Part 3 of 5
CHAPTER VI. THE NORDIC RACE
167 : 1 seq. Cf. Peake, 2, p. 162, and numerous other authorities. Peake's summary is brief, clear and up to date.
167 : 13 seq. R. G. Latham was the first to propound the theory of the European origin of the Indo-Europeans. He says that there is "a tacit assumption that as the east is the probable quarter in which either the human species or the greater part of our civilization originated, everything came from it. But surely in this there is a confusion between the primary diffusion of mankind over the world at large and those secondary movements by which, according to even the ordinary hypothesis, the Lithuanians, etc., came from Asia into Europe."
167 : 17. See The So-Called North European Race of Mankind, by G. Retzius. Linnaeus and DeLapouge were the first to use this term, homo Europaeus. See Ripley, pp. 103 and 121.
168 : 13. See the notes to pp. 31 : 16 and 224 : 19.
168 : 19 seq. Ripley, chap. IX, p. 205, based on Arbo, Hultkranz and others. G. Retzius, in the article mentioned above, pp. 303-306, and also Crania Suecica; L. Wilser; K. Penka; O. Schrader, 2 and 3; Feist, 5; Mathaeus Much; Hirt, 1; and Peake, 2, pp. 162-163, are other authorities. There are many more.
169 : 1 seq. G. Retzius, 3, p. 303. See also 1, for the racial homogeneity of Sweden.
169 : 9. Osborn, 1, pp. 457-458, and authorities given. 169 : 14. Gerard de Geer, A Geochronology of the Last 12,000 Years.
169 : 20 seq. See the note to p. 117 : 18.
170 : 3 seq. Cuno, Forschungen im Gebiete der alien Volkerkunde; Posche, Der Arier.
170 : 10 seq. Peake, 2; Woodruff, 1, 2; and Myres, 1, p. 15. See also the notes to pp. 168 : 19 and Chap. IX of this book.
170 : 21. See the notes to pp. 213 seq.
170 : 29-171 : 12. See Osborn's map, 1, p. 189.
171 : 12. Cf. Ellsworth Huntington, The Pulse of Asia.
171 : 25. Peake, 2, and Montelius, Sweden in Heathen Times, and most of the authors already given on the subject of the Nordics.
172 : 1-25. Ripley, pp. 346-348, and pp. 352 seq., together with the authorities quoted. Also Feist, 5, and Zaborowski, 1, pp. 274-278. Marco Polo, about 1298, in chap. XLVI, of his travels, says that the Russian men were extremely well favored, tall and with fair complexions. The women were also fair and of a good size, with light hair which they were accustomed to wear long.
173 : 9. See Bury, History of Greece, pp. 111-112, and the notes to Chap. XIV of this book.
173 : 11. Saka or Sacae. See the notes to p. 259 : 21.
173 : 11. Cimmerians. For an interesting summary see Zaborowski, 1, pp. 137-138. For a lengthy discussion of them and of their migrations, and of their possible affiliations with the Cimbri, see Ridgeway, 1, pp. 387-397. According to the best Assyriologists the Cimmerians are the same people who, known as the Gimiri or Gimirrai, according to cuneiform inscriptions, were in Armenia in the eighth century B.C. See Hall, Ancient History of the Near East, p. 495. Bury, History of Greece, also touches on their raids in Asia Minor. Minns, p. 115, believes them to have been Scythians. G. Dottin, p. 23 and elsewhere, speaking of the Cimmerians and Cimbri, says: "The latter are without doubt Germans, therefore the Cimmerians who are the same people are not ancestors of the Celts." The Cimmerians were first spoken of by Homer (Odyssey, XI, 12-19) who describes them as living in perpetual darkness in the far North. Herodotus (IV, 11-13) in his account of Scythia, regards them as the early inhabitants of south Russia, after whom the Bosphorus Cimmerius and other places were named, and who were driven by the Scyths along the Caucasus into Asia Minor, where they maintained themselves for a century. The Cimmerii are often mentioned in connection with the Thracian Treres who made their raids across the Hellespont, and possibly some of them took this route, having been cut off by the Scyths as the Alani were by the Huns. Certain it is that in the middle of the seventh century B. C, Asia Minor was ravaged by northern nomads (Herodotus, IV, 12), one body of whom is called in Assyrian sources Gimirrai and is represented as coming through the Caucasus. They were Aryan-speaking, to judge by the few proper names preserved. To the north of the Euxine their main body was merged finally with the Scyths. Later writers have often confused them with the Cimbri of Jutland. There is no relation between the Cimbri and the Cymbry or Cymry, a word derived from the Welsh Combrox and used by them to denote their own people. See the note to p. 174 : 26.
