PART 2 OF 2
Notes to chapter three1. George Chatterton-Hill, The Philosophy of Nietzsche: An Exposition and an Appreciation, London: John Ouseley, n.d. [1913], pp. 254-55, 259.
2. George Chatterton-Hill, Heredity and Selection in Sociology, London: Adam and Charles Black, 1907, pp. xix-xx, 127, 154, 357, 367, 540. According to Hawkins, it is the extension of scientific determinism into the human social and psychological realm as well as the physical realm which is the distinctive feature of social Darwinism. See Mike Hawkins, Social Darwinism in European and American Thought 1860-1945: Nature as Model and Nature as Threat, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 31. But see also Gregory Claeys, 'The "Survival of the Fittest" and the Origins of Social Darwinism', Journal of the History of Ideas, 61.2, 2000, p. 238, for the argument that 'what was most distinctive about much (though not all) Social Darwinism was its concern not with "race" as such in the loose sense of a term of general classification but with a new definition of race directly attached to skin colour, in which ideas of racial hierarchy and supremacy were wedded to earlier notions of "fitness" .'
3. For a variety of opinions, see D. Gawronsky, Friedrich Nietzsche und das Dritte Reich, Bern: Verlag Herbert Lang & Cie., 1935; Heinrich Hartle, Nietzsche und der Nationalsozialismus, Munich: Zentralverlag der NSDAP, 1937; Richard Maximilian Lonsbach, Friedrich Nietzsche und die Juden: Ein Wirsuch, Stockholm: Bermann-Fischer Verlag, 1939; Crane Brinton, 'The National Socialists' Use of Nietzsche' , Journal of the History of Ideas, 1.2, 1940; Konrad Algermissen, Nietzsche und das Dritte Reich, Celle: Verlag Joseph Giesel, 1947; Bernhard H. F. Taureck, Nietzsche und der Faschismus: Eine Studie uber Nietzsches politische Philosophie und ihre Folgen, Hamburg: Junius, 1989; Weaver Santaniello, Nietzsche, God, and the Jews: His Critique of Judeo-Christianity in Relation to the Nazi Myth, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1994; Martha Zapata Galindo, Triumph des Willens zur Macht: Zur Nietzsche-Rezeption im NS-Staat, Hamburg: Argument Verlag, 1995; Jacob Golomb, ed., Nietzsche and Jewish Culture, London: Routledge, 1997.
4. Robert C. Bannister, Social Darwinism: Science and Myth in Anglo-American Social Thought, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1979, chapter 10, 'The Nietzsche Vogue', pp. 201-11.
5. See, for example, Steven A. Gelb, 'Degeneracy Theory, Eugenics, and Family Studies', Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 26.3, 1990, pp. 242-45.
6. Pauline M. H. Mazumdar, Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings: The Eugenics Society, its Sources and its Critics in Britain, London: Routledge, 1992, pp. 103-05.
7. For the connection between Blacker and Ludovici see Chapter 4 below.
8. P. V. Cohn, 'Belloc and Nietzsche', New Age, XII.9, 2 January 1913, p. 215.
9. See David S. Thatcher, Nietzsche in England 1890-1914: The Growth of a Reputation, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1970, pp. 22-23, 58.
10. Thomas Common, 'The New Outlook', Notes for Good Europeans (The Good European Point of View), 1.1, 1903, pp. 4, 11.
11. Thomas Common, 'Defects of Popular Secularism', Notes for Good Europeans (The Good European Point of View), 1.2, 1903-1904, pp. 47-48.
12. Thomas Common, Nietzsche as Critic, Philosopher, Poet and Prophet: Choice Selections from His Works, London: Grant Richards, 1901, pp. xi, xii.
13. Thatcher, Nietzsche in England, pp. 23-24.
14. Alexander Tille, Von Darwin bis Nietzsche, Leipzig: Verlag von C. G. Naumann, 1895, p. vii. Further references in the text. See also W. Rheinhard, Der Mensch als Thierrasse und seine Triebe: Beitrage zu Darwin und Nietzsche, Leipzig: Verlag von Theod. Thomas, 1902, pp. 222-23 for the argument that the superman is, on the basis of Darwin's theory of evolution, unlikely to emerge.
15. Alexander Tille, 'Introduction' to The Works of Friedrich Nietzsche, VIII: Thus Spake Zarathustra: A Book for All and None, trans. Alexander Tille, London: H. Henry & Co., 1896, p. xxiii.
16. Alexander Tille, 'Introduction' to The Works of Friedrich Nietzsche, XI: The Case of Wagner, Nietzsche contra Wagner, The Twilight of the Idols, The Antichrist, trans. Thomas Common, London: H. Henry & Co., 1896, pp. x, xvi, xvii. For the argument that Nietzsche's thought owed more to Lamarck than Darwin, see Claire Richter, Nietzsche et les theories biolilgiques contemporaines, Paris: Mercure de France, 1911.
17. J. M. Kennedy, The Quintessence of Nietzsche, London: T. Werner Laurie, 1909, p. 80. Further references in the text.
18. J. M. Kennedy, Tory Democracy, London: Stephen Swift and Co., 1911, pp. 54 (on romanticism) and 21 (on race).
19. See Otto Ammon, Der Darwinismus gegen die Sozialdemokratie: Anthropologische Plautiereien, Hamburg: Verlagsanstalt und Druckerei A. G., 1891; idem., Die naturliche Auslese beim Menschen. Auf Grund der anthropologischen Untersuchungen der Wehrpflichtigen in Baden und anderer Materialien, Jena: Verlag von Gustav Fischer, 1893; idem., Die Gesellschaftsordnung und ihre naturliche Grundlagen: Entwurf einer Sozial-Anthropologie zum Gebrauch for alle Gebildeten, die sich mit sozialen Fragen befassen, Jena: Verlag von Gustav Fischer, 2nd edn, 1896 [18950.
20. It was also successful in the United States. Dolson, for example, recommended Lichtenberger's book. Grace Neal Dolson, The Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche, New York: The Macmillan Company, 1901, p. 85.
21. Henri Lichtenberger, The Gospel of Superman: The Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche, trans, J. M. Kennedy, Edinburgh/London: T.N. Foulis, 1910, p. 138. Further references in the text.
