Re: VOLTAIRE'S BASTARDS -- THE DICTATORSHIP OF REASON IN THE
Posted: Thu Jul 02, 2015 10:10 pm
PART 2 OF 2
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THREE SHORT EXCURSIONS INTO THE UNREASONABLE
1. See, for example, Maurice F. Strong's address to the Harvard University Center for International Affairs, Cambridge, Mass., March 3, 1987.
2. For a full description, see Peter Ludlow, The Making of the European Monetary System (London: Butterworth Scientific, 1982).
3. Quotes on Robert Dole from Life magazine, September 1987, 63 and 64, in an article by George Gilder.
4. International Herald Tribunes report of 21 January 1989, 4, taken from the Washington Post Service.
5. Quoted in the New York Times, 12 January 1989, 8.
6. Quoted in the Independent (London), 18 January 1989.
7. On Reagan's visit to Japan see International Herald Tribune, 12 May 1989, news story as well as column by William Safire. The Japanese company was the Fujisankei Group.
8. London Times, 13 February 1989.
CHAPTER TWELVE: THE ART OF THE SECRET
1. Sun Tzu, The Art of War, 144. Subsequent quotations, 147.
2. Desiderius Erasmus, De Civilitate Morum Puerilium, 1530. French version, 1544. Quoted in Guerrand, Les Lieux, 24.
3. Quoted in Harold Nicolson, The Age of Reason (London: Panther, 1930), 219.
4. Jefferson, The Life, three quotations: letter from Paris to James Madison, 20 December 1787, 436; Inauguration Address, 4 March 1801, 321; to the Secretary of the Treasury (Albert Gallatin), Washington, 1 April 1802, 566. On Alexander Hamilton and the Federalists, see the last chapter of James Thomas Flexner, The Young Hamilton (Boston: Little, Brown, 1978).
5. A standard text on Western approaches to toilet training and its results is Erik Erikson, Childhood and Society (London: Penguin, 1965).
6. Asa Briggs, The Longman Encyclopedia. (London: Longmans, 1989).
7. Security figure: International Herald Tribune, 30 May 1986. Secrets figure: International Herald Tribune, 19 April 1990; editorial from New York Times entitled "6,796,501 Secrets." The actual number was 6,796,501.
8. Times (London), 11 February 1989.
9. The book in question is Alfred W. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia. (New York: Harper & Row, 1972).
10. See, for example, Le Monde, 23 May 1986, article by Bernard Guetta.
11. Daily Telegraph, 12 May 1989.
12, Toronto Star, 21 June 1991. The Commissioner is John Grace.
13. First quote is from A. M. Rosenthal in New York Times, 11 June 1991, A15. Rosenthal was managing editor during the Pentagon Papers incident. His June 11 column summarized the events surrounding the whole incident.
14. See portrait of Robert Armstrong in chapter 4 of this book.
15. Re British SAS and Gibraltar, see the Independent, 27 January 1989, 1. The Thames Television program was "Death on the Rock." The report was prepared by a former Conservative Home Office minister, Lord Windelesham, and Richard Rampton, QC.
16. Diderot: "On doit exiger de moi que je cherche la verite, mais non que je la trouve."
17. Definitions, in order:
Johnson's Pocket Dictionary of the English Language (London: Chiswick. 1826).
E. Chambers. Cyclopaedia: or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (London. 1738), 2 vols.
Dictionnaire Littre (Paris: Librairie Hachette. 1876): "Verite-Qualite par laquelle les choses apparaissent telles qu'elles sont."
Noah Webster. An American Dictionary of the English Language (New York: S. Converse, 1828), 2 vols.
Le Petit Robert (Paris: Robert): "Verite -- Connaissance conforme au reel. Ce a quoi l'esprit peut et doit donner son assentiment."
18. Robert Calvi was involved as a high-profile banker in the obscure triangle linking the Vatican Bank, the Mafia and the world of finance during the 1980s. Igor Gouzenko was a cipher clerk at the Soviet Embassy in Ottawa. He defected in 1945. The information he provided on North American-based Soviet spy rings gave some early impetus to the red scare campaign of Senator Joseph McCarthy -- which involved widespread, unsubstantiated attacks.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: THE SECRETIVE KNIGHT
1. Jacob Bronowski. Science and Human Values (New York: Harper & Row, 1965), 59.
2. Michael Polanyi, "The Republic of Science," Minerva vol. 1 no. 1., (Autumn 1962), 53-73.
3. J. Robert Oppenheimer. Science and the Common Understanding (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1953), 85.
4. Andre Malraux, quoted in Le Monde, 5 July 1968, from an interview given late in his life.
5. John Ruskin, Selections and Essays. "Time and Tide: The White-Thorn Blossom," (New York: Charles Scribner's, 1918), 365. Originally written 1871.
6. Bronowski, Science and Human Values, 7 and 19.
7. John Ruskin, Introduction to Modern Painters, ed. David Barrie (London: Andre Deutsch, 1987), XXXII. Quote from Barrie's introduction.
8. Much of the discussion of nuclear responsibility here and in the next section is drawn from an unpublished paper written by John Polanyi, dated February 1986, including quotes from Polanyi and from the Franck Report. Supplied by the author.
9. Oppenheimer, Science and the Common Understanding, 4.
10. Quoted in Le Canard Enchaine, 21 May 1987." L'incident est d'une gravite ... encore jamais recontree jusqu'ici sur les reacteurs a eau pressurisee .... Une defaillance supplementaire ... aurait donc conduit a une perte complete des alimentations electroniques de puissance, saturation hors dimensionnement.... La nonfermeture des vannes aurait constitue une voie de degenerescence supplementaire de l'incident vers une situation difficilement controlable."
11. Guardian, 6 July 1987, 5.
12. Matthew L. Wald, "Can Nuclear Power Be Rehabilitated?" New York Times, 31 March 1991.
13. Reported in International Herald Tribune, 5 October 1988.
14. Martin Amis, Einstein's Monsters (London: Jonathan Cape, 1987), 8 and 9.
15. Quotes from Guardian, 10 November 1989, 1 and 7. See also Financial Times, 11 November 1989, 6.
16. See, for example, Liberation, Paris, 24 avril 1991, 24: "Seule certitude: les centrales de demain seront sures ou ne seront pas. C'est du moins ce qu'affirment les industriels. Leur nouveau credo:- la 'surete passive.'" New York Times, 31 March 1991: "Can Nuclear Power Be Rehabilitated? The industry is trying to mend its image by curbing human errors."
17. A few references for these statements are:
On salmonella: London Times, 7 December 1988: Marian Burros; ibid.. 10 February 1989, 1 and 12; ibid., 11 February 1989, 1 and 16; ibid., 13 February 1989, 10; ibid., 15 February 1989, 1
On hormones: Le Monde, October 1987, Philippe Lemaitre
On pesticides: Toronto Star, 3 January 1988, Andrew Chetley; London Times, 20 June 1989, Michael McCarthy
On fertilizers: Toronto Star, 28 August 1988, Lynda Hurst; International Herald Tribune, 9 August 1988, Steven Greenhouse; New York Times, 8 September 1989, 1, Keith Schneider
On nuclear plants: International Herald Tribune, 5 October 1988, Keith Schneider
CHAPTER FOURTEEN: OF PRINCES AND HEROES
1. There are many descriptions of the Calas casc. Gustave Lanson's classic biography, Voltaire, published in 1906, provides a clear description of the context and I have drawn heavily on it. An excellent English translation was published in 1960 (Voltaire trans, Robert Wagoner [New York: published by John Wiley and Sons]).
2. Oxford English Dictionary, s. v, 3rd ed., "justice."
3. J. J. Rousseau, The Social Contract, 99.
4. Learned Hand, The Spirit of Liberty: Papers and Addresses of Learned Hand (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952), 189.
5. Edmund Burke, 22 March 1775.
6. See Anthony Sampson's description of this debate in The Changing Anatomy of Britain, 159.
7. William Shawcross, "The Crips and the Bloods," The Spectator, 28 May 1988, 10.
8. Lord McCluskey, Low, Justice and Democracy, The Reith Lectures (London: Sweet and Maxwell, 1986), 2.
9. Quoted in Archibald Cox, "Storm Over the Supreme Court," Blumenthal Memorial Lecture, February 13, 1986, 21.
10. Montesquieu, De L'Esprit des Lois. Originally published in 1748." Quand je vais dans un pays, je n'examine pas s'il y a des bonnes lois, mais si on execute celles qui y sont, car il y a des bonnes lois partout."
11. McCluskey, Low, Justice and Democracy, 6.
12. "The Court's Pivot Man," Time, 6 July 1987, 8.
13. Supreme Court of the United Slates. Payne v. Tennessee. June 28, 1991. With Justice Marshall's resignation, seven out of nine justices will cast votes on the basis of ideology ranging from conservative to right-wing. See New York Times, 28 June 1991, A1, 10 and 11, for quotes from Justices Marshall, Stevens and Rehnquist.
14. Benjamin Hart, The Task of the Third Generation; Young Conservatives Look to the Future, forewords by Attorney General Edwin Meese and President Ronald Reagan (Washington, D.C.: Heritage Foundation/Regenery Gateway, 1987).
15. Chief Justice Brian Dickson, address to the annual meeting of the Canadian Bar Association, August 24, 1987.
16. Quoted in Time magazine, 6 July 1987, 32.
17. International Herald Tribune, 20 May 1987.
18. Financial Times, 12 February 1992.
19. Le Monde, 26 January 1989, 14. Reported by Maurice Peyrot. La Fontaine: "Selon que vous serez puissant ou miserable . .."