173 : 14. Medes. See the notes to p. 254 : 13.
173 : 14. Achaeans and Phrygians. See Peake, 2, who dates them at 2000 B.C. Bury says, pp. 5 and 44 seq.: "after the middle of the second millennium B. C, but there were previous and long-forgotten invasions." Consult also Ridgeway, 1, and the notes to pp. 158-161 and 225 : 11 of this book.
173 : 16. See the note to p. 157 : 10.
173 : 18. The Nordics cross the Rhine into Gaul. Rice Holmes, 2, pp. 11-12, gives the seventh century B.C. as the date when tall fair Celts first crossed the Rhine westward, "but it is unlikely that they were homogeneous. . . . Physically they resembled the tall fair Germans whom Caesar and Tacitus describe, but they differed from them in character and customs as well as in speech." See also p. 336, at the bottom, where he remarks: "Early in the Hallstatt period a tall dolichocephalic race appeared in the Jura and the Doubs, who may have been the advanced guard of the Celts." 1000 B.C. for the appearance of the Celts on the Rhine is a very moderate estimate of the date at which these Nordics appear in western Europe, as that would be nearly four centuries after the appearance of the Achaeans in Greece and fully two centuries after the appearance of Nordics who spoke Aryan in Italy. The Hallstatt culture (see p. 129) with which the invasion of these Nordics is generally associated had been in full development for four or five centuries before the date here given for the crossing of the Rhine. 700 B.C., given by many authorities, seems to the author too late by several centuries.
173 : 18 seq. G. Dottin, Manuel Celtique, pp. 453 seq., says: "If the Celts originated in Gaul, it is likely that their language would have left in our nomenclature more traces than we find, and above all, that the Celtic denominations would be applied as well to mountains and water courses as to inhabited places. . . . According to D'Arbois de Jubainville, these names were Ligurian. Thus the Celts would have named only fortresses, and the names properly geographic would be due to the populations which preceded them. . . . These constituted for the most part the plebs, reduced almost to the state of slavery, which the Celtic aristocracy of Druids and Equites dominated. ... On the other hand, if one derives the Celts from central Europe, one explains better both the presence in central Europe of numerous place names, proving the establishment of dwellings of the Celts, and their invasions into southeastern Europe, more difficult to conceive if they had had to traverse the German forests. The migration of a people to a more fertile country is natural enough; the departure of the Celts from a fertile country like Gaul to a less fertile country like Germany would be very unlikely." And it must be remembered that Tacitus wondered why anyone should want to live in Germany, with its disagreeable climate, trackless forests and endless swamps.
Dottin adds the interesting bit of information, on p. 197, that the Gauls, mixed with the Illyrians (Alpines) were the farmers of old Gaul. The real Gauls were warriors and hunters.
173 : 22. Teutons. Rice Holmes, 2, pp. 546 seq.
173 : 26 seq. Deniker, 2, p. 321; Oman, England Before the Norman Conquest, pp. 13 seq. For Celts and Teutons consult also G. de Mortillet, La formation de la nation francaise, pp. 114 seq.
174 : 1. Goidels. Rice Holmes, 1, pp. 229, 409-410, and 2, pp. 319-320, says not earlier than the sixth or seventh centuries B. C, but Montelius and others give 800. G. Dottin, pp. 457-460, and D'Arbois de Jubainville, 4, t. I, pp. 342-343, contend that there is no historical record of it. The date depends upon whether the word [x], which designates "tin" in the Iliad, is a Celtic word. See also Oman, 2, pp. 13-14, and Rhys and Jones, The Welsh People, pp. 1, 2.
174 : 7. Rice Holmes, 2, pp. 308 seq. and 325 seq.; Dottin, pp. 1 and 2, and his Conclusion. Also numerous other writers, especially D'Arbois de Jubainville, in various volumes of the Revue Celtique.
174 : 10. Nordicized Alpines. Dottin, p. 237: "Caesar tells us that the Plebs of Gaul was in a state bordering on slavery. It did not dare by itself to do anything and was never consulted." Cf. note to p. 173 : 20.
174 : 11. Gauls in the Crimea. Ridgeway, Early Age of Greece, p. 387, quotes Strabo (309 and 507) and the long Protogenes inscription from Olbia (Corp. Inscr. Graec, II, no. 2058).
174 : 15. Migration of Nordics from Germany. It occurred about the eighth century B.C., according to many authors, among them G. Dottin, pp. 241, 457-458. "Caesar, Livy, Justinius, summing up Pompeius Trogus, Appian and Plutarch, without doubt following a common source, even think that excess population is the cause of the Gallic migrations. It is one of the reasons to which Caesar attributes the emigration of the Helvetii. Cisalpine Gaul nourished an immense population."
