thomas Eden and widow of John Spalding, MP, in 1821. They had two daughters, both of whom predeceased their parents, the latter one dying in 1839. Lord Brougham and Vaux died in May 1868 in Cannes, France, aged 89, and was buried in the Cimetière du Grand Jas.[1] The cemetery is up to the present dominated by Brougham's statue, and he is honoured for his major role in building the city of Cannes. His hatchment is in Ninekirks, which was then the parish church of Brougham.
The Barony of 1830 became extinct on his death, while he was succeeded in the Barony of 1860 according to the special remainder by his younger brother William Brougham.
Legacy
A brougham, of the style built to Lord Brougham's specification
He was the designer of the brougham, a four-wheeled, horse-drawn style of carriage that bears his name.
Brougham
The term "Brougham" has been used by every single American car manufacturer as well as a few foreign ones to designate a car model or trim package with richly appointed features. It refers to the elegant "Brougham" carriage popular in the 19th century. That carriage was originally built to the specifications of and named for Lord Henry Peter Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux, a British statesman who became Lord Chancellor of Great Britain. Brother Brougham was a member of Canongate Kilwinning Lodge 2 of Edinburgh Scotland.
-- Freemasons: Tales from the Craft, by Steven L. Harrison
About Lodge Canongate Kilwinning
Lodge Canongate Kilwinning was Chartered in 1677 in the Canongate, an area of Edinburgh. It was the first known example in the world of a Lodge being granted a charter by an existing Lodge, in this case The Lodge of Kilwinning (latterly known as Mother Kilwinning). The minutes of that Lodge refer to the granting of a charter to Lodge Canongate Kilwinning on 20 December 1677.
On the 6th December 1677 Masons from the Canongate wrote to Mother Kilwinning by petition requesting permission to enter and pass persons in its name and on its behalf. This permission in the form of a Charter was duly granted on the 20th December 1677. The Canongate was home to a great number of the nobility and prosperous merchants; this was reflected in the membership of the Lodge at that time. (See About The Canongate) An indication of its rise was the fact that at this time, it was able to have built for its own use, a very fine building known as the Chapel of St John. This makes it the oldest purpose built Masonic meeting room in the world. This Masonic meeting room is very much as it was built, and is still used by the Lodge for its meetings to this day. (See About The Chapel of St John)
Reflecting the increase in interest in Freemasonry at the time, 1735 saw the initial attempts to establish a Grand Lodge of Scotland. The initiative in forming Grand Lodge was taken by Lodge Canongate Kilwinning and this was duly established in 1736. One of our members, William St. Clair of Roslin (Rosslyn), became the first Grand Master of The Grand Lodge of Scotland and his portrait adorns the wall of The Chapel of St John to this day. The earliest information of the election of a Grand Master for Scotland is here transcribed in full from the minute of the Lodge dated 29th September 1735:-” Cannongate, the 29th Septemr. 1735. 5735-
“The Lodge having mett according to adjournment being duely form’d, this being a quarterly meeting, continued the Committee for the Laws, admitted William Montgomery, Master Mason, who pay’d as usual, and appointed David Home, William Robertson, Thomas Trotter, Robert Blissett, William Montgomery, George Crawford, & such other Members as think fitt to attend, as a Committee for framing proposals to be lay’d before the several Lodges in order to the chusing a Grand Master for Scotland, the Committee to meet to-morrow’s night at 6 o’ th’ clock, & to report against Wednesday’, to which time the Lodge stands adjourned.”
During the eighteenth century, Edinburgh was at the centre of the world of philosophical thought as the Scottish Enlightenment gathered pace. Lodge Canongate Kilwinning attracted a large number of men of learning, many of whom are recognised Enlightenment figures through their published works.