20. Jim Wolf, "CIA Says It Used BCCI Legally," Toronto Globe and Mail, August 1991, B11.
21. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971).
22. Thomas Mann, The Magic Mountain, trans. H. Lowe Porter (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1985), 513. First published in 1924.
23. Voix de Napoleon, 35. Speech given outside the Assembly on 18 Brumaire. "Qu'avez-vous fait de cette France que je vous avais laissee si brillante? Je vous ai laisse la paix et j'ai retrouve la guerre! Je vous ai laisse des victoires et j'ai retrouve des revers! Je vous ai laisse les millions d'Italie et j'ai retrouve les lois spoliatrices et la misere! Qu'avez-vous fait de cent mille Francais que je connaissais, mes compagnons de gloire? Ils sont mort! Cet etat de choses ne peut pas durer."
24. Mann, The Magic Mountain, 464.
25. The subject of endless biographies, Garibaldi and the other players in the Risorgimento, such as Cavour and Mazzini, have been clearly and dispassionately described in a series of books published over the last few decades by Denis Mack Smith, from which much of this information is drawn.
CHAPTER FIFTEEN: THE HERO AND THE POLITICS OF IMMORTALITY
1. Erik Erikson, Young Man Luther (New York: Norton and Co., 1958), 75.
2. Schmidt, Albert Speer: The End of a Myth, 13-20.
3. Erikson, Luther, 109.
4. Jean Genet, Tire Thief's Journal (Harmondsworth: Penguin Modern Classics, 1967), 170. First published in French in 1949 as Journal du Voleur.
5. Jean Genet, Le Balcon (Lyon: Marc Barbezat, 1962), (37); le Juge: "Miroir qui me gloriie!" le General: "Proche de la mort ... ou je ne serai rien, mais refletee a l'infini dans ces miroirs que mon image" (55); le Chef de Police: "Non le cent millieme reflet du'un miroir qui se repele; je serai I'Unique, en que cent mille verlent se confonde" (117); and le Chef de Police: "Mais des que je me sentirai me multiplier infiniment, alors ... alors, cessent d'etre dur, j'irai pourrir dans les consciences" (219).
CHAPTER SIXTEEN: THE HIJACKING OF CAPITALISM
1. Ross Johnson rose to prominence as chief executive officer of R. J. R. Nabisco from 1984 to 1988. He was ejected from the company after an attempt to take over ownership of the company. Following the publication of Barbarians at the Gate: The Fall of R. J. R. Nabisco (New York: Harper & Row, 1990), he became a symbol, depending on your point of view, of extravagant or unacceptable or irresponsible financial management. See, for example, Barbarians at the Gate: "He would come to be the very symbol of the business world's 'Roaring Eighties'" (11). He had become a friend of Brian Mulroney in Montreal in the 1970s and played a key role in organizing American business to push the U.S.-Canada trade agreement through Congress. His fleet of ten corporate planes was used to fly around a wide range of business and sports figures as well as Mulroney and his wife. Mrs. Mulroney also became known as a shopping partner of Mrs. Johnson, who had access to a far larger income.
2. Andre Malraux, La Condition Humaine (Paris: Folio/Gallimard, 1977), 230. Original published 1933." Le capitalisme moderne ... est beaucoup plus volonte d'organisation que de puissance."
3. Rosabeth Moss Kanter, professor at the Harvard Business School, began her career with studies on the community and cooperative approach to economics. She has gradually moved through a justified critique of the large corporations to a view of the "postentrepreneurial economy." The quotation is from Where Giants Learn to Dance: Mastering the Challenging Strategy, Management and Careers in the 1990s (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989), 52. This book ends with a section on "The Coming Demise of Bureaucracy and Hierarchy."
In the context of this discussion, see a practical analysis in the humanist tradition: David Olive, Just Rewards: The Case for Ethical Reform in Business (Toronto: Penguin, 1987). See also Olive's program for reform of boards of directors -- "Board Games" in The Report on Business Magazine, Toronto Globe and Mail, September 1991.
4. Le Monde 18 February 1989, 31.
5. Far Eastern Economic Review, 27 August 1987, 17; and Newsweek, 31 August 1987, 27.
6. Michael Porter, professor at the Harvard Business School and author of Competition Strategy (1980), Competitive Advantage (1985) and The Competitive Advantage of Nations (1990; all New York: Free Press). Interesting comments on his methods can be seen in "Competitiveness, Strategic Management, Democracy and Justice: The Bad News," a preliminary paper for a three-year study on the phenomenon of "competitiveness" as perceived by Porter. The study was led by Professor Jon Alexander of Carlton University, Ottawa. Preliminary conclusions are that Porter's approach would lead to governments abandoning social and economic leadership; instead limiting themselves to creating an environment "in which markets are free to adjudicate their own interests."
7. See a description of the Boeing situation in International Herald Tribune, 2 February 1989, Business Section, 1, by Laura Parker, Washington Post Service.
8. James G. Rogers of Butler, Rogers and Baskett, quoted in New York Times, 6 September 1987, R15.
9. Maurice F. Strong, "Opportunities for Real Growth in an Interdependent World, 17 May 1987, speech to Banff Conference.
10. Strong, speaking at the Harvard University Center for International Affairs, Cambridge, Mass., 3 March 1987.
11. Dominic Lawson in Spectator, 17 June 1989, 9.
12. All three examples are drawn from Spectator, lead article of 18 May 1991, 5.
13. Figures for this paragraph drawn from International Herald Tribune, 3 November 1988, 15; Globe and Mail, 2 January 1989, B7; Bangkok Post, 24 January 1990; International Herald Tribune, 26 January 1990.
14. Merger figures from 100 Information Services, reported in Bangkok Post, 24 January 1990. A more accurate calculation of the percentage of corporate cash flow absorbed by interest payments would be based on the $2.2 trillion plus the $1.1 trillion. The financial institution figures do not, of course, include the banks' proper role as intermediaries receiving deposits. Guidance, in this area was received from economists at the Federal Reserve Bank (Robert Rewald and Sarah Holden).
Guidance for British figures comes from the economists of The Bank of England.
See also articles in: Newsweek, 7 November 1989; Time, 7 November, 1988; and Globe and Mail, 6 January, 1989.
15. Quoted in International Herald Tribune, 1 November 1988, 13.
16. Akio Moriia, with Edwin M. Reingold and Mitsuko Shirnomura, Made in Japan: Akio Morita and Sony (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1987).
17. These and the immediately succeeding statistics are from Peter Drucker, writing in Foreign Affairs. They were quoted by Maurice F. Strong in a lecture to the University of Victoria, British Columbia, on October 30, 1986.
18. Strong, "Opportunities for Real Growth."
19. Friedrich Nietzsche, Die Frohliche Wissenschaft, vol. 3, 16, "Moralitat ist Herden-Instinkt, in Einzelnen."
20. Sir Derek Alun-Jones, chairman of Ferranti International, quoted in the Times of London, 18 November 1989, 17. This article outlines the case.
21. Socialist International Congress, Resolution, Vancouver, November 1978.
22. Robert Engler, The Brotherhood of Oil (New York: New American library, 1977), 9.
23. Ibid., 51.
24. See The Brotherhood of Oil and Toronto Globe and Mail, March 14, 1984.
25. Diderot, Encyclopedie, vol. 2, 129: "FORTUNE (Morale): Les moyens de s'enrichir peuvent etre criminels en morale, quoique permis par les lois."
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: THE MIRACLE OF THE LOAVES
1. Jim Slater's fall can be followed in The Economist, 1 June 1974, 95; 24 August 1974, 81; 1 November 1975, 72; 15 November 1975, 89; 18 September 1976, 115; 15 October 1977, 121. The whole phenomenon is analysed in Charles Raw, Slater Walker (London: Andre Deutsch, 1977).
2. The Economist, 15 October 1977, 121.
3. The Snake originally took shape in 1972, in the wake of the first major monetary crisis of the 1970s. The Snake is an exchange-rate regime in which countries must keep their currencies within agreed upper and lower margins determined by a grid which fixes the relative values of all participants. The EMS began in 1979 and is gradually evolving towards a single European currency or something not too distant from that ideal. For a good description of the origins of the EMS, see Ludlow, The Making of the European Monetary System.
4. Quoted by Anthony Sampson in International Herald Tribune, 24 November 1982, 4.
5. See Diane Cohen, "Signals of a Looming Depression," Maclean's, 25 August 1988, 7; Anthony Bianco, "The Casino Society," Business Week, 16 September 1985, 78; Rowan Bosworth-Davies, Too Good to be True: How to Survive in the Casino Society (London: Bodley Head, 1987); John Taylor, Storming the Magic Kingdom (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987).
6. Bianco, ''The Casino Society," 79; and Cohen, "Signals."
7. Jefferson, The Life, letter to James Madison, from Paris, 16 September 1789.
8. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, trans. Talcott Parsons (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1958), originally published in German 1904-5. See pages 177, 182 and the footnote to page 64.
9. See Deuteronomy 23:20-21, Exodus 22:24, Leviticus 25:35-37, Ezekiel 18:13, the Psalmist 15:5.
10. Emile Zola, L'Argent (Paris: Bibliotheque Charpentier, 1893), 107. "A quai bon donner trente ans de sa vie, pour gagner un pauvre million, lorsque, en une heure, par une simple operation de Bourse, on peut le mettre dans sa poche? ... Le pis est qu'on se degoute du gain legitime, qu'on finit meme par perdre la notion de l'argent."