22. See Ivan Hannaford, Race: The History of an Idea in the West, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, p. 363; Uli Linke, Blood and Nation: The European Aesthetics of Race, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999.
23. F. C. S. Schiller, 'The Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche', Quarterly Review, January 1913, pp. 157, 158, 160.
24. Arthur W. Knapp, Friedrich Nietzsche: A Plain Account of the Fiery Philosopher, London: Watts & Co., 1910, p. II.
25. M. A. Mugge, Friedrich Nietzsche: His Life and Work, London/Leipsic: T. Fisher Unwin, 2nd edn, 1909, p. viii. Further references in the text.
26. Keith Ansell-Pearson, Viroid Life: Perspectives on Nietzsche and the Transhuman Condition, London: Routledge, 1997, p. 87. It should be noted that this is where the similarities between Mugge and Ansell-Pearson end! Mugge reiterated his view of Nietzsche as eugenicist in his more popular book, Friedrich Nietzsche, London: T. C. & E. C. Jack, n.d. [1913], pp. 76-80 and passim. For more on Mugge see the section on 'Eugenicists' below.
27. A. R. Orage, Friedrich Nietzsche: The Dionysian Spirit of the Age, London/Edinburgh: T. N. Foulis, 1906, p. 68. Further references in the text.
28. A. R. Orage, Nietzsche in Outline and Aphorism, Edinburgh/London: T. N. Foulis, 1907, p. 123. Further references in the text.
29. 'Philosophy of Violence: Dean Inge on Nietzsche', Church Family Newspaper, December 1914, report of a speech given by Inge at St Paul's Chapter House, 7 December 1914.
30. Havelock Ellis, 'Nietzsche', in Affirmations, London: Walter Scott, 1898, p. 68. Further references in the text.
31. Havelock Ellis, The Task of Social Hygiene, London: Constable and Co., 1912, p.24.
32. Havelock Ellis, My Confessional, London: John Lane The Bodley Head, 1934, p.203.
33. Havelock Ellis, 'The Control of Population', in On Life and Sex: Essays of Love and Virtue. Two Volumes in One, Garden City, NY: Garden City Publishing Company, 1937, vol. II, pp. 169-70. Originally published as More Essays of Love and Virtue (1931). Further references in the text.
34. Thatcher, Nietzsche in England, p. 195.
35. Thatcher, Nietzsche in England, p. 206.
36. Anthony M. Ludovici, 'Nietzsche and Science', Spectator, 8 January 1910.
37. Claud W. Mullins, 'Eugenics, Nietzsche and Christianity', Eugenics Review, 4.4, 1913, pp. 394-95.
38. Karl Pearson, The Life, Letters and Labours of Francis Galton. Volume IIIA: Correlation, Personal Identification and Eugenics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1930, p. 403, citing Galton, 'Eugenic Qualities of Primary Importance', Eugenics Review, 1.1, 1909, p.76.
39. Karl Pearson, The Life, Letters and Labours of Francis Galton. Volume IIIB: Characterisation, Especially by Letters. Index, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1930, p. 600.
40. Maximilian A. Mugge, 'Eugenics and the Superman: A Racial Science and a Racial Religion', Eugenics Review, 1.3, 1909, p. 184. Further references in the text.
41. J. A. Lindsay, 'Eugenics and the Doctrine of the Super-Man" Eugenics Review, 7.4, 1916, p. 249. Further references in the text.
42. George Pitt Rivers, letter to the Eugenics Review, 12.1, 1920, pp. 71-73.
43. George Adath, 'The True Aristocracy', Eugenics Review, 14.3, 1922, p. 174.
44. See the letters held by the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Record Centre, Stratford-upon-Avon. See also Roland Quinault, 'Portrait of a "Diehard": Greville Verney, Nineteenth Lord Willoughby de Broke', in Compton Verney: A History of the House and its Owners, ed. Robert Bearman, Stratford-upon-Avon: Compton Verney House Trust/Shakespeare Birthplace Trust, 2000, pp. 157-74
45. R. Austin Freeman, 'The Sub-Man', Eugenics Review, 15.2, 1923, pp. 383-92. Further references in the text.
46. See, for example, C. C. Everett, '''Beyond Good and Evil": A Study of the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche', The New World, VII.28, 1898, pp. 684--703; Heinrich Goebel and Ernest Antrim, 'Friedrich Nietzsche's Uebermensch' and The Editor, 'Immorality as a Philosophic Principle', The Monist, IX.4, 1899, pp. 563-71 and 572-616; Dolson, The Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche.
47. William Wallace, 'Nietzsche's Criticism of Morality' and 'Thus Spake Zarathustra', in Lectures and Essays on Natural Theology and Ethics, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1898, pp. 511-29 and 530-41.
48. Andrew Seth Pringle-Pattison, 'The Life and Opinions of Friedrich Nietzsche', in Man's Place in Ihe Cosmos, Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1902, pp. 313, 312, 317, 316. Further references in the text. This chapter was a reprint of two earlier articles in Blackwood's Magazine, CLXII, 1897, and the Contemporary Review, LXXIII, 1898.
49. Thomas Common, 'Professor Seth's Attacks on Nietzsche', University Magazine and Free Review, XI, April 1899, p. 50. Further references in the text. The confusion over names here is a result of the fact that the first article was published under the name Andrew Seth, the second under the name Andrew Seth Pringle-Pattison.
50. Maurice Adams, 'The Ethics of Tolstoy and Nietzsche', International Journal of Ethics, XI.I, 1900, here at p. 94. Further references in the text.
51. L. H. Green, 'Nietzsche, Eugenics, and Christianity', The Commonwealth, XIX.218, 1914, p. 51. This .article was published in four parts over vol. XIX, issues 218-221. Further references in the text, giving issue number then page number.
52. Charles M. Bakewell, 'The Teachings of Friedrich Nietzsche', International Journal of Ethics, IX.4, 1898, p. 314. Further references in the text.
53. William Barry, Heralds of Revolt: Studies in Modern Literature and Dogma, London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1904, p. 373. Further references in the text.