Perhaps the most famous is Robert Burns, who affiliated to Lodge Canongate Kilwinning on 1st February 1787, as recorded in our minutes (See Robert Burns and The Lodge). While this is a well reported fact by biographers, what is less known about is the large number of members of Lodge Canongate Kilwinning who had a significant influence on encouraging Burns to come to Edinburgh and publish a second edition. (See The Inauguration Painting Who’s Who)
Throughout the years, Lodge Canongate Kilwinning has played an important part in Scottish Freemasonry, and continues to do so. The Immediate Past Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Scotland, Brother Sir Archibald Donald Orr Ewing was initiated into Freemasonry in Lodge Canongate Kilwinning in 1972. The Chapel of St John has become known around the world through the painting “The Inauguration of Robert Burns as Poet Laureate of Lodge Canongate Kilwinning, 1st February 1787”. This painting has doubtless caused controversy, much of which was instigated and exacerbated by David Murray Lyon, Past Grand Secretary when he embarked oh his “History of The Lodge of Edinburgh” circa 1873 (To find out more see “About The Inauguration Painting”)
The Lodge continues to meet eight times a year in The Chapel of St John, and practises Freemasonry under The Grand Lodge of Antient Free and Accepted Masons of Scotland. Our membership has seen a steady increase over the past decade, and is drawn from all ages (from students in their early twenties, to a number of nonagenarians) and walks of life.
It is impossible not to be moved by the atmosphere that exists in the Chapel of St John and the spirit of many famous members pervades the place. After the more formal part of the meeting, we retire to the Refectory for a meal and refreshments. The meetings and refreshment have a timeless quality and the following description of the meeting is as applicable today as it was when it was written: “Having spent the evening in a very social, affectionate and Brotherly manner as the meetings of this Lodge always have been it was adjourned till the next monthly meeting” Minute Book of Lodge Canongate Kilwinning 1st February 1787, the night on which Robert Burns was assumed a member.
The earliest Minute book of the Lodge in preservation dates from 1735. Reading through the sometimes faded and blotted paper, a fascinating story of a central part of Scotland’s history emerges. Robert Burns was perhaps the most famous of our members who graced The Chapel of St John but there are many others whose stories deserve to be retold from the perspective of their membership of Lodge Canongate Kilwinning. Over the coming months we hope to bring you some of those stories, so please bookmark this site and return for regular updates.
***
About the Canongate
Edinburgh initially grew as a result of the natural defences of a volcanic outcrop of rock on which Edinburgh Castle was built. On three sides there are sheer cliffs in excess of a hundred feet, so the only approach is via a long sloping hill which lies to the east of the Castle which provided the only possible direction of expansion as the town grew.
King David I of Scotland, while hunting in the forest of Drumsheugh, in the immediate vicinity of Edinburgh in 1128 was attacked by an enraged stag, which unhorsed him and threatened him with certain death. He raised his hands to protect himself but saw a cross between its antlers.
On seeing the cross, the King took courage and he saw the stag off. In gratitude for his miraculous deliverance, the king founded the monastery of the Holy Cross, and richly endowed it. This was the Augustinian Holyrood Abbey, located about one mile east of the castle, and the ruins of the Abbey are still in existence today.
King David I. granted to the canons of Holyroodhouse the privilege of erecting a burgh, between the town of Edinburgh and church of Holyroodhouse. Thereafter, the Stag, with a cross between its antlers, became the Coat of Arms of Canongate and may still be seen on many buildings in the area. It also forms part of the Lodge crest.
The name Canongate derives from the time when the canons of Holyrood Abbey would walk to their former residence in Edinburgh Castle, the area closest to Holyrood was known as the Canons’ Gait or Walk. The burgesses had “a power to elect annually at Michaelmas two or three bailiffs, and a treasurer, with a proper number of officers for the administration of justice,” and the said burgesses were likewise empowered to hold courts both civil and criminal.
When the city of Edinburgh was enclosed by walls in the middle ages, the wall only extended as far as St Mary Street, so the Canongate was outside the city of Edinburgh.
The reigning Sovereign often preferred to stay at the Abbey, rather than in the Castle, and in 1501 James IV (1488-1513) built a Palace for himself and his bride, Margaret Tudor (sister of Henry VIII). When the New Town of Edinburgh was built in the eighteenth century, the Canongate became somewhat rundown, as the nobility moved to the more fashionable streets to the north.
This decline continued and in the 1930s, there are reports of six and seven living in one room, each room of the house being the home of a family and twenty- four people sharing one lavatory and one water tap. There were as many as one hundred and fifty nine people living in one house on St John St. (The Kirk in the Canongate by Rev Ronald Selby Wright, Minister of Canongate Kirk from 1937-1977 and a member of Lodge Canongate Kilwinning).