11. See Harold Lever and Christopher Hulme, Debt and Danger (Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1986).
12. As described in Anthony Storr. Solitude -- A Return to the Self (New York: Free Press, 1988).
13. For descriptions of the Gulf-Pickens fight see New York Times, 1 November 1983, D9; Financial Times, 25 November 1983, 18; ibid., 28 November 1983, 7, full-page Gulf ad; ibid., 31 December 1983; International Herald Tribune, 31 December 1983, Business Section, 1.
14. International Herald Tribune, 27 May 1987, Business Section, 1.
15. For description of Beatrice takeover see New York Times, Sunday, 6 September 1987, Business Section, 1.
16. Warren Buffett, quoted by David Hilzenrath, Sunday Star, 1 September 1991. Rudolph Giuliani, quoted in Gail Sheehy, "Heaven's Hit Man," Vanity Fair, August 1987.
17. Quoted in Bosworth-Davies, Too Good to Be True.
18. Carol Ascher, "Can't Anyone Tell Right from Wrong?" in Present Tense, January-February 1987, 6-13.
19. Ibid.
20. Times (London), 24 April 1987.
21. Dome Petroleum had vast holdings in the Canadian High Arctic. Discoveries in the late 1970s were used to sell successive share offerings around the world and created a spectacular price rise. In the 1980s the company's debt situation, combined with the continuing difficulties of commercially exploiting such inaccessible reserves, led to a spectacular collapse.
22. Phil Roosevelt, "The Secretive Ways of George Soros," International Herald Tribune, 13 April 1987, 9.
23. See Le Monde, 14 February 1989, 21; ibid., 1 March 1989; International Herald Tribune, 15 April 1991.
24. For example, see Le Monde, 15 February 1989.
25. Times (London), 17 July 1989.
26. Sidney Homer, A History of Interest Rates (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1972).
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: IMAGES OF IMMORTALITY OR THE VICTORY OF IDOLATRY
1. There is a remarkable discussion and a detailed description of the rise of the Church in Rome and its relationship to Roman beliefs, architecture and images, as well as of the arrival of Greek magic and idolatry, in Richard Krautheimer, Rome, Profile of a City 312-1308, (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1980). I have drawn heavily from it in the references to Christianity and Rome.
2. Saint Augustine, City of God (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1958), book 7, chap. 5, 136.
3. See H. Daniel-Rops, The Church in the Dark Ages (London: Dent, 1959), 556-62.
4. The Koran, trans. N. J. Dawood (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1977), quoted from "The Merciful," 20. I have deleted the chorus -- "Which of your Lord's blessings do you deny?" -- after each verse.
5. King James Version, 15: 10; 18:4; 20:23.
6. The three most influential texts of the fifteenth-sixteenth-century transitional period were: Leon Battista Alberti, On Painting (1435), based on artistic changes in Florence; and Piero della Francesca; De Prospectiva pingendi (On Perspective in Painting) (1474-82) and De quinque corporibus regularibus (On the Five Regular Bodies) (after 1482).
7. Quoted in Claude Keisch, Grand Empire -- Virtue and Vice in the Napoleonic Empire (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1990), 71.
8. R. G. Collingwood, The Principles of Art (London: Oxford University Press, 1974), 6. Originally published in 1938.
9. Both Francis Bacon quotes are from The Spectator, 25 May 1985, 36, in an interview with Alistair Hicks.
10. Aldous Huxley, Brave New World (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1963), 134.
11. Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (New York: New American Library, 1964), 269.
12. Ibid., 299.
13. See Le Point, Paris, 24-30 October 1988, 122.
14. Marshall McLuhan, Letters of Marshall McLuhan (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1987), 220.
15. See, for example, by Liberatore and Tamburini, RanXerox a New York, (Paris: Albin Michel, 1982).
16. Bilal, La Femme Piege (Paris: Dargand, 1986).
17. Le Nouvel Observateur, Paris, 29 August 1986.
18. Art Spiegelman, Maus (New York: Pantheon, 1986).
19. Quoted in Claude Marks, World Artists, 1950-1980 (New York: H.W. Wilson Publishers, 1984), see Lichtenstein entry.
20. Chester Brown, "Returning to the Way Things Are," in Yummy Fur, no. 9 (Toronto: Vortex Publishing, 1988).
21. J. M. Le Clezio, Le Proces-verbal (Paris: Folio, 1963), 128. "Je suis pris dans la bande dessinee de mon choix."
CHAPTER NINETEEN: LIFE IN A BOX-SPECIALIZATION AND THE INDIVIDUAL
1. George Bernard Shaw, You Never Can Tell, The Bodley Head Bernard Shaw, vol. 1 (London: The Bodley Head, 1970), 671, 679, 685. Originally produced in 1899.
2. Mann, The Magic Mountain, 464.
3. John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism, Liberty, Representative Government (London: Everyman Library [Dent], 1964), 131-158; from On Liberty, chaps. iv and v.
4. For first usage of the following words see the Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., vol. xvi (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), 152-153:
Specialization: 1843, Mill, Logic, 270, "We have seen above in the words pagan and villain, remarkable examples of the specialization of the meaning of words; 1865, Mill, Comte, 94, "The increasing specialisation of all employments ... is not without inconveniences."
Specialise: 1865, M. Pattison, Oxford Ess., 292, "The very fact that the new statue has restrained and specialised the subjects in the School of Literal Humaniores ..."
Specialist: 1862, Herbert Spencer, First Princ. II. 1. 36. 130, "Even the most limited specialist would not describe as philosophical an essay which ..."
5. Charles Bonnet, Palingenesie philosophique ou Idees sur l'etat passe et l'etat futur des etres vivants, 17 partie, chap. 4. "Je suis un etre sentant et intelligent: il est dans la nature de tout etre sentant et intelligent de vouloir sentir ou exister agreablement, et vouloir c'est cela s'aimer soimeme."
6. Learned Hand, The Spirit of Liberty, 7.
7. McLuhan, Lettres, 29 August 1973, to Commissioner Nicholas Johnson, U.S. Federal Communications Commission.
8. Both Strong and Polk quotes are from conversations with the author in 1989.
9. Montesquieu, Lettres Persanes (Paris: Folio, 1981), 215, lettre LXXXIX, Usbeka a Ibben: "Tout homme est capable de faire du bien a un homme: mais c'est ressembler aux dieux que de contribuer au bonheur d'une societe entiere." Voltaire, "Poeme sur le desastre de Lisbonne": "Et vous composerez dans ce chaos fatal/Des malheurs de chaque etre un bonheur general!"
10. Jefferson, The Life, 711. Letter to Monsieur A. Coray, 31 October 1823.
11. "Happinees," TM Pending - "If you do it on your knees -- HAPPINEES -- the ultimate knee protector." Happinees Inc., P.O. Box 130, Station Z, Toronto, Canada M5N 2Z3.
12. Charles Murray quoted in Sunday Telegraph, 14 May 1989, 7.
13. Vanity Fair, August 1987, 134.
14. John F. Love, McDonald's -- Behind the Arches (New York: Bantam Press, 1986), 15.
15. The description of the Hyatt Regency Waikoloa is drawn from Time, 27 February 1989, 67.
16. Louis Harris, Inside America (New York: Random House, 1987). This includes the subsequent table.
17. See Walter Kenrick, The Secret Museum: Pornography in Modern Culture (New York: Viking, 1987). See also a review of this book by John Gross in the New York Times, 7 May 1987.
18. This pornography and its context are fully discussed in Steven Marcus, The Other Victorians: a Study of Sexuality and Pornography in mid-Nineteenth Century England (New York: Norton, 1985).
19. McLuhan, Letters. To Pierre Elliott Trudeau, 2 July 1975, 511.
20. American Vogue, June 1986, 236. Symposium, "American Men: What Do They Want?" quoted by Dr. Robert Goald, psychiatrist and professor at New York Medical College.
21. Conversation with the author in Belgrade, 22 October 1987.
22. Andre Malraux, quoted in Le Monfe, 5 July 1986. This was a publication of a 1975 interview with Ion Mihaileanu." Pour moi, le grand decalage, c'est que les terroristes que nous voyons a l'heure actuelle sont des personnages assez logiques alors que les terroristes que j'ai connus etaient assez pres des nihilistes russes, c'est-a-dire au fond assez metaphysiciens."
23. List from "Rebirth of a Notion," by Marni Jackson, Toronto magazine, September 1988.
24. International Herald Tribune, Octoher 1987. Italics added.
CHAPTER TWENTY: THE STARS
1. Thomas Jefferson, The Life, Autobiography, 104.
2. Quoted in Jesse Kornbluth, "Faye Fights Back," Vanity Fair, August 1987,94.
3. C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite, 71.
4. Hand, The Spirit of Liberty, 38; from a speech called "The Preservation of Personality."
5. Mills, The Power Elite, 74.
6. The source of Goya's inspiration for this position has been endlessly debated. The art historian Jeanine Baticle attributes Goya's image to an engraving of the same scene by Miguel Bamborino. However, there is also The Vision of the Apocalypse by El Greco. It is in the Zuloaga Museum, Zumaya, and was painted in 1613. This was late in his life, when he had entered into his period of free-flowing, lyrical lunacy, which was not unlike the unchained self-absorbed vision of the modern painter. The main figure in this picture has his arms raised with the same ambiguous expression of joy and fear.