174 : 21. Cymry move westward. See Rice Holmes, 2, pp. 319-321; Oman, 2, pp. 13 seq. and especially p. 16; Deniker, 2, pp. 320-322 ; Dottin, pp. 460 seq. Both Rhys and Jones, in the Welsh People, and G. Dottin, suggest that this movement was only part of one great migration which dispersed the Nordics from a central home. Their appearance in Greece as Galatians at about the same time may be ascribed to this migration. See the notes to p. 158 : 1 seq.
Oman and many other authorities think the movement occurred some time before 325 B.C.
174 : 21 seq. Cymry and Belgae. The Cymry or Belgae were "P Celtic" in speech. They first appeared in history about 300 B. C, equipped with a culture of the second iron period called La Tene. The classic authors were apparently uncertain as to whether or not they were Germans (or Teutons), but they appear to have been largely composed of this element, and to have arrived previously from Scandinavia and to have adopted the Celtic tongue. These Belgae drove out the earlier "Q Celts" or Goidels, and the pressure they exerted caused many of the later migrations of the Goidels or Gauls.
The groups of tribes which in Caesar's time occupied the part of France to the north and east of the Seine were known as Belgae, while the same people who had crossed to the north of the channel were called Brythons. To avoid designating these groups separately the author has called all these tribes Cymry, although the term can properly be applied only to the "P Celts" of Wales, who adopted this designation for themselves about the sixth century A. D., according to Rhys and Jones, p. 26, where we read: "The singular is Cymro, the plural Cymry. The word Cymro, is derived from the earlier Cumbrox or Combrox, which is parallel to the Gaulish Allobrox (plural Allobroges) a name applied by the Gauls to certain Ligurians whose country they conquered. ... As the word is to be traced to Cumbra-land (Cumberland), its use must have extended to the Brythons" (see Rice Holmes, 2, p. 15, where he says the Brythons spread the La Tene culture). "But as the name Cymry seems to have been unknown, not only in Brittany, but also in Cornwall, it may be conjectured that it cannot have acquired anything like national significance for any length of time before the battle of Deorham in the year 577, when the West Saxons permanently severed the Celts west of the Severn from their kinsmen (of Gloucester, Somerset, etc., as now known).
"Thus it is probable that the national significance of the term Cymro may date from the sixth century and is to be regarded as the exponent of the amalgamation of the Goidelic and Brythonic populations under high pressure from without by the Saxons and Angles." Therefore it is a purely Welsh term, properly speaking. Broca, in the Memoires d'anthropologie, I, 871, p. 395, is responsible for the word as applied to the invaders of Gaul who spoke Celtic. He called them Kimris. See also his remarks in the Bulletin de la societe d'Anthropologic, XI, 1861, pp. 308-309, and the article by L. Wilser in U Anthropologic, XIV, 1903, pp. 496-497.
175 : 12 seq. See the notes to p. 32 : 8; also Rice Holmes, 2, p. 337; Fleure and James, pp. 118 seq. Taylor, 1, p. 109, says that there is a superficial resemblance between the Teutons and Celts, but a radical difference in skulls, the Teutonic being more dolichocephalic. Both are tall, large-limbed and fair. The Teuton is distinguished by a pink and white skin, the Celt is more florid and inclined to freckle. The Teuton eye is blue, that of the Celt gray, green, or grayish blue.
175 : 21 seq. Rice Holmes, 2, p. 326 seq., gives a summary of the descriptions of various classic authors. Salomon Reinach, 2, pp. 80 seq., discusses Pausanias' detailed recital of the event. For the original see Pausanias, X, 22. Cf. also the note to p. 158 : 1.
176 : 15-177 : 27. The series of notes which were collected by the author on the wanderings of these Germanic tribes proved so lengthy, and the relationships of the peoples under discussion so intricate, that they grew beyond all reasonable proportions as notes, and carried the subject far afield. Hence it has seemed best to omit them in this connection and to embody them in another work.
Perhaps it will therefore be sufficient to say here that the results of the research have made it clear that all of these tribes were related by blood and by language, and came originally from Scandinavia and the neighborhood of the Baltic Sea. For some unknown reason, such as pressure of population, they began, one after another, a southward movement in the centuries immediately before the Christian Era, which brought them within the knowledge of the Mediterranean world. Their wanderings were very extensive and covered Europe from southern Russia and the Crimea to Spain, and even to Africa. Many of these tribes broke up into smaller groups under distinct names, or united with others to form large confederacies. Not only did some of them clash with each other almost to the point of extermination in their efforts to obtain lands, but in attempting to avoid the Huns came into contact with the Romans, and broke through the frontier of the Empire at various points. From the Romans they gained many of the ideas which were later incorporated by them in the various European nations which they founded. The result of their conquests was to establish a Nordic nobility and upper class in practically every country of Europe, — a condition which has remained to the present day.