When Scotland voted for a devolved Parliament in 1997, a site bordering the Canongate at Holyrood was chosen to build the award winning Parliament Building which together with a very busy tourist trade has seen the resurgence of the area again.
The picture to the left shows the foot (most easterly point) of the Canongate, with the edge of the New Parliament Building on the right, the Palace of Holyrood House, the official Edinburgh residence of the Reigning Monarch, and the remains of Holyrood Abbey to the left.
There is an atmosphere in the Canongate which is hard to describe. Great events took place in the area; many famous people rode or walked up the Canongate to Edinburgh. Perhaps it is best left to others to describe that mood. Here are a few examples from more famous writers who also felt the strong influence of the Canongate:“Sic itur ad astra, (This is the path to heaven)” Such is the ancient motto attached to the armorial bearings of the Canongate, and which is inscribed, with greater or less propriety, upon all the public buildings, from the church to the pillory, in the ancient quarter of Edinburgh, which bears, or rather once bore, the same relation to the Good Town that Westminster does to London, being still possessed of the palace of the sovereign, as it formerly was dignified by the residence of the principal nobility and gentry.
-- Sir Walter ScottOur claims in behalf of the Canongate are not the slightest or least interesting. We will not match ourselves except with our equals and with our equals in age only, for in dignity we admit of none. We boast being of the Court end of the town, possessing the Palace and the sepulchral remains of ancient Monarchs, and that we have the power to excite, in a degree unknown to the less honoured quarters of the city, the dark and solemn recollections of the ancient grandeur, which occupied the precincts of our venerable Abbey from the time of St David, till her deserted halls were once more glad, and her long silent echoes awakened, by the visit of our present Sovereign.
-- Sir Walter ScottThe very Canongate has a sort of sacredness in it.
-- Lord CockburnWho could ever hope to tell all its story, or the story of a single wynd in it?
-- JM BarrieThe way (to Holyrood) lies straight down the only great street of the Old Town, a street by far the most impressive in its character of any I have ever seen in Britain.
-- JG Lockhart.You did not shape the mountains, nor shape the shores; and the historical houses of your Canongate, and the broad battlements of your Castle, reflect honour upon you only through your ancestors.
-- John RuskinThe Palace of Holyrood-House stands on your left as you enter the Canongate. This is a street continued hence to the gate called Netherbow, which is now taken away; so that there is no interruption for a long mile, from the bottom to the top of the hill, on which the castle stands in a most imperial situation ….undoubtedly one of the noblest streets in Europe.
-- Tobias SmollettThe pilgrim strolls away into the Canongate… and still the storied figures of history walk by his side or come to meet him at every close and wynd. John Knox, Robert Burns, Tobias Smollett, David Hume, Dugald Stuart, John Wilson, Hugh Miller-Gray, led onward by the blythe and gracious Duchess of Queensberry, and Dr Johnson, escorted by the affectionate and faithful James Boswell, the best biographer that ever lived,- these and many more, the lettered worthies of long ago, throng into this haunted street and glorify it with the rekindled splendours of other days. You cannot be lonely here. This is it that makes the place so eloquent and so precious.
-- William Winter.Down the street, too, often limped a little boy, Walter Scott by name, destined in after years to write its Chronicles. The Canongate once seen is never to be forgotten. The visitor starts a ghost with every step……. On the intellectual man, living or working in Edinburgh, the light comes through the stained window of the past. Today’s event is not raw or brusque; it comes draped in romantic colour, hued with ancient gules and or.
-- Alexander Smith
Hopefully, these quotations give a flavour of the magical area of Edinburgh which has been home to Lodge Canongate Kilwinning since before the granting of its Charter in 1677.
-- About Lodge Canongate Kilwinning, by Lodge Canongate Kilwinning No. 2
Brougham's patronage made the renowned French seaside resort of Cannes very popular. He accidentally found the place in 1835, when it was little more than a fishing village on a picturesque coast, and bought there a tract of land and built on it. His choice and his example made it the sanitorium of Europe. Owing to Brougham's influence the beachfront promenade at Nice became known as the Promenade des Anglais (literally, "The Promenade of the English").[17]
A statue of him, inscribed "Lord Brougham", stands at the Cannes waterfront, across from the Palais des festivals et des congrès.