7. Eugene Delacroix, Le 28 Juillet 1830 -- La Liberti guidant le peuple. Painted in 1831.
8. Daily Mail, 1 July 1987, 1.
9. Times (London), 20 June 1989, 42.
10. Quoted by William R. McMurtry, Q. C., in a speech to the Canadian Bar Association, Toronto, 16 January 1987.
11. Ibid.
12. Lannick Group ad in Toronto Globe and Mail Report on Business Magazine, August 1989.
13. See Albert Goldman's biography The Lives of Lohn Lennon (New York: William Morrow, 1988). An example of the public reaction is the New York Times analysis on 12 September 1988, CIS, by Allan Kozinn.
14. Christian de la Maziere quoted in Paris-Match, 15 May 1987, 75. Dalida quote from same article: "Je sers un art mineur mais c'est quand meme une servitude qui implique d'aller jusqu'au bout de soi-meme." "Loin dans la nuit, elle me confiait sa fascination pour le neant."
15. New York Times, September 8, 1987, A24.
16. Joseph Roth, Confession of a Murderer, Told in One Night (New York: Overlook Press, 1985), 107. Original edition published in 1937.
17. New York Times Magazine, 11 June 1989, 28.
18. For a description of the Presley house, see "Amazing Graceland," Life magazine, September 1987, 44.
19. David Bowie quoted in Paris-Match, 10 April 1987, 37.
Question: "Dans les annees 70, vous clamiez votre bisexualite. Aujourd- hui, vous vivez avec votre fils, Zowie, en Suisse pres de Lausanne. Vous semblez avoir renonce a vos extravagances."
Bowie: "J'ai beaucoup change depuis mon depart des Etats-Unis, en 1976. La-bas, je menais une vie stereotypee, decadente. Je ne savais plus qui j'etais. Je suis retourne en Europe et j'ai decide de consolider mon role de pere. En vivant au cote de mon fils, j'ai grandi. J'ai muri."
Question: "Vous avez dit un jour: 'Je veux traverser ma vie comme Superman....'
Bowie: "Mon Dieu! Je devais etre ivre mort. J'ai du lire trop d'ouvrages de Nietzsche."
Question: "Quel est le plus grand risque que vous avez pris dans votre vie?"
Bowie: "Celui de me droguer. C'est un risque que je ne recommande a personne. .. '
20. Paris-Match, 3 June 1988, 26.
Macciocchi sur le Pape: "J'avais rencontre Mao, de Gaulle, Ho Chi Minh, et un fois, tout au fond de Qom, la ville sainte de l'Iran, j'avais ete recue par le-terrible Khomeini. Mais jamais je ne m'etais sentie aussi chiffonnee ..."
Beatrice Dalle: "Moi scandaleuse? Jamais!" Et, "On me propose toujours des roles de bete de sexe alors que je suis la reincarnation de la Sainte Vierge!"
Question: "C'est difficile d'etre un sex-symbol?"
George Michael: "Il y a des hauts et des bas."
Le Pape: "Jean-Paul II Pasteur du Tiers Monde."
21. Le Monde, 20 May 1987, report on a poll carried out by IPSOS between May 6 and 13, 1987, among fifteen- to twenty-five-year-olds. The question was: "Quelles sont les personalites dont le nom vous vient a l'esprit lorsque vous pensez aux actions efficaces d'aide au developpement?" Forbes list of forty highest-paid entertainers, 21 September 1987. Some of the figures are for 1991." Quelles sont les trois femmes celebres sur lesquelles vous vous retourneriez en les croisant dans la rue?" Le Monde, 13 mai 1987, special insert, "Image de Femmes."
22. The description of the sale is largely drawn from Dominick Dunne, "The Windsor Epilogue," Vanity Fair, August 1987, 100.
23. See, for example, the profile by Sally Bedell Smith in Vanity Fair, July 1991.
24. Paris-Match:
"Si le sultan de Brunei achete le 'Nabila I' en mars, dans ce cas je ferai construire le 'Nabila II' qui est deja dessine. Il sera equipe d'un sous- marin pouvant contenir six personnes et d'une camera placee sous la coque, permettant de filmer les fonds marins. Chaque cabine aura son ecran."
"Si les moderes prennent le pouvoir en Iran et si la paix avec l'Irak en decoule, ce sont deux nations qu'il faudra reconstruire. Soit un marche de 170 milliards de dollars. Si nous obtenons le dixieme de ce marche, cela fera 1,7 milliards de dollars!"
25. International Herald Tribune, 7 April 1987, 1.
26. Hebe Dorsey, "A Princely Birthday in Bavaria," International Herald Tribune, 10 June 1986, 10.
27. Details of the Grace Kelly-Rainier Grimaldi wedding taken from James Spada, Grace: The Secret Lives of a Princess (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1987). The designer of the wedding dress was Helen Rose.
28. Bangkok Post, 28 January 1990.
29. Mills, The Power Elite, 75.
30. See cover of Toronto magazine, December 1989.
31. Re Sarah Bernhardt, see Le Figaro, Journal des Debats, L'Intransigeant, Le Journal, 26-30 March 1923. Re Edith Piaf (13-15 October 1963) and Gerard Philipe (26-29 November 1959), see Le Monde, Le Figaro, and Combat. Re Yves Montand: All of page 1: Liberation, Quotidien de Paris, France-Soir; half of page 1: Figaro, Le Monde; weekly covers: Le Nouvel Observateur, L'Express, Evenements de Jeudi, VSD.
32. Ronald Reagan, Where's the Rest of Me? (1965), 51.
33. Toronto Globe and Mail, 6 May 1986, AB.
34. Trudeau's most controversial interview was on December 28, 1975. with Bruce Phillips and Carole Taylor on the CTV Network.
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE: THE FAITHFUL WITNESS
1. There is a general consensus that Homer never existed as a single poet. He wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey in somewhat the same sense that Matthew wrote a Gospel.
2. On the question of Revelations' debt to the Old Testament, see Northrop Frye, The Great Code: The Bible and Literature (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982), in general and specifically pp. 73 and 35. Regarding the confusion between the Apostle John and John of Patmos, it remains widespread. For example, the subject index of the Oxford University Press edition of the King James Version places the reference to John (of Revelations) under the entry for the Apostle John.
3. For a discussion of the linguistic phenomenon of Francis in the context of his time, see Erich Auerbach, Mimesis, The Representation of Reality in Western Literature (New York: Doubleday, 1953), chap. 7. Original German 1946.
4. Three of the best known rector poets were Dinko Ranjina (1536-1607), Dominko Zlataric (1558-1613) and Ivan Gundulic (1589-1638), who wrote Dubrovnik's greatest epic poem, Osman.
5. Charles Baudelaire, Curiosites esthetiques: "Tout livre qui ne s'addresse pas a la majorite -- nombre et intelligence -- est un sot livre."
6. Moliere, La Critique de l'Ecole des Femmes, scene vi, Complete Works, vol. 2 (Paris: Flammarion, 1965), 132. "Je voudrais bien savoir si la grande regie de toutes les regles n'est pas de plaire . . ."
7. Richelieu, Testament, 41.
8. A whole literature exists on the Dreyfus affair. The finest single book is Jean- Denis Bredin, L'Affaire (Paris: Julliard, 1985). On Zola's involvement see part 3.
9. Ford Madox Ford, The English Novel (Manchester: Carcanet, 1983), 76. Original publication 1930.
"En art il n'y a pas des regles, il n'y a que des exemples," Julien Gracq, quoted by Hubert Haddad in Julien Gracq (Paris: Le Castor Astral, 1986), 74.
Balzac: "Ainsi va le monde litteraire. On n'y aime que ses inferieurs." Une fille d'Eve.
Spengler, The Decline of the West, 32.
10. Remy de Gourmont: "Nous n'avons plus de principes et il n'y a plus de modeles; un ecrivain cree son esthetique en creant son oeuvre: nous en sommes reduits a faire appel a la sensation bien plus qu'au jugement," Les Pas sur le Sable, Le Livre des Masques, 2nd series.
11. Edmond and Jules de Goncourt: "Votre roman ... un roman ... la France se fiche pas mal des romans aujourd'hui, mes gaillards!" Journal, Memoires de la Vie Utteraire, vol. 1, 1851-1861 (Paris: Pasquelles Editeurs), 9.
12. This phrase belongs to someone else. The American writer Stanley Crouch will know who.
13. Introduction by Herbert Gorman (1928) to James Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (New York: Modern Library, 1944).
14. Cyril Connolly, Enemies of Promise (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1938), 108.
15. Quoted in Bryan F. Griffin, "Panic Among the Philistines," Harpers (August 1981), 38.
16. Voltaire: "Tous les genres sont bans, hors le genre ennuyeux," L'Enfant Prodigue, preface.
17. See, for example, The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought, rev. ed., ed. Alan Bullock and Oliver Stallybrass (London: Fontana, 1988), 206.
18. Quoted in Le Monde, July 5, 1986, 19. "Ecoutez, est-ce qu'il existe serieusement du vecu quelque part? N'est-ce pas une espece de chimere incroyable? Qu'a-t-on considere comme le comble du vecu en France? Balzac. Mais Baudelaire ecrivait qu'il est le plus grand visionnaire de notre temps."
19. Quoted in New York Times profile of I. F. Stone, 22 January 1978.
20. R A. D. Ford, Doors, Words and Silence (Toronto: Mosaic Press, 1985).
21. T. S. Eliot, Collected Poems 1909-1962 (London: Faber and Faber, 1974), 218. "Four Quartets, Little Gidding," originally published 1942.
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO: THE VIRTUE OF DOUBT
1. For a discussion of Palladio. see Michelangelo Muraro. Civilisation des Villas Venitiennes (Paris: Editions Menges, 1987). Italian original 1986. See also various books and articles by James S. Ackerman, such as Palladio (Harmondsworth: Penguin. 1966).