54. Peter Weingart, Jurgen Kroll and Kurt Bayertz, Rasse, Blut und Gene: Geschichte der Eugenik und Rassenhygiene in Deutschland, Frankfurt/M: Suhrkamp Taschenbuch Verlag, 1992, p. 72. They do, however, note (n.69) that there was a difference between Nietzsche's 'genuinely philosophical project' and the eugenicists' 'scientifically grounded programme of socio-technological reform', though both can be called a 'Zuchtungsidee'.
55. I have not written specifically about gender here, although it is clearly another Nietzschean concern which ties in with the general concern of the degeneration theorists, because the topic has been widely addressed elsewhere. See Maria Sophia Quine, Population Politics in Twentieth-Century Europe, London: Routledge, 1996; Angus McLaren, Reproductive Rituals: The Perception of Fertility in England from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Century, London: Methuen 1984; C. Eagle Russett, Sexual Science: The Victorian Construction of Womanhood, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989; Wendy Kline, Building a Better Race: Gender, Sexuality and Eugenics from the Turn of the Century to the Baby Boom, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2001; Roy Porter and Lesley Hall, The Facts of Life: The Creation of Sexual Knowledge in Britain, 1650-1950, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995; Daniel Pick; Faces of Degeneration: A European Disorder; c. 1848-c. 1918, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989; Elaine Showalter, The Female Malady: Women, Madness and English Culture, 1830-1980, New York: Pantheon Books, 1986; Karen Offen, 'Depopulation, Natalism, and Feminism', American Historical Review, 89, 1984, pp. 653-71; Anna Davin, 'Imperialism and Motherhood', History Workshop, 5, 1978, pp. 9-65, among others. On women in eugenics, see Alice Ravenhill, 'Eugenic Ideals for Womanhood', Eugenics Review, 1.4, 1910, pp. 265-74; Richard Allen Soloway, Demography and Degeneration: Eugenics and the Declining Birthrate in Twentieth-Century Britain, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1990, pp. 127-37.
56. See Kushner and Knox, Refugees in an Age of Genocide; Pick, Faces of Degeneration; idem., Svengali's Web: The Alien Enchanter in Modern Culture, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000.
Notes to chapter four1. Frank Dikotter, 'Race Culture: Recent Perspectives on the History of Eugenics', American Historical Review, 103.2, 1998, pp. 467-78.
2. Philip J. Pauly, 'The Eugenics Industry: Growth or Restructuring?', Journal of the History of Biology, 26.1, 1993, pp. 131-45.
3. On which the literature is vast. See the standard work by Paul Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and Nazism, 1870--1945, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. See also Peter Weingart, Jurgen Kroll and Kurt Bayertz, Rasse, Blut und Gene: Geschichte der Eugenik und Rassenhygiene in Deutschland, Frankfurt/M: Suhrkamp, 1988; Ute Deichmann and Benno Muller-Hill, 'Biological Research at Universities and Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes in Nazi Germany', in Science, Technology and National Socialism, ed. Monika Renneberg and Mark Walter, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp. 160-83; Peter Weingart, 'The Rationalization of Sexual Behaviour: The Institutionalization of Eugenic Thought in Germany', Journal of the History of Biology, 20.2, 1987, pp. 159-93; Sheila Faith Weiss, 'The Race Hygiene Movement in Germany', Osiris, n.s., 3, 1987, pp. 193-236; Benno Muller-Hill, Murderous Science: Elimination by Scientific Selection of Jews, Gypsies, and Others. Germany 1933-1945, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988; idem., 'Human Genetics and the Mass Murder of Jews, Gypsies, and Others', in The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined, ed. Michael Berenbaum and Abraham J. Peck, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1998, pp. 103-14; Arnd Kruger, 'A Horse Breeder's Perspective: Scientific Racism in Germany, 1870-1933' and Peter Weingart, 'The Thin Line Between Eugenics and Preventive Medicine', both in Identity and Intolerance: Nationalism, Racism, and Xenophobia in Germany and United States, ed. Norbert Finzsch and Dietmar Schirmer, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 371-95 and 397-412; Uli Linke, Blood and Nation: me European Aesthetics of Race, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999.
4. Donald MacKenzie, 'Eugenics in Britain', Social Studies of Science, 6.3-4, 1976, pp. 499-532; idem., 'Karl Pearson and the Professional Middle Class', Annals of Science, 36.2, 1979, pp. 125-43; G. R. Searle, Eugenics and Politics in Britain 1900-1914, Leyden: Noordhoff International Publishing, 1976; idem., 'Eugenics and Class', in Biology, Medicine and Society 1840--1940, ed. Charles Webster, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981, pp. 217-42; Greta Jones, 'Eugenics and Social Policy Between the Wars', The Historical Journal, 25.3, 1982, pp. 717-28; Pauline M. H. Mazumdar, Eugenics, Human Generics and Human Failings: The Eugenics Society and its Critics in Britain, London: Routledge, 1992.
5. F. C. S. Schiller, Social Decay and Eugenical Reform, London: Constable and Co., 1932, p. 104. See also Leonard Darwin, 'The Cost of Degeneracy', Eugenics Review, 5.2, 1913, pp. 93-100; A. F. Tredgold, 'Eugenics and the Future Progress of Man', Eugenics Review, 3.2, 1911, pp. 94-117; idem., 'The Study of Eugenics', Quarterly Review, 217.432, 1912, pp. 43-67; idem., 'Heredity and Environment in Regard to Social Reform', Quarterly Review, 219.437, 1913, pp. 364-83.
6. J. A. Hobson, 'Race Eugenics as a Policy', in Free Thought in the Social Sciences, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1926, p. 220.
7. Robert Reid Rentoul, Race Culture; Or, Race Suicide? (A Plea for the Unborn), London/Felling-on-Tyne: The Walter Scott Publishing Co., 1906, pp. xii, 4-5. Further references in the text.
8. See, for example, George L. Mosse, Nationalism and Sexuality: Middle-Class Morality and Sexual Norms in Modern Europe, Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985; Sander Gilman, 'Black Sexuality and Modern Consciousness', in Blacks and German Culture, ed. Reinhold Grimm and Jost Hermand, Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1986, pp. 35-53; Roger Bartra, Wild Men in the Looking Glass: The Mythic Origins of European Otherness, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1994; Robert J. C. Young, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race, London: Routledge, 1995; Anne McClintock, Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest, London: Routledge, 1995; Susanne Zantop, Colonial Fantasies: Conquest, Family, and Nation in Precolonial Germany, 1770-1870, Durham, NC/London: Duke University Press, 1997; Adam Lively, Masks: Blackness, Race and the. Imagination, London: Chatto & Windus, 1998.