177 : 12. Varangians. See the note on the Varangians, to p. 189 : 24.
177 : 18. See Jordanes, History of the Goths.
177 : 27. D'Arbois de Jubainville, 2, pp. 92-93; Taylor, Words and Places, p. 45; and G. Dottin, Manuel Celtique, p. 28. This word came from Volcae, the name of a Celtic tribe of the upper Rhine. Their name, to the neighboring Teutons, came to designate a foreigner. The Volcae were separated into two branches, the Arecomici, established between the Rhone and the Garonne, and the Tectosages, in the region of the upper Garonne. The term Volcae has become among the Germans Walah, then Walch, from which is derived Welsch, which designates the people of Romance language, such as the Italians and French. Among the Anglo-Saxons it has become Wealh, from which the derivation Welsh, which designates the Gauls, and nowadays their former compatriots who migrated to England and settled in Wales.
CHAPTER VII. TEUTONIC EUROPE
179 : 10. Mikklegard. "The Great City." This was the name given to Byzantium by the Goths.
180 : 2-1 1. Procopius, Vandalic War; Gibbon, chaps. XXXI-XXXVIII; Freeman, Historical Geography of Europe.
181 : 14. Gibbon, chaps. XXXVII and XXXVIII.
182 : 1. Eginhard, The Life of Charlemagne.
183 : 24. The Political History of England, vol. V, by H. A. L. Fisher, p. 205: "While the sovereigns of Europe were collecting tithes from their clergy for the Holy War, and papal collectors were selling indulgences to the scandal of some scrupulous minds, the empire became vacant by the death of Maximilian on January 19, 15 19. For a few months diplomacy was busy with the choice of a successor. The king of France (Francis I) poured money into Germany, and was supported in his candidature by the pope; the king of England ( Henry VIII) sent Pace to counteract French designs with the electors; but the issue was never really in doubt. Germany would not tolerate a French ruler; and on June 28, 15 19, Charles of Spain was elected king of the Romans."
184 : 8. Depopulation. (Thirty Years' War.) Cambridge Modern History, vol. IV, p. 418, says that Germany was particularly afflicted. The data are unreliable, but the population of the empire was probably reduced by two-thirds, or from 16,000,000 to less than 6,000,000. Bavaria, Franconia and Swabia suffered most. W. Menzel says:
"Germany is reckoned by some to have lost one-half, by others, two-thirds, of her entire population during the Thirty Years' War. In Saxony 900,000 men had fallen within ten years; in Bohemia the number of inhabitants at the demise of Frederick II, before the last deplorable inroads made by Barier and Torstenson, had sunk to one-fourth. Augsburg, instead of 80,000 had 18,000 inhabitants. Every province, every town throughout the Empire had suffered at an equal ratio, with the exception of Tyrol. . . . The working class had almost totally disappeared. In Franconia the misery and depopulation had reached such an extent that the Franconian estates, with the assent of the ecclesiastical princes, abolished in 1650 the celibacy of the Catholic clergy and permitted each man to have two wives. . . . The nobility were compelled by necessity to enter the services of the princes, the citizens were impoverished and powerless, the peasantry had been utterly demoralized by military rule and reduced to servitude." It has been said that the city of Berlin contained but 300 citizens; the Palatinate of the Rhine but 200 farmers. In character, intelligence and in morality, the German people were set back two hundred years. There are, in addition to the authorities quoted here, numerous others who make the same observations, in fact, this depopulation is one of the outstanding results of the Thirty Years' War.
See also Anton Gindely, History of the Thirty Years' War, p. 398.
184 : 22 seq. The British Medical Journal for April 8, 1 91 6; and Parsons, Anthropological Observations on German Prisoners of War.
185 : 6. See the note to p. 196 : 27.
CHAPTER VIII. THE EXPANSION OF THE NORDICS
188 : 5. Beddoe, 4; Ripley, chap. VI.
188 : 11. British Medical Journal for April 8, 1916.
188 : 15. Ripley, pp. 221 and 469, and the authorities quoted.
188 : 24-189 : 6. P. Kretschmer; and, on the history of High and Low German, see Herman Paul, Grundriss der Germanischen Philologie; The Encyclopedia Britannica, under German Language, gives a good summary.
189 : 7. Ripley, p. 256.
189 : 12. Villari, The Barbarian Invasions of Italy; Thos. Hodgkin, Italy and Her Invaders.
189 : 15. Brenner Pass. See Rice Holmes, Caesar's Conquest of Gaul, p. 37; Ripley, p. 290; and most histories of the incursions of the barbarians into Italy.