2. Sir Michael Howard, "Process and Values in History" (Lecture given at Oxford University. 1989).
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THREE SHORT EXCURSIONS INTO THE UNREASONABLE
1. See, for example, Maurice F. Strong's address to the Harvard University Center for International Affairs, Cambridge, Mass., March 3, 1987.
2. For a full description, see Peter Ludlow, The Making of the European Monetary System (London: Butterworth Scientific, 1982).
3. Quotes on Robert Dole from Life magazine, September 1987, 63 and 64, in an article by George Gilder.
4. International Herald Tribunes report of 21 January 1989, 4, taken from the Washington Post Service.
5. Quoted in the New York Times, 12 January 1989, 8.
6. Quoted in the Independent (London), 18 January 1989.
7. On Reagan's visit to Japan see International Herald Tribune, 12 May 1989, news story as well as column by William Safire. The Japanese company was the Fujisankei Group.
8. London Times, 13 February 1989.
CHAPTER TWELVE: THE ART OF THE SECRET
1. Sun Tzu, The Art of War, 144. Subsequent quotations, 147.
2. Desiderius Erasmus, De Civilitate Morum Puerilium, 1530. French version, 1544. Quoted in Guerrand, Les Lieux, 24.
3. Quoted in Harold Nicolson, The Age of Reason (London: Panther, 1930), 219.
4. Jefferson, The Life, three quotations: letter from Paris to James Madison, 20 December 1787, 436; Inauguration Address, 4 March 1801, 321; to the Secretary of the Treasury (Albert Gallatin), Washington, 1 April 1802, 566. On Alexander Hamilton and the Federalists, see the last chapter of James Thomas Flexner, The Young Hamilton (Boston: Little, Brown, 1978).
5. A standard text on Western approaches to toilet training and its results is Erik Erikson, Childhood and Society (London: Penguin, 1965).
6. Asa Briggs, The Longman Encyclopedia. (London: Longmans, 1989).
7. Security figure: International Herald Tribune, 30 May 1986. Secrets figure: International Herald Tribune, 19 April 1990; editorial from New York Times entitled "6,796,501 Secrets." The actual number was 6,796,501.
8. Times (London), 11 February 1989.
9. The book in question is Alfred W. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia. (New York: Harper & Row, 1972).
10. See, for example, Le Monde, 23 May 1986, article by Bernard Guetta.
11. Daily Telegraph, 12 May 1989.
12, Toronto Star, 21 June 1991. The Commissioner is John Grace.
13. First quote is from A. M. Rosenthal in New York Times, 11 June 1991, A15. Rosenthal was managing editor during the Pentagon Papers incident. His June 11 column summarized the events surrounding the whole incident.
14. See portrait of Robert Armstrong in chapter 4 of this book.
15. Re British SAS and Gibraltar, see the Independent, 27 January 1989, 1. The Thames Television program was "Death on the Rock." The report was prepared by a former Conservative Home Office minister, Lord Windelesham, and Richard Rampton, QC.
16. Diderot: "On doit exiger de moi que je cherche la verite, mais non que je la trouve."
17. Definitions, in order:
Johnson's Pocket Dictionary of the English Language (London: Chiswick. 1826).
E. Chambers. Cyclopaedia: or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (London. 1738), 2 vols.
Dictionnaire Littre (Paris: Librairie Hachette. 1876): "Verite-Qualite par laquelle les choses apparaissent telles qu'elles sont."
Noah Webster. An American Dictionary of the English Language (New York: S. Converse, 1828), 2 vols.
Le Petit Robert (Paris: Robert): "Verite -- Connaissance conforme au reel. Ce a quoi l'esprit peut et doit donner son assentiment."
18. Robert Calvi was involved as a high-profile banker in the obscure triangle linking the Vatican Bank, the Mafia and the world of finance during the 1980s. Igor Gouzenko was a cipher clerk at the Soviet Embassy in Ottawa. He defected in 1945. The information he provided on North American-based Soviet spy rings gave some early impetus to the red scare campaign of Senator Joseph McCarthy -- which involved widespread, unsubstantiated attacks.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: THE SECRETIVE KNIGHT
1. Jacob Bronowski. Science and Human Values (New York: Harper & Row, 1965), 59.
2. Michael Polanyi, "The Republic of Science," Minerva vol. 1 no. 1., (Autumn 1962), 53-73.
3. J. Robert Oppenheimer. Science and the Common Understanding (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1953), 85.
4. Andre Malraux, quoted in Le Monde, 5 July 1968, from an interview given late in his life.
5. John Ruskin, Selections and Essays. "Time and Tide: The White-Thorn Blossom," (New York: Charles Scribner's, 1918), 365. Originally written 1871.
6. Bronowski, Science and Human Values, 7 and 19.
7. John Ruskin, Introduction to Modern Painters, ed. David Barrie (London: Andre Deutsch, 1987), XXXII. Quote from Barrie's introduction.
8. Much of the discussion of nuclear responsibility here and in the next section is drawn from an unpublished paper written by John Polanyi, dated February 1986, including quotes from Polanyi and from the Franck Report. Supplied by the author.
9. Oppenheimer, Science and the Common Understanding, 4.
10. Quoted in Le Canard Enchaine, 21 May 1987." L'incident est d'une gravite ... encore jamais recontree jusqu'ici sur les reacteurs a eau pressurisee .... Une defaillance supplementaire ... aurait donc conduit a une perte complete des alimentations electroniques de puissance, saturation hors dimensionnement.... La nonfermeture des vannes aurait constitue une voie de degenerescence supplementaire de l'incident vers une situation difficilement controlable."
11. Guardian, 6 July 1987, 5.
12. Matthew L. Wald, "Can Nuclear Power Be Rehabilitated?" New York Times, 31 March 1991.
13. Reported in International Herald Tribune, 5 October 1988.
14. Martin Amis, Einstein's Monsters (London: Jonathan Cape, 1987), 8 and 9.
15. Quotes from Guardian, 10 November 1989, 1 and 7. See also Financial Times, 11 November 1989, 6.
16. See, for example, Liberation, Paris, 24 avril 1991, 24: "Seule certitude: les centrales de demain seront sures ou ne seront pas. C'est du moins ce qu'affirment les industriels. Leur nouveau credo:- la 'surete passive.'" New York Times, 31 March 1991: "Can Nuclear Power Be Rehabilitated? The industry is trying to mend its image by curbing human errors."
17. A few references for these statements are:
On salmonella: London Times, 7 December 1988: Marian Burros; ibid.. 10 February 1989, 1 and 12; ibid., 11 February 1989, 1 and 16; ibid., 13 February 1989, 10; ibid., 15 February 1989, 1
On hormones: Le Monde, October 1987, Philippe Lemaitre
On pesticides: Toronto Star, 3 January 1988, Andrew Chetley; London Times, 20 June 1989, Michael McCarthy
On fertilizers: Toronto Star, 28 August 1988, Lynda Hurst; International Herald Tribune, 9 August 1988, Steven Greenhouse; New York Times, 8 September 1989, 1, Keith Schneider
On nuclear plants: International Herald Tribune, 5 October 1988, Keith Schneider
CHAPTER FOURTEEN: OF PRINCES AND HEROES
1. There are many descriptions of the Calas casc. Gustave Lanson's classic biography, Voltaire, published in 1906, provides a clear description of the context and I have drawn heavily on it. An excellent English translation was published in 1960 (Voltaire trans, Robert Wagoner [New York: published by John Wiley and Sons]).
2. Oxford English Dictionary, s. v, 3rd ed., "justice."
3. J. J. Rousseau, The Social Contract, 99.
4. Learned Hand, The Spirit of Liberty: Papers and Addresses of Learned Hand (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952), 189.
5. Edmund Burke, 22 March 1775.
6. See Anthony Sampson's description of this debate in The Changing Anatomy of Britain, 159.
7. William Shawcross, "The Crips and the Bloods," The Spectator, 28 May 1988, 10.
8. Lord McCluskey, Low, Justice and Democracy, The Reith Lectures (London: Sweet and Maxwell, 1986), 2.
9. Quoted in Archibald Cox, "Storm Over the Supreme Court," Blumenthal Memorial Lecture, February 13, 1986, 21.
10. Montesquieu, De L'Esprit des Lois. Originally published in 1748." Quand je vais dans un pays, je n'examine pas s'il y a des bonnes lois, mais si on execute celles qui y sont, car il y a des bonnes lois partout."
11. McCluskey, Low, Justice and Democracy, 6.
12. "The Court's Pivot Man," Time, 6 July 1987, 8.
13. Supreme Court of the United Slates. Payne v. Tennessee. June 28, 1991. With Justice Marshall's resignation, seven out of nine justices will cast votes on the basis of ideology ranging from conservative to right-wing. See New York Times, 28 June 1991, A1, 10 and 11, for quotes from Justices Marshall, Stevens and Rehnquist.
14. Benjamin Hart, The Task of the Third Generation; Young Conservatives Look to the Future, forewords by Attorney General Edwin Meese and President Ronald Reagan (Washington, D.C.: Heritage Foundation/Regenery Gateway, 1987).
15. Chief Justice Brian Dickson, address to the annual meeting of the Canadian Bar Association, August 24, 1987.
16. Quoted in Time magazine, 6 July 1987, 32.
17. International Herald Tribune, 20 May 1987.
18. Financial Times, 12 February 1992.
19. Le Monde, 26 January 1989, 14. Reported by Maurice Peyrot. La Fontaine: "Selon que vous serez puissant ou miserable . .."