9. See William B. Provine, 'Geneticists and the Biology of Race Crossing', Science, 182, 23 November 1973, pp. 790-96, and Daniel J. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2nd edn, 1995.
10. Advertisement in the English Review, 45.6, 1937, between pp. 708 and 709.
11. Charles Wicks teed Armstrong, The Survival of the Un fittest, London: The C. W Daniel Company, 1927, pp. 9, 158. Further references in the text.
12. Anthony M. Ludovici, 'The False Assumptions of 'Democracy', London: Heath Cranton, 1921, p. 114.
13. Ludovici, False Assumptions, p. 214.
14. Anthony M. Ludovici, Lysistrata, or Woman 's Future and Future Woman, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co., 1925, p. 115.
15. Anthony M. Ludovici, Man: An Indictment, London: Constable and Co., 1927, p.306.
16. Anthony M. Ludovici, Violence, Sacrifice and Mir, London: Holders Press for the St James's Kin of the English Mistery, 1933, pp. 11-12.
17. Ludovici to Blacker, 12 July 1928. Eugenics Society Archive, PP/CPB/A4/1 (Blacker General). This letter was a response to Blacker's review in the Eugenics Review of Ludovici's The Night Hoers (1928) which suggested that Ludovici's proposals for culling the unfit would be rendered unnecessary by advances in pre-natal selection. On Blacker see Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics, pp. 170-77.
18. Eugenics Society to Ludovici, 8 November 1927. Eugenics Society Archive, SA/EUG/C.212 (Eugenics Society: People. A. M. Ludovici 1927-1947).
19. Ibid., Ludovici to Blacker, 4 August 1932; Blacker to Ludovici, 2 August 1933. On the English Mistery see above, Chapter 2.
20. C. P. Blacker, Eugenics in Prospect and Retrospect: The Galton Lecture 1945, London: Hamish Hamilton Medical Books, 1945, pp. 5, 8, 9; idem., Eugenics: Galton and After, London: Gerald Duckworth and Co., 1952, pp. 139, 291.
21. Havelock Ellis, The Task of Social Hygiene, London: Constable and Co., 1912, p. 20; idem., The Problem of Race-Regeneration, London: Cassell and Co., 1911, p. 69 on the feeble-minded.
22. This is the argument of Mazumdar, Eugenics, Human Genetics.
23. Dorothy Porter, '''Enemies of the Race": Biologism, Environmentalism, and Public Health in Edwardian England', Victorian Studies, 34.2, 1991, p. 164.
24. See, for example, Eden Paul, Socialism and Eugenics, Manchester: National Labour Press, 1911, originally a lecture given to the Poole and Branksome ILP, 25 June 1911; H. C. Bibby, Heredity, Eugenics and Social Progress, London: Victor Gollancz, 1939. See also Michael Freeden, 'Eugenics and Progressive Thought: A Study in Ideological Affinity', The Historical Journal, 22.3, 1979, pp. 645-71; Diane Paul, 'Eugenics and the Left', Journal of the History of Ideas, 45.4, 1984, pp. 567-90. 25. See the studies of MacKenzie and Searle cited in note 4.
26. William H. Schneider, Quality and Quantity: The Quest for Biological Regeneration in Twentieth-Century France, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
27. On 'race' and 'nation' as synonyms, see Jose Harris, Private Lives, Public Spirit: A Social History of Britain 1870-1914, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993, pp. 233-37. For correctives see Wolfgang Mock, 'The Function of "Race" in Imperialist Ideologies: The Example of Joseph Chamberlain', in Nationalist and Racialist Movements in Britain and Germany Before 1914, ed. Paul Kennedy and Anthony Nicholls, London: Macmillan, 1981, pp. 190-203; J. W. Burrow, The Crisis of Reason: European Thought, 1848-1914, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000, p. 102.
28. W.C.D. and C.D. Whetham, 'The Extinction of the Upper Classes', The Nineteenth Century, 66, July 1909, pp. 97-108; idem., 'Eminence and Heredity', The Nineteenth Century, 69, May 1911, pp. 818-32; the citations come from W. C. D. Whetham, 'Inheritance and Sociology', The Nineteenth Century, 65, January 1909, p. 81, and idem., An Introduction to Eugenics, Cambridge: Bowes and Bowes, 1912, p. 41. See also idem., The Family and the Nation: A Study in Natural Inheritance and Social Responsibility, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1909; idem., 'Decadence and Civilisation', The Hibbert Journal, 10.1, 1911, pp. 179-200; idem., Heredity and Society, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1912.
29. C.T. Ewart, 'Eugenics and Degeneracy', Journal of Mental Science, 56.235, 1910, pp. 672-73.
30. James Marchant, Birth-Rate and Empire, London: Williams and Norgate, 1917, pp. 103, 102, 162.
31. W. H. Mallock, Aristocracy and Evolution: A Study of the Rights, the Origin, and the Social Functions of the Wealthier Classes, London: Adam and Charles Black, 1898; Anon. [Arthur Bountwood], National Revival: A Re-Statement oj Tory Principles, London: Herbert Jenkins, 2nd edn, 1913; J. M. Kennedy, Tory Democracy, London: Stephen Swift and Co., 1911; Anthony M. Ludovici, A Defence of Aristocracy: A 'Textbook for Tories, London: Constable and Co., 1915; idem., A Defence of Conservatism: A Further 'Textbook for Tories, London: Faber and Gwyer, 1927; Viscount Lymington, Ich Dien: The Tory Path, London: Constable and Co., 1931; Philippe Mairet, Aristocracy and the Meaning of Class Rule: An Essay upon Aristocracy Past and Future, London: The C.W. Daniel Company, 1931.
32. Lord Selborne, obituary of Willoughby de Broke, sent to Lady Willoughby de Broke May 1924. Bodleian Library, Selborne MSS, 94/157-160.