189 : 24. Varangians. Most of the early historians of Russia and Germany and the monk Nestor, who was the earliest annalist of the Russians, agree in deriving the Varangians or Varegnes from Scandinavia. They probably were more of the same people whom we find as Varini on the continental shores of the North Sea. The names of the first founders of the Russian monarchy are Scandinavian or Northman. Their language, according to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, differed essentially from the Sclavonian. The author of the annals of St. Bertin, who first names the Russians (Rhos) in the year 939 of his annals, assigns them Sweden for their country. Luitprand calls them the same as the Normans. The Finns, Laplanders and Esthonians speak of the Swedes to the present day as Roots, Rootsi, Ruorzi, Rootslane or Rudersman, meaning rowers. See Schlozer, in his Nestor, p. 60; and Malte Brun, p. 378, as well as Kluchevsky, vol. I, pp. 56-76 and 92. The Varangians, according to Gibbon, formed the body-guard of the Greek Emperor at Byzantium. These were the Russian Varangians, who made their way to that city by the eastern routes. Canon Isaac Taylor, in Words and Places, p. no, remarks that "for centuries the Varangian Guard upheld the tottering throne of the Byzantine emperors." This Varangian Guard was very largely reinforced by Saxons fleeing from the Norman Conquest of England. The name Varangi is undoubtedly identical with Frank, and is the term used in the Levant to des- ignate Christians of the western rite, from the days of the Crusades down to the present time. Cf. Ferangistan — land of the Franks, or, as it is now interpreted, " Europe," especially western Europe. E. B. Soane, To Mesopotamia and Kurdistan in Disguise, uses the phrase d la ferangi as describing anything imported from western Europe.
190 : 1. Deniker, 2, pp. 333-334; Ripley.
190 : 9. Deniker, the same.
190 : 13. Ripley, pp. 281-283.
190 : 15. Ripley, pp. 343 seq.
190 : 19. See the notes to pp. 131 : 26, 140 : 1 seq. and 196 : 18.
190 : 26. See p. 140 of this book.
192 : 1 seq. D'Arbois de Jubainville, 1, t. XIV, pp. 357— 395; Feist, 5, p. 365. Col. W. R. Livermore, in correspondence, says that practically all students on the Celtiberian question agree upon the point where the Celts entered Spain, namely, that designated by de Jubainville. They passed along the Atlantic coast, across the Pyrenees, where the railroad from Paris to Madrid now crosses, about 500 B. C, between the time of Avienus, ±525 and Herodotus, ± 443. In the time of Avienus the Ligurians had both ends of the Pyrenees from Ampurias to Bayonne, and controlled the sources of the Batis. In the time of Herodotus, the Gauls had the country up to the Curretes. See also Mullenhoff, Deutsche Altertumskunde, II, p. 238, and Deniker, 2, p. 321. D'Arbois de Jubainville, op. cit., especially pp. 363-364, says: "The name Celtiberian was adopted at the time of Hannibal, who entered Spain, married a Celt, and thus won the assistance of the Celts in his march on Rome. . . . The name Celtiberian is the generic term for designating the Celts established in the center of Spain, but the word is sometimes taken in a less extended sense to designate only one part of this important group."
192 : 8. Sergi, 4, p. 70. See also p. 156 of this book.
192 : 14. See the note to p. 156, or Ridgeway, The Early Age of Greece, p. 375.
192 : 18. Ridgeway, op. cit., p. 375. This may refer to the veins showing blue through the fair Nordic skin.
192 : 18. Ridgeway, op. cit., p. 375. Here he says: "The Visigoths became the master race, and from them the Spanish Grandees, among whom fair hair is a common feature, derive their sangre azul. After a glorious struggle against the Saracens, which served to keep alive their martial ardor and thus brace up the ancient vigor of the race, from the 16th century onward the Visigothic wave seems to have exhausted i ts initial energy, and the aboriginal stratum has more and more come to the surface and has thus left Spain sapless and supine."
192 : 22. Taylor, 2, pp. 308-309, says: "From the name of the same nation, — the Goths of Spain, — are derived curiously enough, two names, one implying extreme honor, the other extreme contempt. The Spanish noble, who boasts that the sangre azul of the Goths runs in his veins with no admixture, calls himself an hidalgo, that is, a son of the Goth, as his proudest title." A footnote to this reads: "The old etymology Hijo d'algo, son of someone, has been universally given up in favor of hi' d'al Go, son of the Goth. (More correctly hi' del Go'.) See a paper 'On Oc and Oyl' translated by Bishop Thirlwall, for the Philological Museum, vol. II, p. 337." Taylor goes on to say, however, that the version hi' d' algo, son of someone, is still given as the origin of this word in R. Barcia's Primer Diccionaria General Etimologico de la Lengua Espanol.