20. Jim Wolf, "CIA Says It Used BCCI Legally," Toronto Globe and Mail, August 1991, B11.
21. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971).
22. Thomas Mann, The Magic Mountain, trans. H. Lowe Porter (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1985), 513. First published in 1924.
23. Voix de Napoleon, 35. Speech given outside the Assembly on 18 Brumaire. "Qu'avez-vous fait de cette France que je vous avais laissee si brillante? Je vous ai laisse la paix et j'ai retrouve la guerre! Je vous ai laisse des victoires et j'ai retrouve des revers! Je vous ai laisse les millions d'Italie et j'ai retrouve les lois spoliatrices et la misere! Qu'avez-vous fait de cent mille Francais que je connaissais, mes compagnons de gloire? Ils sont mort! Cet etat de choses ne peut pas durer."
24. Mann, The Magic Mountain, 464.
25. The subject of endless biographies, Garibaldi and the other players in the Risorgimento, such as Cavour and Mazzini, have been clearly and dispassionately described in a series of books published over the last few decades by Denis Mack Smith, from which much of this information is drawn.
CHAPTER FIFTEEN: THE HERO AND THE POLITICS OF IMMORTALITY
1. Erik Erikson, Young Man Luther (New York: Norton and Co., 1958), 75.
2. Schmidt, Albert Speer: The End of a Myth, 13-20.
3. Erikson, Luther, 109.
4. Jean Genet, Tire Thief's Journal (Harmondsworth: Penguin Modern Classics, 1967), 170. First published in French in 1949 as Journal du Voleur.
5. Jean Genet, Le Balcon (Lyon: Marc Barbezat, 1962), (37); le Juge: "Miroir qui me gloriie!" le General: "Proche de la mort ... ou je ne serai rien, mais refletee a l'infini dans ces miroirs que mon image" (55); le Chef de Police: "Non le cent millieme reflet du'un miroir qui se repele; je serai I'Unique, en que cent mille verlent se confonde" (117); and le Chef de Police: "Mais des que je me sentirai me multiplier infiniment, alors ... alors, cessent d'etre dur, j'irai pourrir dans les consciences" (219).
CHAPTER SIXTEEN: THE HIJACKING OF CAPITALISM
1. Ross Johnson rose to prominence as chief executive officer of R. J. R. Nabisco from 1984 to 1988. He was ejected from the company after an attempt to take over ownership of the company. Following the publication of Barbarians at the Gate: The Fall of R. J. R. Nabisco (New York: Harper & Row, 1990), he became a symbol, depending on your point of view, of extravagant or unacceptable or irresponsible financial management. See, for example, Barbarians at the Gate: "He would come to be the very symbol of the business world's 'Roaring Eighties'" (11). He had become a friend of Brian Mulroney in Montreal in the 1970s and played a key role in organizing American business to push the U.S.-Canada trade agreement through Congress. His fleet of ten corporate planes was used to fly around a wide range of business and sports figures as well as Mulroney and his wife. Mrs. Mulroney also became known as a shopping partner of Mrs. Johnson, who had access to a far larger income.
2. Andre Malraux, La Condition Humaine (Paris: Folio/Gallimard, 1977), 230. Original published 1933." Le capitalisme moderne ... est beaucoup plus volonte d'organisation que de puissance."
3. Rosabeth Moss Kanter, professor at the Harvard Business School, began her career with studies on the community and cooperative approach to economics. She has gradually moved through a justified critique of the large corporations to a view of the "postentrepreneurial economy." The quotation is from Where Giants Learn to Dance: Mastering the Challenging Strategy, Management and Careers in the 1990s (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989), 52. This book ends with a section on "The Coming Demise of Bureaucracy and Hierarchy."
In the context of this discussion, see a practical analysis in the humanist tradition: David Olive, Just Rewards: The Case for Ethical Reform in Business (Toronto: Penguin, 1987). See also Olive's program for reform of boards of directors -- "Board Games" in The Report on Business Magazine, Toronto Globe and Mail, September 1991.
4. Le Monde 18 February 1989, 31.
5. Far Eastern Economic Review, 27 August 1987, 17; and Newsweek, 31 August 1987, 27.
6. Michael Porter, professor at the Harvard Business School and author of Competition Strategy (1980), Competitive Advantage (1985) and The Competitive Advantage of Nations (1990; all New York: Free Press). Interesting comments on his methods can be seen in "Competitiveness, Strategic Management, Democracy and Justice: The Bad News," a preliminary paper for a three-year study on the phenomenon of "competitiveness" as perceived by Porter. The study was led by Professor Jon Alexander of Carlton University, Ottawa. Preliminary conclusions are that Porter's approach would lead to governments abandoning social and economic leadership; instead limiting themselves to creating an environment "in which markets are free to adjudicate their own interests."
7. See a description of the Boeing situation in International Herald Tribune, 2 February 1989, Business Section, 1, by Laura Parker, Washington Post Service.
8. James G. Rogers of Butler, Rogers and Baskett, quoted in New York Times, 6 September 1987, R15.
9. Maurice F. Strong, "Opportunities for Real Growth in an Interdependent World, 17 May 1987, speech to Banff Conference.
10. Strong, speaking at the Harvard University Center for International Affairs, Cambridge, Mass., 3 March 1987.
11. Dominic Lawson in Spectator, 17 June 1989, 9.
12. All three examples are drawn from Spectator, lead article of 18 May 1991, 5.
13. Figures for this paragraph drawn from International Herald Tribune, 3 November 1988, 15; Globe and Mail, 2 January 1989, B7; Bangkok Post, 24 January 1990; International Herald Tribune, 26 January 1990.
14. Merger figures from 100 Information Services, reported in Bangkok Post, 24 January 1990. A more accurate calculation of the percentage of corporate cash flow absorbed by interest payments would be based on the $2.2 trillion plus the $1.1 trillion. The financial institution figures do not, of course, include the banks' proper role as intermediaries receiving deposits. Guidance, in this area was received from economists at the Federal Reserve Bank (Robert Rewald and Sarah Holden).
Guidance for British figures comes from the economists of The Bank of England.
See also articles in: Newsweek, 7 November 1989; Time, 7 November, 1988; and Globe and Mail, 6 January, 1989.
15. Quoted in International Herald Tribune, 1 November 1988, 13.
16. Akio Moriia, with Edwin M. Reingold and Mitsuko Shirnomura, Made in Japan: Akio Morita and Sony (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1987).
17. These and the immediately succeeding statistics are from Peter Drucker, writing in Foreign Affairs. They were quoted by Maurice F. Strong in a lecture to the University of Victoria, British Columbia, on October 30, 1986.
18. Strong, "Opportunities for Real Growth."
19. Friedrich Nietzsche, Die Frohliche Wissenschaft, vol. 3, 16, "Moralitat ist Herden-Instinkt, in Einzelnen."
20. Sir Derek Alun-Jones, chairman of Ferranti International, quoted in the Times of London, 18 November 1989, 17. This article outlines the case.
21. Socialist International Congress, Resolution, Vancouver, November 1978.
22. Robert Engler, The Brotherhood of Oil (New York: New American library, 1977), 9.
23. Ibid., 51.
24. See The Brotherhood of Oil and Toronto Globe and Mail, March 14, 1984.
25. Diderot, Encyclopedie, vol. 2, 129: "FORTUNE (Morale): Les moyens de s'enrichir peuvent etre criminels en morale, quoique permis par les lois."
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: THE MIRACLE OF THE LOAVES
1. Jim Slater's fall can be followed in The Economist, 1 June 1974, 95; 24 August 1974, 81; 1 November 1975, 72; 15 November 1975, 89; 18 September 1976, 115; 15 October 1977, 121. The whole phenomenon is analysed in Charles Raw, Slater Walker (London: Andre Deutsch, 1977).
2. The Economist, 15 October 1977, 121.
3. The Snake originally took shape in 1972, in the wake of the first major monetary crisis of the 1970s. The Snake is an exchange-rate regime in which countries must keep their currencies within agreed upper and lower margins determined by a grid which fixes the relative values of all participants. The EMS began in 1979 and is gradually evolving towards a single European currency or something not too distant from that ideal. For a good description of the origins of the EMS, see Ludlow, The Making of the European Monetary System.
4. Quoted by Anthony Sampson in International Herald Tribune, 24 November 1982, 4.
5. See Diane Cohen, "Signals of a Looming Depression," Maclean's, 25 August 1988, 7; Anthony Bianco, "The Casino Society," Business Week, 16 September 1985, 78; Rowan Bosworth-Davies, Too Good to be True: How to Survive in the Casino Society (London: Bodley Head, 1987); John Taylor, Storming the Magic Kingdom (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987).
6. Bianco, ''The Casino Society," 79; and Cohen, "Signals."
7. Jefferson, The Life, letter to James Madison, from Paris, 16 September 1789.
8. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, trans. Talcott Parsons (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1958), originally published in German 1904-5. See pages 177, 182 and the footnote to page 64.
9. See Deuteronomy 23:20-21, Exodus 22:24, Leviticus 25:35-37, Ezekiel 18:13, the Psalmist 15:5.
10. Emile Zola, L'Argent (Paris: Bibliotheque Charpentier, 1893), 107. "A quai bon donner trente ans de sa vie, pour gagner un pauvre million, lorsque, en une heure, par une simple operation de Bourse, on peut le mettre dans sa poche? ... Le pis est qu'on se degoute du gain legitime, qu'on finit meme par perdre la notion de l'argent."