33. Among Willoughby de Broke's articles in the National Review, see especially 'The Tory Tradition', 58.344, October 1911, pp. 201-213, and 'National Toryism', 59.351, May 1912, pp. 413-27. Letter from Willoughby de Broke to Andrew Bonar Law, 5 May 1912, House of Lords Record Office (HLRO), Hist. Coil., Bonar Law Papers, BL 26/3/11.
34. George Dangerfield, The Strange Death of Liberal England, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997 [1935], pp. 47-48.
35. Willoughby de Broke, 'Introduction' to C. W. Saleeby, The Whole Armour of Man: Preventive Essays for Victory in the Great Campaigns of Peace to Come, London: Grant Richards, 1919, pp. 7-9. See also Willoughby de Broke's letters to Saleeby, Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Records Office, Stratford-up on-Avon, DR 145, in one of which (DR 145/2), he says to Saleeby that in his book Heredity and Race Culture, 'you revealed yourself to me as a prophet ...'
36. Paul, Socialism and Eugenics; Bibby, Heredity, Eugenics and Social Progress; H. G. Wells, Mankind i1l the Making, London: Chapman and Hall, 1903.
37. Karl Pearson, The Life, Letters and Labours of Francis Galton. Volume IIIA: Correlation, Personal Identification and Eugenics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1930, p. 353.
38. Karl Pearson, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, London: Adam and Charles Black, 2nd edn, 1905, pp. x, "21, 23-24.
39. Dan Stone, 'White Men with Low Moral Standards? German Anthropology and the Herero Genocide', Patterns of Prejudice, 35.2, 2001, pp. 33-45.
40. Pearson, National Life, p. 54.
41. Karl Pearson, The Groundwork of Eugenics, London: Dulau and Co., 1909, p. 20.
42. Karl Pearson, 'Some Recent Misinterpretations of the Problem of Nurture and Nature' , in The Relative Strength of Nurture and Nature, ed. Ethel M. Elderton, London: Cambridge University Press, 1915, pp. 58-59.
43. Francis Galton, Essays in Eugenics, cited in Searle, Eugenics and Politics, p. 35.
44. On women in the eugenics movement see Rosaleen Love, "'Alice in Eugenics-Land": Feminism and Eugenics in the Scientific Careers of Alice Lee and Ethel Elderton', Annals of Science, 36.2, 1979, pp. 145-58.
45. Karl Pearson and Margaret Maul, 'The Problem of Alien Immigration into Great Britain, Illustrated by an Examination of Russian and Polish Jewish Children', Annals of Eugenics: A Journal for the Scientific Study of Racial Problems, 1.1&2, 1925, pp. 7, 126, 127, and passim.
46. Searle, Eugenics and Politics, p. 38.
47. R. F. Horton, National Ideals and Race-Regeneration, London: Cassell and Co., 1912, pp. 18-19. Further references in the text.
48. Arnold White, Efficiency and Empire, London: Methuen and Co., 1901; idem., 'Eugenics and National Efficiency', Eugenics Review, 1.2, 1909, pp. 105-11; idem., The Views of 'Vanoc': An Englishman's Outlook, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co., 1910, pp. 275-306.
49. Arnold White, ed., The Destitute Alien in Great Britain: A Series of Papers Dealing with the Subject oj Foreign Pauper Immigration, London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1892; idem., The English Democracy: Its Promises and Perils, London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1894, pp. 150-70; idem., The Modern Jew, London: William Heinemann, 1899, in which he set out to show that England was 'dominated by cosmopolitan and materialist influences fatal to the existence of the English nation' (pp. xi-xii). In Efficiency and Empire he wrote (p. 80) that 'Rule by foreign Jews is being set up.'
50. Leonard Darwin, The Need for Eugenic Reform, London: John Murray, 1926, pp. 495-96.
51. Leonard Darwin, What is Eugenics?, London: Watts & Co., 1928, pp. 75-76, 77-78.
52. C.W. Saleeby, 'The Progress of Eugenics', New Age, 7.1, 1910, supplement, p. 4. In a letter to Galton on 7 February 1909 Pearson made his antipathy quite plain: 'If our youthful efforts were mixed up in any way with the work of Havelock Ellis, Slaughter or Saleeby, we should kill all chance of founding Eugenics as an academic discipline.' See Pearson, Life, Letters, p. 372. Cf. letters of 10 February 1909 (p. 372) and 6 April 1909 (p. 379).
53. C.W. Saleeby, The Methods of Race-Regeneration, London: Cassell and Co., 1911, p. 8.
54. C.W. Saleeby, Woman and Womanhood: A Search for Principles, London: William Heinemann, 1912, pp. 58, 167.
55. Cf. C.W. Saleeby, The Progress of Eugenics, London: Cassell and Co., 1914, pp. 155, 182.
56. C.W. Saleeby, Parenthood and Race Culture: An Outline of Eugenics, London: Cassell and Co., 1909, p. xi.
57. Saleeby, The Whole Armour of Man, p. 39.
58. F.C.S. Schiller, Tantalus, or The Future of Man, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co., 1924, pp. 42, 52. 59. F.C.S. Schiller, Eugenics and Politics, London: Constable and Co., 1926, p. 15. Further references in the text.
60. Schiller, Social Decay and Eugenical Reform, p. 110.
61. A. C. Gotto, 'Eugenics and Imperial Development', Eugenics Review, 11.3, 1919, p. 13 5. The discussion was held at Bedford College on 8 July 1919.
62. Eugenics Society archive SA/EUG/D.179 (Eugenics Society 'General', Race Crossing Investigation 1924-1927), especially Secretary [Cora Hodson] to Lady Barr, 27 November 1924, and Bates to Hodson, 8 October 1927.
63. Eugenics Society archive, SA/EUG/D.103 (Immigration and Emigration c.1925-1958). A good critique of this paper was made by anthropologist Kenneth Little in The Times, 13 October 1958.