Concerning some other derivations Taylor continues: "Of Gothic blood scarcely less pure than that of the Spanish Hidalgos, are the Cagots of Southern France, a race of outcast pariahs, who in every village live apart, executing every vile or disgraceful kind of toil, and with whom the poorest peasant refuses to associate. These Cagots are the descendants of those Spanish Goths, who, on the invasion of the Moors, fled to Aquitaine, where they were protected by Charles Martel. But the reproach of Arianism clung to them, and religious bigotry branded them with the name ca gots or 'Gothic Dogs,' a name which still clings to them, and keeps them apart from their fellow-men."
Elsewhere we find the following: "The fierce and intolerant Arianism of the Visigothic conquerors of Spain has given us another word. The word Visigoth has become Bigot, and thus on the imperishable tablets of language the Catholics have handed down to perpetual infamy the name and nation of their persecutors."
193 : 14 seq. Cf. DeLapouge, L'Aryen, p. 343, where he says that the exodus of the Conquistadores was fatal to Spain.
193 : 17. Rice Holmes, 2; and the note to p. 69 of this book.
194 : 1. See the note to p. 173.
194 : 8. Ridgeway, I, p. 372, says: "We know from Strabo and other writers that the Aquitani were distinctly Iberian." Consult also Rice Holmes, 2, p. 12, where he quotes Caesar.
194 : 14 seq. Ridgeway, op. cit., pp. 372 and 395; Ripley, chap. VII, pp. 137 seq.
194 : 19 seq. Rice Holmes, 2, under Belgae, pp. 5, 12, 257, 259. 304-3 5, 308-309, 311, 315, 318-325; and Ancient Britain, p. 445. The modern composition of the French population has been investigated by Edmond Bayle and Dr. Leon MacAuliffe, who find that there is decided race mixture, with chestnut pigmentation of hair and eyes predominating. Blond traits were found to be almost confined to the north and east, while brunet characters prevail in the south. Pure black hair is exceedingly rare.
195 : 14. Vanderkindere, Recherches sur l'Ethnologie de la Belgique, pp. 569-574; Rice Holmes, 2, p. 323; Beddoe, 4, pp. 21 seq. and 72.
195 : 18. Ridgeway, 1, p. 373; Ripley, p. 127; Rice Holmes, 2; and Feist, 5, p. 14.
195 : 25 seq. Franks of the lower Rhine. Eginhard, in his Life of Charlemagne, p. 7, states the following: "There were two great divisions or tribes of the Franks, the Salians, deriving their name probably from the river Isala, the Yssel, who dwelt on the lower Rhine, and the Ripuarians, probably from Ripa, a bank, who dwelt about the banks of the middle Rhine. The latter were by far the most numerous, and spread over a greater extent of country; but to the Salians belongs the glory of founding the great Frankish kingdom under the royal line of the Merwings" (Merovingians).
196 : 2 seq. Ripley, p. 157; DeLapouge, passim.
196 : 7 seq. Oman, 2, pp. 499 seq.; Beddoe, 4, p. 94 and chap. VII; Fleure and James, pp. 121, 129; Taylor, 2, p. 129; Ripley, pp. 151-153, 316-317.
196 : 18 seq. DeLapouge, passim; Ripley, pp. 150-155.
197 : 3. See David Starr Jordan, War and the Breed, pp. 61 seq. This stature has somewhat recovered in recent years. It is now, in Correze, only 2 cm. below the average for the whole of France. See Grilliere, pp. 392 seq. W. R. Inge, Outspoken Essays, pp. 41-42: "The notion that frequent war is a healthy tonic for a nation is scarcely tenable. Its dysgenic effect, by eliminating the strongest and healthiest of the population while leaving the weaklings at home to be the fathers of the next generation, is no new discovery. It has been supported by a succession of men, such as Tenon, Dufau, Foissac, DeLapouge and Richet in France; Tiedemann and Seeck in Germany; Guerrini in Italy; Kellogg and Starr Jordan in America. The case is indeed overwhelming. The lives destroyed in war are nearly all males, thus disturbing the sex equilibrium of the population. They are in the prime of life, at the age of greatest fecundity; and they are picked from a list out of which from 20 to 30 per cent have been rejected for physical unfitness. It seems to be proved that the children born in France during the Napoleonic wars were poor and undersized, 30 millimeters below the normal height."
197 : 11. DeLapouge, passim; Rice Holmes, 2, pp. 306 seq.