Brougham holds the House of Commons record for non-stop speaking at six hours.[18]
He was present at the trial of the world's first steam powered ship on 14 October 1788 at Dalswinton Loch near Auldgirth, Dumfries and Galloway. William Symington of Wanlockhead built the two-cylindered engine for Patrick Miller of Dalswinton.[19]
Works
Brougham wrote a prodigious number of treatises on science, philosophy, and history. Besides the writings mentioned in this article, he was the author of Dialogues on Instinct; with Analytical View of the Researches on Fossil Osteology, Lives of Statesmen, Philosophers, and Men of Science of the Time of George III, Natural Theology, etc. His last work was an autobiography written in his 84th year and published in 1871.
Brougham's Political Philosophy was included on the Cambridge syllabus for History and Political Philosophy, where it was considered among the major works on the topic along with Aristotle's Politics, François Guizot's Histoire de la civilization en Europe, and Henry Hallam's Constitutional History.[20]
• Henry Brougham Brougham and Vaux (1838). Speeches of Henry Lord Brougham, Upon Questions Relating to Public Rights, Duties, and Interests: With Historical Introductions, and a Critical Dissertation Upon the Eloquence of the Ancients, Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 4 vol. (online: vol. 1, 2, 3, 4)
See also
• March of Intellect
Notes
1. EB (1911).
2. Solar Phys., 2004, vol. 223, pp. 335–56.
3. W. Herschel, Phil.Trans., 1801, vol. 91, p. 265.
4. The Conference "Man in his Terrestrial and Cosmic Environment", Úpice, Czech Republic, 2010, Acad. Sci. Czech Rep., Prague.
5. Kelly, Jon, "The art of the filibuster: How do you talk for 24 hours straight?", BBC News Magazine, 12 December 2012.
6. Uelmen, Gerald. "Lord Brougham's Bromide: Good Lawyers as Bad Citizens", Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, November, 1996.
7. Stockdale, E. (1990). "The unnecessary crisis: The background to the Parliamentary Papers Act 1840". Public Law: 30–49. p. 36.
8. Bourne (1975).
9. Historical Perspectives on the Transatlantic Slave Trade in Bradford, Yorkshire Abolitionist Activity 1787–1865, James Gregory, Plymouth University, History & Art History, Academia.edu. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
10. "Meeting of the Freeholders in the Whig Interest in York". Yorkshire Gazette. 24 July 1830. p. 3.
11. "General Election: Yorkshire Election". Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser. 7 August 1830. p. 3.
12. "NEW WRITS.—CONDUCT OF LORD BROUGHAM". Hansard House of Commons Debates. 1: cc636-49. 23 November 1830. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
13. Greville, Charles (author), Pearce, Edward (editor) (2005). The Diaries of Charles Greville. Pimlico. p. xi. ISBN 978-1844134045.
14. A. Green, Education and State Formation: The Rise of Education Systems in England, France and the USA, Macmillan, 1990
15. Quoted in the "Lawyers on the Edge" website
16. Officers of the Marischal College & University of Aberdeen, 1593-1860.
17. "Cadillac Terms and Definitions A - C". Cadillacdatabase.net. 1996. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
18. "Hansard, 8 May 1989, Column 581". HMSO. Retrieved 14 October 2008.
19. Innes, Brian (1988). The Story of Scotland.. v. 3, part 33, p. 905.
20. Collini, Stefan (1983). That Noble Science of Politics: A Study in Nineteenth-Century Intellectual History. Cambridge University Press. p. 346.
References
• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Brougham and Vaux, Henry Peter Brougham, 1st Baron". Encyclopædia Britannica. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 652–655.
• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Cousin, John William (1910). "Brougham And Vaux, Henry, 1st Lord". A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Sons. pp. 48–49 – via Wikisource.
External links
• Reeve, Henry (1878). "Henry Brougham" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 4 (9th ed.). pp. 373–381.
• Works by Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux at Internet Archive
• Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Henry Brougham
• All things connected with the Brougham name
• "Archival material relating to Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux". UK National Archives.
• Portraits of Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux at the National Portrait Gallery, London