64. See Eugenics Society archive, SA/EUG/D.104 (Immigrants, research into, 1954-1966).
65. Mazumdar, Eugenics, Human Genetics, pp. 257, 67, 104.
66. See, for example, G. P. Balzarotti and C. S. Stock, 'Niceforo on the Highly Superior German', Eugenics Review, 10.1, 1918, pp. 30-41; H. J. Fleure, 'The Nordic Myth: A Critique of Current Racial Theories', Eugenics Review, 22.2, 1930, pp. 117-21; C. P. Blacker, 'Eugenics in Germany', Eugenics Review, 25.3, 1933, pp. 157-59; Felix Tietze, 'Eugenic Measures in the Third Reich', Eugenics Review, 31.2, 1939, pp. 105-07. The Eugenics Review still permitted a high-ranking German public health officer to state the case for German sterilisation measures during the war: F. J. Wittelshoefer, 'German Eugenic Legislation in Peace and War', Eugenics Review, 34.3, 1942, pp. 91-92. The most important anti-racist statements by scientists were Julian Huxley, A. C. Haddon and A. M. Carr-Saunders, ~ Europeans: A Survey of 'Racial' Problems, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1939 [1935], and J.B.S. Haldane, Heredity and Politics, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1938.
67. Provine, 'Geneticists', p. 794.
68. Provine, 'Geneticists', p. 794.
69. Haldane, Heredity and Politics, p. 34.
70. Lancelot Hogben, Dangerous Thoughts, London, 1940, cited in Richard A. Soloway, Demography and Degeneration: Eugenics and the Declining Birthrate in Twentieth-Century Britain, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1990, p. 197.
71. See Elazar Barkan, The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States Between the World Wars, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 229-35.
72. Searle, Eugenics and Politics, pp. 40-41, 44.
73. Searle, Eugenics and Politics, p. 44.
74. As Hamish G. Spencer and Diane B. Paul have shown in 'The Failure of a Scientific Critique: David Heron, Karl Pearson and Mendelian Eugenics', British Journal of the History of Science, 31.4, 1998, pp. 441-52. On the biometrics/eugenics debate, see now M. Eileen Magnello, 'The Non-Correlation of Biometrics and Eugenics: Rival Forms of Laboratory Work in Karl Pearson's Career at University College London', History of Science, 37.2, 1999, pp. 123-50.
75. Diane B. Paul and Hamish G. Spencer, 'The Hidden Science of Eugenics', Nature, 374.6520, 23 March 1995, p. 302. For an exception see 'Lens' (C. W. Saleeby), 'Imperial Eugenics, Part IV: Preventive Eugenics', New Statesman, 6.150, 19 February 1916, p. 466: 'The idea that we shall purify the race from its morbid elements even by the most rigorous and absolute segregation or sterilization of unsatisfactory individuals, though practised upon a scale undreamt of by anyone, is seen to be mythical. All the time new degeneracy is being originated in and through the healthy persons whom the purely Darwinian-Galtonian idea of selection assumes to be beyond need of any protection.' Perhaps it was his enmity towards the biometricians which helped Saleeby see what Pearson did not, though it was staring him in the face.
76. R. Austin Freeman, Social Decay and Regeneration, London: Constable and Co., 1921, p. 260 (on Labour), p. 318. Further references in the text. That Freeman was not a scientist did not prevent his views being taken seriously, at least by the Eugenics Society. Sections of his book were adapted for publication in the Eugenics Review. See R. Austin Freeman, 'The Sub-Man', Eugenics Review, 15.2, 1923, pp. 383-92 (in which the 'sub-man' is compared with 'the aboriginal negro', pp. 388-89); and 'Segregation of the Fit: A Plea for Positive Eugenics', Eugenics Review, 23.3, 1931, pp. 207-13, in which (p. 212) Freeman softened the racism of his 1921 book, now saying that the prime qualification of 'fitness' was intelligence.
Notes to chapter five1. Michael Freeden, 'Eugenics and Progressive Thought: A Study in Ideological Affinity', The Historical Journal, 22.3, 1979, pp. 645-71; Diane Paul, 'Eugenics and the Left', Journal of the History of Ideas, 45.4, 1984, pp. 567-90.
2. Arthur Schnitzler, The Road to the Open, trans. Horace Samuel, Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1991 [1908), p. 347.
3. See G. R. Searle, The Quest for National Efficiency: A Study in British Politics and Social Thought, 1899-1914, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1971; David Cesarani, 'Anti-Alienism in England after the First World War', Immigrants and Minorities, 6.1, 1987, pp. 5-29; idem., 'An Alien Concept? The Continuity of Anti-Alienism in British Society Before 1940', in The Internment of Aliens in Twentieth Century Britain, ed. David Cesarani and Tony Kushner, London: Frank Cass, 1993, pp. 25-52.
4. F. C. S. Schiller, Tantalus or The Future of Man, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co., 1924; idem., Eugenics and Politics, London: Constable and Co., 1926; idem., Social Decay and Eugenical Reform, London: Constable and Co., 1932; William Cecil Dampier Whetham and Catherine Dunning Whetham, The Family and the Nation: A Study in National Inheritance and Social Responsibility, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1909; idem., 'Inheritance and Sociology', The Nineteenth Century, 65, January 1909, pp. 74-90; idem., 'The Extinction of the Upper Classes', The Nineteenth Century, 66, July 1909, pp. 97-108; idem., 'Decadence and Civilisation', The Hibbert Journal, X.1, October 1911, pp. 179-200; idem., 'Eminence and Heredity', The Nineteenth Century, 69, May 1911, pp. 818-32; idem., 'The Influence of Race on History', in Problems in Eugenics: Papers Communicated to the First International Eugenics Congress held at the University of London, July 24th to 30th, 1912, London: Eugenics Education Society, 1912, vol. I, pp. 237-46; idem., An Introduction to Eugenics, Cambridge: Bowes and Bowes, 1912; idem., Heredity and Society, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1912, among other works.
5. Arthur James Balfour, Decadence, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1908; G. K. Chesterton, Eugenics and Other Evils, London: Cassell and Co., 1922.
6. C. W. Saleeby, Parenthood and Race Culture: An Outline of Eugenics, London: Cassell and Co., 1909, pp. viii, ix, xiii.
7. C. W. Saleeby, The Methods of Race-Regeneration, London: Cassell and Co., 1911, pp. 8 and 22.
8. C. W. Saleeby, The Progress of Eugenics, London: Cassell and Co., 1914, pp. 167-68 and 245. Cf. Saleeby's comments on Galton's ideas, cited in 'Eugenics: Its Definition, Scope and Aims', Sociological Papers, 1905, pp. 82-84.