11. See Harold Lever and Christopher Hulme, Debt and Danger (Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1986).
12. As described in Anthony Storr. Solitude -- A Return to the Self (New York: Free Press, 1988).
13. For descriptions of the Gulf-Pickens fight see New York Times, 1 November 1983, D9; Financial Times, 25 November 1983, 18; ibid., 28 November 1983, 7, full-page Gulf ad; ibid., 31 December 1983; International Herald Tribune, 31 December 1983, Business Section, 1.
14. International Herald Tribune, 27 May 1987, Business Section, 1.
15. For description of Beatrice takeover see New York Times, Sunday, 6 September 1987, Business Section, 1.
16. Warren Buffett, quoted by David Hilzenrath, Sunday Star, 1 September 1991. Rudolph Giuliani, quoted in Gail Sheehy, "Heaven's Hit Man," Vanity Fair, August 1987.
17. Quoted in Bosworth-Davies, Too Good to Be True.
18. Carol Ascher, "Can't Anyone Tell Right from Wrong?" in Present Tense, January-February 1987, 6-13.
19. Ibid.
20. Times (London), 24 April 1987.
21. Dome Petroleum had vast holdings in the Canadian High Arctic. Discoveries in the late 1970s were used to sell successive share offerings around the world and created a spectacular price rise. In the 1980s the company's debt situation, combined with the continuing difficulties of commercially exploiting such inaccessible reserves, led to a spectacular collapse.
22. Phil Roosevelt, "The Secretive Ways of George Soros," International Herald Tribune, 13 April 1987, 9.
23. See Le Monde, 14 February 1989, 21; ibid., 1 March 1989; International Herald Tribune, 15 April 1991.
24. For example, see Le Monde, 15 February 1989.
25. Times (London), 17 July 1989.
26. Sidney Homer, A History of Interest Rates (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1972).
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: IMAGES OF IMMORTALITY OR THE VICTORY OF IDOLATRY
1. There is a remarkable discussion and a detailed description of the rise of the Church in Rome and its relationship to Roman beliefs, architecture and images, as well as of the arrival of Greek magic and idolatry, in Richard Krautheimer, Rome, Profile of a City 312-1308, (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1980). I have drawn heavily from it in the references to Christianity and Rome.
2. Saint Augustine, City of God (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1958), book 7, chap. 5, 136.
3. See H. Daniel-Rops, The Church in the Dark Ages (London: Dent, 1959), 556-62.
4. The Koran, trans. N. J. Dawood (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1977), quoted from "The Merciful," 20. I have deleted the chorus -- "Which of your Lord's blessings do you deny?" -- after each verse.
5. King James Version, 15: 10; 18:4; 20:23.
6. The three most influential texts of the fifteenth-sixteenth-century transitional period were: Leon Battista Alberti, On Painting (1435), based on artistic changes in Florence; and Piero della Francesca; De Prospectiva pingendi (On Perspective in Painting) (1474-82) and De quinque corporibus regularibus (On the Five Regular Bodies) (after 1482).
7. Quoted in Claude Keisch, Grand Empire -- Virtue and Vice in the Napoleonic Empire (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1990), 71.
8. R. G. Collingwood, The Principles of Art (London: Oxford University Press, 1974), 6. Originally published in 1938.
9. Both Francis Bacon quotes are from The Spectator, 25 May 1985, 36, in an interview with Alistair Hicks.
10. Aldous Huxley, Brave New World (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1963), 134.
11. Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (New York: New American Library, 1964), 269.
12. Ibid., 299.
13. See Le Point, Paris, 24-30 October 1988, 122.
14. Marshall McLuhan, Letters of Marshall McLuhan (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1987), 220.
15. See, for example, by Liberatore and Tamburini, RanXerox a New York, (Paris: Albin Michel, 1982).
16. Bilal, La Femme Piege (Paris: Dargand, 1986).
17. Le Nouvel Observateur, Paris, 29 August 1986.
18. Art Spiegelman, Maus (New York: Pantheon, 1986).
19. Quoted in Claude Marks, World Artists, 1950-1980 (New York: H.W. Wilson Publishers, 1984), see Lichtenstein entry.
20. Chester Brown, "Returning to the Way Things Are," in Yummy Fur, no. 9 (Toronto: Vortex Publishing, 1988).
21. J. M. Le Clezio, Le Proces-verbal (Paris: Folio, 1963), 128. "Je suis pris dans la bande dessinee de mon choix."
CHAPTER NINETEEN: LIFE IN A BOX-SPECIALIZATION AND THE INDIVIDUAL
1. George Bernard Shaw, You Never Can Tell, The Bodley Head Bernard Shaw, vol. 1 (London: The Bodley Head, 1970), 671, 679, 685. Originally produced in 1899.
2. Mann, The Magic Mountain, 464.
3. John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism, Liberty, Representative Government (London: Everyman Library [Dent], 1964), 131-158; from On Liberty, chaps. iv and v.
4. For first usage of the following words see the Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., vol. xvi (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), 152-153:
Specialization: 1843, Mill, Logic, 270, "We have seen above in the words pagan and villain, remarkable examples of the specialization of the meaning of words; 1865, Mill, Comte, 94, "The increasing specialisation of all employments ... is not without inconveniences."
Specialise: 1865, M. Pattison, Oxford Ess., 292, "The very fact that the new statue has restrained and specialised the subjects in the School of Literal Humaniores ..."
Specialist: 1862, Herbert Spencer, First Princ. II. 1. 36. 130, "Even the most limited specialist would not describe as philosophical an essay which ..."
5. Charles Bonnet, Palingenesie philosophique ou Idees sur l'etat passe et l'etat futur des etres vivants, 17 partie, chap. 4. "Je suis un etre sentant et intelligent: il est dans la nature de tout etre sentant et intelligent de vouloir sentir ou exister agreablement, et vouloir c'est cela s'aimer soimeme."
6. Learned Hand, The Spirit of Liberty, 7.
7. McLuhan, Lettres, 29 August 1973, to Commissioner Nicholas Johnson, U.S. Federal Communications Commission.
8. Both Strong and Polk quotes are from conversations with the author in 1989.
9. Montesquieu, Lettres Persanes (Paris: Folio, 1981), 215, lettre LXXXIX, Usbeka a Ibben: "Tout homme est capable de faire du bien a un homme: mais c'est ressembler aux dieux que de contribuer au bonheur d'une societe entiere." Voltaire, "Poeme sur le desastre de Lisbonne": "Et vous composerez dans ce chaos fatal/Des malheurs de chaque etre un bonheur general!"
10. Jefferson, The Life, 711. Letter to Monsieur A. Coray, 31 October 1823.
11. "Happinees," TM Pending - "If you do it on your knees -- HAPPINEES -- the ultimate knee protector." Happinees Inc., P.O. Box 130, Station Z, Toronto, Canada M5N 2Z3.
12. Charles Murray quoted in Sunday Telegraph, 14 May 1989, 7.
13. Vanity Fair, August 1987, 134.
14. John F. Love, McDonald's -- Behind the Arches (New York: Bantam Press, 1986), 15.
15. The description of the Hyatt Regency Waikoloa is drawn from Time, 27 February 1989, 67.
16. Louis Harris, Inside America (New York: Random House, 1987). This includes the subsequent table.
17. See Walter Kenrick, The Secret Museum: Pornography in Modern Culture (New York: Viking, 1987). See also a review of this book by John Gross in the New York Times, 7 May 1987.
18. This pornography and its context are fully discussed in Steven Marcus, The Other Victorians: a Study of Sexuality and Pornography in mid-Nineteenth Century England (New York: Norton, 1985).
19. McLuhan, Letters. To Pierre Elliott Trudeau, 2 July 1975, 511.
20. American Vogue, June 1986, 236. Symposium, "American Men: What Do They Want?" quoted by Dr. Robert Goald, psychiatrist and professor at New York Medical College.
21. Conversation with the author in Belgrade, 22 October 1987.
22. Andre Malraux, quoted in Le Monfe, 5 July 1986. This was a publication of a 1975 interview with Ion Mihaileanu." Pour moi, le grand decalage, c'est que les terroristes que nous voyons a l'heure actuelle sont des personnages assez logiques alors que les terroristes que j'ai connus etaient assez pres des nihilistes russes, c'est-a-dire au fond assez metaphysiciens."
23. List from "Rebirth of a Notion," by Marni Jackson, Toronto magazine, September 1988.
24. International Herald Tribune, Octoher 1987. Italics added.
CHAPTER TWENTY: THE STARS
1. Thomas Jefferson, The Life, Autobiography, 104.
2. Quoted in Jesse Kornbluth, "Faye Fights Back," Vanity Fair, August 1987,94.
3. C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite, 71.
4. Hand, The Spirit of Liberty, 38; from a speech called "The Preservation of Personality."
5. Mills, The Power Elite, 74.
6. The source of Goya's inspiration for this position has been endlessly debated. The art historian Jeanine Baticle attributes Goya's image to an engraving of the same scene by Miguel Bamborino. However, there is also The Vision of the Apocalypse by El Greco. It is in the Zuloaga Museum, Zumaya, and was painted in 1613. This was late in his life, when he had entered into his period of free-flowing, lyrical lunacy, which was not unlike the unchained self-absorbed vision of the modern painter. The main figure in this picture has his arms raised with the same ambiguous expression of joy and fear.
7. Eugene Delacroix, Le 28 Juillet 1830 -- La Liberti guidant le peuple. Painted in 1831.
8. Daily Mail, 1 July 1987, 1.
9. Times (London), 20 June 1989, 42.
10. Quoted by William R. McMurtry, Q. C., in a speech to the Canadian Bar Association, Toronto, 16 January 1987.
11. Ibid.
12. Lannick Group ad in Toronto Globe and Mail Report on Business Magazine, August 1989.
13. See Albert Goldman's biography The Lives of Lohn Lennon (New York: William Morrow, 1988). An example of the public reaction is the New York Times analysis on 12 September 1988, CIS, by Allan Kozinn.