197 : 29-198 : 10. R. Collignon, Anthropologie de la France, pp. 3 seq.; DeLapouge, Les Selections sociales; Ripley, pp. 87-89; Inge, p. 41; Jordan, passim.
198 : 22. Conscript Armies. Two interesting letters bearing on the racial differences composing conscript and volunteer armies in the recent World War may here be quoted.
The first, from Mr. T. Rice Holmes, relates to the English army of Kitchener in 1915. "Perhaps it may interest you to know that in 1915 when recruits belonging to Kitchener's army were training near Rochampton, I noticed that almost every man was fair, — not, of course, with the pronounced fairness of the men of the north of Scotland, who are descended from Scandinavians, but with such fairness as is to be seen in England. These men, as you know, were volunteers."
The second, from DeLapouge, concerns our American army in France. "I have been able to verify for myself your observations on the American army. The first to arrive were all volunteers, all dolicho-blonds; but the draft afterwards brought in inferior elements. At St. Nazaire, at Tours, and at Poictiers, I have been able to examine American soldiers by the tens of thousands and I have been able to formulate for myself a very definite conception of the types."
199 : 9. H. Belloc, The Old Road; Peake, Memorials of Old Leicestershire, pp. 34-41; Fleure and James, p. 127.
199 : 23. See the notes to pp. 174 : 21 and 247 : 3 of this book.
199 : 29-200 : 11. See p. 131 of this book; also Rice Holmes, 1, pp. 231-236, 434, 455-456; and 2, p. 15.
200 : 10. Cf. Rice Holmes, 1, pp. 446, 449 and the note on 451; also Oman, 2, p. 16.
200 : 12. Inferred from Rice Holmes, 1, p. 232; also Beddoe, 4, p. 31.
200 : 18. Oman, 2, pp. 174-175 and chap. III seq., treats specially of these times. See also Beddoe, 4, pp. 36, 37 and chap. V.
200 : 24. Oman, 2, pp. 215-219.
201 : 1. Villari, vol I, or Hodgkin.
201 : 6 seq. Oman, 2; Ripley, pp. 154, 156; Beddoe, 4, p. 94; Fleure and James, pp. 121, 129; Taylor, 2.
201 : 11 seq. Beddoe, 4, chap. VII and the notes to p. 196 : 7 of this book.
201 : 18 seq. See pp. 63, 64.
201 : 23 seq. See the notes to p. 247. Decline of the Nordic type in England. Beddoe, H.; Fleure and James; Peake and Horton, A Saxon Graveyard at East Shefford, Berks, p. 103.
202 : 4. Beddoe, 4, p. 148.
202 : 13. Beddoe, 4, p. 92 and also chap. XII.
202 : 17. Ripley, under Ireland.
202 : 23 seq. See the notes to p. 108 : 1.
203 : 5 seq. The intellectual inferiority of the Irish. If there is any indication of the intellectual rating of various foreign countries to be derived from the draft examinations of our foreign-born, grouped according to place of nativity, a paper by Major Bingham of Washington, in regard to "The Relation of Intelligence Ratings to Nativity " may be quoted. The total number of foreign-born examined, which formed the basis of this report, was 12,407, while the total number of native-born whites was 93,973. Only countries were considered which were represented by more than 100 men in the examinations. The tests were divided into those for literates and those for illiterates, so that even men not speaking English could be graded. In these examinations the Irish made a surprisingly poor showing, falling far below the English and Scotch, who stood very high, as well as below the Germans, Austrians, French-Canadians, Danes, Dutch, Belgians, Swedes and Norwegians, being about on a par with the Russians, Poles and Italians. Therefore, if these tests are any criterion of intellectual ability, the Irish are noticeably inferior.
203 : 18. See p. 123 of this book.
203 : 24. Beddoe, 4, p. 139 and chap. XIV.
204 : 1. See the note to p. 150 : 21.
204 : 5. There is an amusing discussion in Rice Holmes, 1, on the Pictish question. See pp. 409-424. Rice Holmes contends that the Picts were not pure remnants of the Pre-Celtic inhabitants, but a mixture of these with Celts. The term Picts has been very widely accepted as a designation for those Pre-Celtic inhabitants, who were certainly there. No other name has been given for them and it is in this sense that it is used here, and that Rice Holmes himself is obliged to use it on p. 456. It will be useful to the reader to peruse pp. 13-16 of Rhys and Jones, The Welsh People. Appendix B, of that volume (pp. 617 seq.), written by Sir J. Morris Jones, entitled "Pre-Aryan Syntax in Insular Celtic," shows the Anaryan survivals in Welsh and Irish to be remarkably similar to ancient Egyptian, which, with the Berber of intermediate situation, belongs to the great Hamitic family of languages and was the tongue of the primitive Mediterraneans. For Beddoe's opinion see 4, p. 36. On p. 247 he says, speaking of the Highland people: " Every here and there a decidedly Iberian physiognomy appears, which makes one think Professor Rhys right in supposing that the Picts were in part, at least, of that stock." See Hector McLean, 1, p. 170, where he suggests that the Picts were originally the Pictones from the south bank of the Loire in Gaul.