9. James Marchant, Social Hygienics: A New Crusade, London: Swan Sonnenschein, published for the National Social Purity Crusade, 1909, pp. 12 and 54.
10. James Marchant, Birth-Rate and Empire, London: Williams and Norgate, 1917, pp. 90, 91, 97, 161-62.
11. But see George Stocking, 'The Persistence of Polygenist Thought in Post-Darwinian Anthropology', in his Race, Culture, and Evolution: Essays in the History of Anthropology, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968, pp. 42-68 for the reasons why not all race-thinking was connected to the development of genetics and eugenics.
12. Karl Pearson and Margaret Moul, 'The Problem of Alien Immigration into Great Britain, Illustrated by an Examination of Russian and Polish Jewish Children', Annals of Eugenics, 1.1&2, 1925, pp. 126 and 124; Eugenics Society, Memorandum on Alien Immigration, typescript, n.d., c.1925; Are You an Englishman? Then Read This!, n.p, n.d., c.1925, both in the Eugenics Society Archives, SNEUG/D.103.
13. Havelock Ellis, The Problem of Race-Regeneration, London: Cassell and Co., 1911, p. 69.
14. Havelock Ellis, The Task of Social Hygiene, London: Constable and Co., 1912, pp. 21, 24 and 24 n2, 196, and 43.
15. Anthony M. Ludovici, Who is to be Master of the World? An Introduction to the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche, London: T. N. Foulis, 1909, p. 187.
16. Anthony M. Ludovici, Violence, Sacrifice and War, London: Holders Press for the St James' Kin of the English Mistery, 1933, pp. 11-12 and 15.
17. Anthony M. Ludovici, The False Assumptions of 'Democracy', London: Heath Cranton, 1921, p. 204.
18. Arnold White, Efficiency and Empire, London: Methuen and Co., 1901, p. 73. This book was extremely influential, being the main text for the 'national efficiency' movement.
19. Mikulas Teich, 'The Unmastered Past of Human Genetics', in Fin de siecle and its Legacy, ed. Mikulas Teich and Roy Porter, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990, pp. 306-07.
20. Francis Galton, Memories of My Life, London: Methuen and Co., 1908, p. 323.
21. See, for example, A. C. Pigou, 'Some Aspects of the Problem of Charity', in The Heart of the Empire, London, 1901.
22. Valere Fallon, Eugenics, trans. Ernest C. Messenger, London: Burns Oates & Washbourne, 1923, pp. 33, 36 and 46. Incidentally, the writings of Fallon and others disprove the claim that eugenics and Catholicism are mutually incompatible. See
www.eugenics-watch.com23. See, for example, the debate between Michael Freeden and Greta Jones on the influence of eugenics on the left: Michael Freeden, 'Eugenics and Progressive Thought'; Greta Jones, 'Eugenics and Social Policy between the Wars', The Historical Journal, 25.3, 1982, pp. 717-28; Michael Freeden, 'Eugenics and Ideology', The Historical Journal, 26.4, 1983, pp. 959-62.
24. Michael Burleigh, Death and Deliverance: 'Euthanasia' in Germany 1900-1945, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, chapter 10, 'Learning from the Past? The Singer Debate', pp. 291-98.
25. R. G. Collingwood, 'Fascism and Nazism', 'The Utilitarian Civilisation', and 'The Prussian Philosophy', all in Essays in Political Philosophy, ed. David Boucher, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989, pp. 187-206; Georges Bataille, 'The Notion of Expenditure' and 'The Psychological Structure of Fascism', in Visions of Excess: Selected Writings 1927-1939, ed. Allan Stoekl, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1985, pp. 116-29 and 137-60.
26. For good introductions to the huge literature, see Benno Muller-Hill, 'Human Genetics and the Mass Murder of Jews, Gypsies, and Others', in The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined, ed. Michael Berenbaum and Abraham J. Peck, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1998, pp. 103-14; Henry Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. See also Paul Weindling, Epidemics and Genocide in Eastern Europe, 1890-1945, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
27. E. Thomas Wood and Stanislaw M. Jankowski, Karshi: How One Man Tried to Stop the Holocaust, New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1994, p. 188.
28. White, Efficiency and Empire, pp. 116-17. Originally published as 'The Cult of Infirmity" National Review, XXXIV, October 1899, pp. 236-45, here at p. 243.
29. Arnold White, The Views of 'Vanoc': An Englishman's Outlook, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, and Co., 1910, pp. 282-83.
30. A. F. Tredgold, 'Eugenics and the Future Progress of Man', Eugenics Review, III.2, 1911, p. 100. For one of the more noteworthy attacks on eugenics see 'The Danger of Eugenics', The Nation, IY.24, 13 March 1909, pp. 886-88.
31. Saleeby, The Methods of Race-Regeneration, pp. 46-47.
32. Karl Pearson, The Life, Letters and Labours of Francis Galton. Volume IIIA: Correlation, Personal Identification and Eugenics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1930, p. 427.
33. Birmingham Post, 4 February 1910. This and all the following newspaper citations are to be found in the Eugenics Society Archive, SAlEUGIN.3 (press cuttings).
34. Daily Express, 4 March 1910.
35. The Globe, 4 March 1910; Evening News, 4 March 1910; Illustrated London News, 12 March 1910.
36. Yorkshire Daily Post, 8 March 1910. See also the Morning Past, 8 March 1910.
37. Daily Sketch, 10 March 1910; Manchester Dispatch, 22 March 1910. On Shaw and 'lethal chambers' see also G. R. Searle, Eugenics and Politics in Britain 1900-1914, Leyden: Noordhoff International Publishing, 1976, p. 92.
38. Mathew Thomson, The Problem of Mental Deficiency: Eugenics, Democracy, and Social Policy in Britain, c.1870-1959, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998, chapter 5.
39. Saleeby, The Progress of Eugenics, p. 155.
40. W. Duncan McKim, Heredity and Human Progress, New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1900, p. 188.
41. Evidence of W. J. H. Brodrick to Association for Moral and Social Hygiene Committee of Enquiry into Sexual Morality 1918-19, cited in Roy Porter and Lesley Hall, The Facts of Life: The Creation of Sexual Knowledge in Britain, 1650-1950, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995, pp. 188-89.