14. Christian de la Maziere quoted in Paris-Match, 15 May 1987, 75. Dalida quote from same article: "Je sers un art mineur mais c'est quand meme une servitude qui implique d'aller jusqu'au bout de soi-meme." "Loin dans la nuit, elle me confiait sa fascination pour le neant."
15. New York Times, September 8, 1987, A24.
16. Joseph Roth, Confession of a Murderer, Told in One Night (New York: Overlook Press, 1985), 107. Original edition published in 1937.
17. New York Times Magazine, 11 June 1989, 28.
18. For a description of the Presley house, see "Amazing Graceland," Life magazine, September 1987, 44.
19. David Bowie quoted in Paris-Match, 10 April 1987, 37.
Question: "Dans les annees 70, vous clamiez votre bisexualite. Aujourd- hui, vous vivez avec votre fils, Zowie, en Suisse pres de Lausanne. Vous semblez avoir renonce a vos extravagances."
Bowie: "J'ai beaucoup change depuis mon depart des Etats-Unis, en 1976. La-bas, je menais une vie stereotypee, decadente. Je ne savais plus qui j'etais. Je suis retourne en Europe et j'ai decide de consolider mon role de pere. En vivant au cote de mon fils, j'ai grandi. J'ai muri."
Question: "Vous avez dit un jour: 'Je veux traverser ma vie comme Superman....'
Bowie: "Mon Dieu! Je devais etre ivre mort. J'ai du lire trop d'ouvrages de Nietzsche."
Question: "Quel est le plus grand risque que vous avez pris dans votre vie?"
Bowie: "Celui de me droguer. C'est un risque que je ne recommande a personne. .. '
20. Paris-Match, 3 June 1988, 26.
Macciocchi sur le Pape: "J'avais rencontre Mao, de Gaulle, Ho Chi Minh, et un fois, tout au fond de Qom, la ville sainte de l'Iran, j'avais ete recue par le-terrible Khomeini. Mais jamais je ne m'etais sentie aussi chiffonnee ..."
Beatrice Dalle: "Moi scandaleuse? Jamais!" Et, "On me propose toujours des roles de bete de sexe alors que je suis la reincarnation de la Sainte Vierge!"
Question: "C'est difficile d'etre un sex-symbol?"
George Michael: "Il y a des hauts et des bas."
Le Pape: "Jean-Paul II Pasteur du Tiers Monde."
21. Le Monde, 20 May 1987, report on a poll carried out by IPSOS between May 6 and 13, 1987, among fifteen- to twenty-five-year-olds. The question was: "Quelles sont les personalites dont le nom vous vient a l'esprit lorsque vous pensez aux actions efficaces d'aide au developpement?" Forbes list of forty highest-paid entertainers, 21 September 1987. Some of the figures are for 1991." Quelles sont les trois femmes celebres sur lesquelles vous vous retourneriez en les croisant dans la rue?" Le Monde, 13 mai 1987, special insert, "Image de Femmes."
22. The description of the sale is largely drawn from Dominick Dunne, "The Windsor Epilogue," Vanity Fair, August 1987, 100.
23. See, for example, the profile by Sally Bedell Smith in Vanity Fair, July 1991.
24. Paris-Match:
"Si le sultan de Brunei achete le 'Nabila I' en mars, dans ce cas je ferai construire le 'Nabila II' qui est deja dessine. Il sera equipe d'un sous- marin pouvant contenir six personnes et d'une camera placee sous la coque, permettant de filmer les fonds marins. Chaque cabine aura son ecran."
"Si les moderes prennent le pouvoir en Iran et si la paix avec l'Irak en decoule, ce sont deux nations qu'il faudra reconstruire. Soit un marche de 170 milliards de dollars. Si nous obtenons le dixieme de ce marche, cela fera 1,7 milliards de dollars!"
25. International Herald Tribune, 7 April 1987, 1.
26. Hebe Dorsey, "A Princely Birthday in Bavaria," International Herald Tribune, 10 June 1986, 10.
27. Details of the Grace Kelly-Rainier Grimaldi wedding taken from James Spada, Grace: The Secret Lives of a Princess (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1987). The designer of the wedding dress was Helen Rose.
28. Bangkok Post, 28 January 1990.
29. Mills, The Power Elite, 75.
30. See cover of Toronto magazine, December 1989.
31. Re Sarah Bernhardt, see Le Figaro, Journal des Debats, L'Intransigeant, Le Journal, 26-30 March 1923. Re Edith Piaf (13-15 October 1963) and Gerard Philipe (26-29 November 1959), see Le Monde, Le Figaro, and Combat. Re Yves Montand: All of page 1: Liberation, Quotidien de Paris, France-Soir; half of page 1: Figaro, Le Monde; weekly covers: Le Nouvel Observateur, L'Express, Evenements de Jeudi, VSD.
32. Ronald Reagan, Where's the Rest of Me? (1965), 51.
33. Toronto Globe and Mail, 6 May 1986, AB.
34. Trudeau's most controversial interview was on December 28, 1975. with Bruce Phillips and Carole Taylor on the CTV Network.
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE: THE FAITHFUL WITNESS
1. There is a general consensus that Homer never existed as a single poet. He wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey in somewhat the same sense that Matthew wrote a Gospel.
2. On the question of Revelations' debt to the Old Testament, see Northrop Frye, The Great Code: The Bible and Literature (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982), in general and specifically pp. 73 and 35. Regarding the confusion between the Apostle John and John of Patmos, it remains widespread. For example, the subject index of the Oxford University Press edition of the King James Version places the reference to John (of Revelations) under the entry for the Apostle John.
3. For a discussion of the linguistic phenomenon of Francis in the context of his time, see Erich Auerbach, Mimesis, The Representation of Reality in Western Literature (New York: Doubleday, 1953), chap. 7. Original German 1946.
4. Three of the best known rector poets were Dinko Ranjina (1536-1607), Dominko Zlataric (1558-1613) and Ivan Gundulic (1589-1638), who wrote Dubrovnik's greatest epic poem, Osman.
5. Charles Baudelaire, Curiosites esthetiques: "Tout livre qui ne s'addresse pas a la majorite -- nombre et intelligence -- est un sot livre."
6. Moliere, La Critique de l'Ecole des Femmes, scene vi, Complete Works, vol. 2 (Paris: Flammarion, 1965), 132. "Je voudrais bien savoir si la grande regie de toutes les regles n'est pas de plaire . . ."
7. Richelieu, Testament, 41.
8. A whole literature exists on the Dreyfus affair. The finest single book is Jean- Denis Bredin, L'Affaire (Paris: Julliard, 1985). On Zola's involvement see part 3.
9. Ford Madox Ford, The English Novel (Manchester: Carcanet, 1983), 76. Original publication 1930.
"En art il n'y a pas des regles, il n'y a que des exemples," Julien Gracq, quoted by Hubert Haddad in Julien Gracq (Paris: Le Castor Astral, 1986), 74.
Balzac: "Ainsi va le monde litteraire. On n'y aime que ses inferieurs." Une fille d'Eve.
Spengler, The Decline of the West, 32.
10. Remy de Gourmont: "Nous n'avons plus de principes et il n'y a plus de modeles; un ecrivain cree son esthetique en creant son oeuvre: nous en sommes reduits a faire appel a la sensation bien plus qu'au jugement," Les Pas sur le Sable, Le Livre des Masques, 2nd series.
11. Edmond and Jules de Goncourt: "Votre roman ... un roman ... la France se fiche pas mal des romans aujourd'hui, mes gaillards!" Journal, Memoires de la Vie Utteraire, vol. 1, 1851-1861 (Paris: Pasquelles Editeurs), 9.
12. This phrase belongs to someone else. The American writer Stanley Crouch will know who.
13. Introduction by Herbert Gorman (1928) to James Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (New York: Modern Library, 1944).
14. Cyril Connolly, Enemies of Promise (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1938), 108.
15. Quoted in Bryan F. Griffin, "Panic Among the Philistines," Harpers (August 1981), 38.
16. Voltaire: "Tous les genres sont bans, hors le genre ennuyeux," L'Enfant Prodigue, preface.
17. See, for example, The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought, rev. ed., ed. Alan Bullock and Oliver Stallybrass (London: Fontana, 1988), 206.
18. Quoted in Le Monde, July 5, 1986, 19. "Ecoutez, est-ce qu'il existe serieusement du vecu quelque part? N'est-ce pas une espece de chimere incroyable? Qu'a-t-on considere comme le comble du vecu en France? Balzac. Mais Baudelaire ecrivait qu'il est le plus grand visionnaire de notre temps."
19. Quoted in New York Times profile of I. F. Stone, 22 January 1978.
20. R A. D. Ford, Doors, Words and Silence (Toronto: Mosaic Press, 1985).
21. T. S. Eliot, Collected Poems 1909-1962 (London: Faber and Faber, 1974), 218. "Four Quartets, Little Gidding," originally published 1942.
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO: THE VIRTUE OF DOUBT
1. For a discussion of Palladio. see Michelangelo Muraro. Civilisation des Villas Venitiennes (Paris: Editions Menges, 1987). Italian original 1986. See also various books and articles by James S. Ackerman, such as Palladio (Harmondsworth: Penguin. 1966).
2. Sir Michael Howard, "Process and Values in History" (Lecture given at Oxford University. 1989).