The name Pixie, met with so frequently in Irish legends, and relating to little people similar to dwarfs, may have some connection with these shy little Mediterraneans whom the Nordics found on their arrival and who were forced back by them into inaccessible districts.
204 : 19. See the article on "Pre-Aryan Syntax in Insular Celtic," just mentioned, and Beddoe, 4, p. 46, quoting Elton, p. 167. For other Non-Aryan remnants, especially in names, see Hector McLean, 1, passim.
205 : 3. See Fleure and James, pp. 62, 73, 1 19-128, and especially pp. 125 and 151.
205 : 10. The same, pp. 38-39, 75 and elsewhere.
205 : 16. This is intimated by Rhys and Jones, in The Welsh People, p. 33.
205 : 20 seq. The same, chap. I, especially p. 35 and pp. 502 seq.; Fleure and James, p. 143.
206 : 3. Fleure and James, pp. 38, 75, 119, 152. These gentlemen say, on p. 38, that they believe that certain types, without any intervening social or linguistic barrier for centuries, have apparently persisted side by side in very marked fashion in certain parts of Wales.
A letter from Mr. Baring Gould confirms this: "In Wales there are two types, the dark Siluric and the light Norman. Here in the west of England we have the same two types. In this neighborhood one village is fair, the next dark and sallow. It is the same in Cornwall; in certain villages the type is dark and sallow, in others fair. There is no comparison between the capabilities moral and physical between t he two types. The dark is tricky, unreliable and goes under, and the fair type predominates in trade, in business, in farming and in every department."
Beddoe, Fleure and James, and also Hector McLean remark on the various moral and mental capabilities of the different physical types.
206 : 13. Beddoe, 4, chap. VIII.
206 : 16 seq. Taylor, 2, p. 129; Keary, pp. 486 seq. On the Normans see Beddoe, chaps. VIII, IX and X.
207 : 2. Beddoe, the same.
207 : 11. Gibbon, chap. LVI; Taylor, 2, p. 133.
207 : 15. Beddoe, chap. VIII.
208 : 8. Beddoe, 4, p. 95. The breadth of skull "of the Norman aristocracy may probably have been smaller, but the ecclesiastics of Norman or French nationality, who abounded in England for centuries after the conquest and who, in many cases, rose from the subjugated Celtic [Alpine] layer of population, have left us a good many broad and round skulls. Thus the crania of three bishops of Durham . . . yield an index of 85.6, while those of eight Anglican canons dating from before the conquest yield one of 74.9. So far, however, as the actual conquest and armed occupation of England was concerned, the aristocracy and military caste, who were largely of Scandinavian type, came over in much larger proportion than the more Belgic or Celtic lower ranks, insomuch that it has been said that more of the Norman noblesse came over to England than were left behind."
During the Middle Ages the church was a very democratic institution, and it was only through its offices that the lower ranks succeeded in working their way up. This was partly because the older peoples possessed the Roman learning, and because the northern invaders were more addicted to martial than to priestly pursuits. The conquered people had no chance to rise in political, aristocratic or military circles, and contented themselves with the church. At the present time, in many Catholic countries, notably Ireland, the priests are derived from the lowest stratum of the population, as may be clearly recognized in their portraits.
208 : 14. Beddoe, passim.
208 : 20. Beddoe, 4, p. 270; G. Retzius, 3; Ripley; Fleure and James, p. 152; Alphonse de Candolle, Histoire des sciences et des savants depuis deux siecles, p. 576; Peake and Horton, p. 103; and the note to p. 201 : 23 of this book.
208 : 26. Beddoe, 4, p. 148.
210 : 5. Cf. Beddoe, p. 94.
210 : 20. Ripley, pp. 228, 283, 345.
210 : 24. Holland and Flanders. Ripley, pp. 157 and 293 seq.
210 : 25. Flemings and Franks. See Sir Harry Johnston, Views and Reviews, p. 101.
211 : 6. The authorities quoted in Ripley, p. 207. See also Fleure and James, p. 140; Zaborowski, 2; and C. O. Arbo, Yner, p. 25.
211 : 26. Ripley, pp. 363-365; Feist, 5; and Dr. Westerlund as quoted in "The Finns," by Van Cleef.
212 : 1. Ripley, p. 341.
212 : 4. See the note to p. 242 : 16.