42. George Bernard Shaw, Prefaces, London: Constable and Co., 1934, pp. 296, 297-98.
43. Leonard Darwin, The Need for Eugenic Reform, London: John Murray, 1926, p. 17 L Cf. p. 184: 'Certain methods of eliminating inferior types, including the lethal chamber and imprisonment, are of course to be unhesitatingly condemned, and all methods must be used, with great circumspection.' Darwin recommends 'conception control' on pp. 179-83.
44. Charles Wicksteed Armstrong, The Survival of the Unfittest, London: The C. W. Daniel Company, 1927, pp. 10-11, 75. Incidentally, on p. 31 of this book, Armstrong predicts, with some prescience, a future German invasion, 'for the Germans are always ready to make the most of science for advancing national aims and aspirations, whether it be by means of forces destructive in war or constructive in eugenics'.
45. Richard C. Thurlow, Fascism in Britain: From Oswald Mosley's Blackshirts to the National From, London: I.B. Tauris, 2nd edn, 1998, p. 49.
46. Searle, Eugenics and Politics, p. 92. Cf. Richard A. Soloway, Demography and Degeneration: Eugenics and the Declining Birthrate in Twentieth-Century Britain, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1990, p. 64.
47. H. G. Wells, The Shape of Things to Come: The Ultimate Revolution, London: Everyman, 1993 [1933], pp. 201-02. This book reveals the extent of Wells's obsession with poison gas. His description of the bodies 'bunched together very curiously in heaps, as though their last effort had been to climb on to each other for help. This attempt to get close to someone seems to be characteristic of death by this particular gas' (p. 202) can be read alongside testimonies provided by Richard Glazar, Filip Muller, Zalman Gradowski, and other members of the Treblinka or Auschwitz Sonderkommando. Incidentally, Wells's rebarbative prescience stretched to the Jews, when he wrote that it was 'quite a probable thing now' that the Jews would be 'murdered and exterminated' and went to say that 'It is quite possible that the Jewish story will end in forcible sterilisation and death.' See Travels of a Republican Radical in Search of Hot Water, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1939, pp. 60-61.
48. George L. Mosse, Toward the Final Solution: A History of European Racism, Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2nd edn, 1985, p. 75.
49. Anthony M. Ludovici, Religionfor Infidels, London: Holborn Press, 1961, p. 69.
50. Ludovici, Religion for Infidels, pp. 83, 128 and 129-30.
Notes to conclusion1. See 'Germany Fears Superman's Return', The Observer, 10 October 1999, p. 26. See also the articles on the subject in Die Zeit: Thomas Assheuer, 'Das Zarathustra-Projekt', 2 September 1999; Peter Sloterdijk, 'Die kritische Theorie ist tot: Peter Sloterdijk schreibt an Assheuer und Habermas', 9 September 1999; and Ernst Tugendhat, 'Es gibt keine Gene fur Moral', 23 September 1999.
2. Friedrich Nietzsche, The Will to Power, trans. Walter Kaufman and R. J. Hollingdale, New York: Vintage Books, 1968, §957, p. 501.
3. Peter Sloterdijk, 'The Operable Man: On the Ethical State of Gene Technology', lecture at the UCLA conference Enhancing the Human, 21 May 2000. Text available online at
www.goethe.de/uk/bos/engiischlprogrammiensplot2.htm4. Andrew Fisher, 'Flirting with Fascism: The Sloterdijk Debate', Radical Philosophy, 99, January/February 2000, available online at
www.ukc.ac.uk/secl/philosophy/ rp/ For a good collection of material relating to the debate see also
www.kath.ch/dossiers/sloterdijk/htm For a (not entirely clear) statement of Sloterdijk's ideas, see his 'Regeln fur den Menschenpark: Bin Antwortschreiben zum Brief uber den Humanismus', online at
http://menschenpark.tripod.com5. David King, 'Eugenic Tendencies in Modern Genetics', in Redesigning Life? The Worldwide Challenge to Genetic Engineering, ed. Brian Tokar, London: Zed Books, 2001, p.175. .
6. See, for example, Richard Lynn, Dysgenics: Genetic Deteriorations in Modern Populations, London: Praeger, 1998; Kevin MacDonald, Separation and Its Discontents: Toward an Evolutionary Theory of Anti-Semitism, London: Praeger, 1998.
7. Kate Taylor, 'Clutching at Straws', Searchlight, 300, June 2000, pp. 4-5.
8. Among major critiques of this kind of thinking, see Steven Rose, Leon J. Kamin and R. C. Lewontin, Not in Our Genes: Biology, Ideology and Human Nature, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984; Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1997; R. C. Lewontin, The Doctrine of DNA: Biology as Ideology, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1993; Ashley Montagu, ed., Race and IQ, New York: Oxford University Press, expanded edn, 1999. For a more optimistic view of the role of individual choice see Matt Ridley, Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters, London: Fourth Estate, 2000, pp. 286-300.
9. See Ned Block, 'How Heritability Misleads about Race', in Race and IQ, ed. Montagu, pp. 444-86.
10. Russell Jacoby and Naomi Glaubetman, 'Introduction' to The Bell Curve Debate: History, Documents, Opinions, ed. Russell Jacoby and Naomi Glauberman, New York: Times Books, 1995, p. ix.
11. Franz Boas, Anthropology and Modern Life, New York: Dover Publications, 1962 [1928], p. 121.
12. Richard Lynn, 'Is Man Breeding Himself Back to the Age of the Apes?', The Times, 24 October 1994, reprinted in The Bell Curve Debate, ed. Jacoby and Glauberman, pp. 354-57, here at pp. 355 and 356.
13. Karl Pearson, 'On the Inheritance of the Mental and Moral Characters in Man, and its Comparison with the Inheritance of the Physical Characters', Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 33, 1903, p. 206.
14. See the discussion of R. Austin Freeman at the end of Chapter 4. The term 'under-man' comes from Lothrop Stoddard, The Revolt Against Civilization: The Menace of the Under-Man, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1922, and is an obvious contrast to Nietzsche's Ubermensch or superman.