Re: Stop Teaching Our Kids to Kill: A Call to Action Against
Posted: Fri Sep 13, 2013 1:49 am
RESOURCES
A DEFINITION OF MEDIA VIOLENCE
The following is a definition of media violence. Not the only one, mind you, but one that we find gives fairly clear guidelines on a complicated issue. Let it act as a useful lens for viewing any type of entertainment or playing the hundreds of video games that exist on the market.
Violence is the intentional use of force to harm a human being or animal. Its outcome is injury -- physical or psychological, fatal or nonfatal. It is true that violence is a part of the real world. However, we do not take our children to see autopsies performed as entertainment, nor do we invite someone into our living room to kill, brutally beat, or rape another person for our children to witness for their amusement.
Therefore, portrayals of violence in the media that glamorize and/or sensationalize violent acts toward other human beings or animals and show them as acceptable behavior provide a socially aberrant environment in which it is difficult to raise emotionally healthy children. Also, the prevalence of violence on television in itself imparts an implicit acceptability to the vicarious experience of violence and pushes the boundaries of cultural norms into the realm of social deviancy. From a synthesis of the research we find that harmful media violence includes:
• Plots that are driven by quick-cut scenes of gratuitous violent acts delivered in a rapid-fire frequency with graphic, salient technical effects.
• Graphic, sadistic revenge, torture techniques, inhumane treatment of others in a context of humor, trivialization, glibness and/or raucous "fun."
• Explicitly depicted violent acts shown through special effects, camera angles, background music, or lighting to be glamorous, heroic, "cool," and worthy of imitation.
• Depictions of people holding personal and social power primarily because they are using weapons, or using their bodies as weapons, and dominating other people through the threat of violence or through actual violence.
• Extraneous, graphic, gory, detailed violent acts whose intent is to shock.
• Violent acts shown as an acceptable way to solve problems or presented as the primary problem-solving approach.
• News programs that explicitly detail murder and rape, with information and graphic images not necessary for understanding the central message.
It should be noted, however, that any form of aggression on the screen has the potential to make children more aggressive. The more graphic and horrific the violence, the more likely the negative effects. Research clearly demonstrates that sensational media violence causes children and teens to become more aggressive and mean, creating fear, a lack of sensitivity to all forms of violence, and an increased appetite for violence -- in real life and on the screen. An early preference for violent programming is a strong indicator of aggressive and antisocial behavior as an adult. Sensational portrayals, then, offer children a justification for violent acts in real life and perpetuate socially dangerous attitudes, behaviors, and values.
VOICES OF CONCERN ABOUT ON-SCREEN VIOLENCE
Throughout this book we have cited the work of many organizations that have contributed to the scholarship on the subject of violent entertainment and its negative effects on children. While we do not have the room to name every group that has commented on the issue, we present here a list of the major organizations -- as well as how to contact them, and the specifics on the stands they take -- that have set the tone and lent strong backing to our argument.
The American Medical Association (AMA)
515 North State St.
Chicago, IL 60610
312-464-5563
http://www.ama-assn.org
In 1952, an editorial in the Journal of the American Medical Association raised the topic of TV violence as a health issue. The editorial ran during the first Congressional hearings on the impact of television on delinquency.
At its 1976 meeting, the American Medical Association adopted a policy supporting research on the impact of TV violence. Also adopted at that meeting was a resolution that declared the AMA's "recognition of the fact that TV violence is a risk factor threatening the health and welfare of young Americans, indeed our future society."
In 1982, the AMA reaffirmed " ... its vigorous opposition to television violence and its support for efforts designed to increase the awareness of physicians and patients that television violence is a risk factor threatening the health of young people."
In 1996, the AMA developed a guidebook for physicians with the goal of helping their patients understand the harmful effects of media violence. A portion of the summary in that guidebook reads:
"Television and other forms of visual media play an enormous role in everyday life, particularly in the lives of children and adolescents. While television serves in the education and socialization of children, there are also a number of health problems associated with the excessive watching of television, independent of content. In addition, an extensive body of research amply documents a strong correlation between children's exposure to media violence and a number of behavioral and psychological problems, primarily increased aggressive behavior. The evidence further shows that these problems are caused by the exposure itself. Physicians have important roles to play in diminishing children's involvement with violent media by serving as educators, advisors, and advocates .... There is an established body of evidence documenting the troubling behavioral effects of repeated exposure to media violence .... This guide offers physicians an overview of the health consequences of such exposure and how to understand the findings in relation to general societal violence, child development, and learning."
The American Psychological Association (APA)
750 First St. NE
Washington, DC 20002-4242
202-336-5500
http://www.apa.org
The American Psychological Association is the nation's largest scientific and professional organization representing psychology and the world's largest association of psychologists. The APA's membership includes more than 102,000 researchers, educators, clinicians, consultants, and students.
In 1993, the APA's Commission on Violence and Youth stated: "There is absolutely no doubt that higher levels of viewing violence on television are correlated with increased acceptance of aggressive attitudes and increased aggressive behavior. Three major national studies ... reviewed hundreds of studies to arrive at the irrefutable conclusion that viewing violence increases violence. In addition, prolonged viewing of media violence can lead to emotional desensitization toward violence .... We call upon the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to review, as a condition for license renewal, the programming and outreach efforts and accomplishments of television stations in helping to solve the problem of youth violence. This recommendation is consistent with the research evidence indicating television's potential to broadcast stations to 'serve the educational and informational needs of children,' both in programming and in outreach activities designed to enhance the educational value of programming. We also call on the FCC to institute rules that would require broadcasters, cable operators and other telecasters to avoid programs containing an excessive amount of dramatized violence during 'child viewing hours' between 6 A.M. and 10 P.M."
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
141 Northwest Point Blvd.
Elk Grove Village, IL 60009-0927
847-981-7873
http://www.apa.org
In 1997 the American Academy of Pediatrics presented the following statement to the U.S. Senate:
"The American Academy of Pediatrics, an organization of 53,000 pediatricians, offers this statement on behalf of the children and adolescents of this country. The level of violence to which they are exposed through the media has reached such horrific proportions, health professionals, parents, legislators and educators agree that something has to be done. The problem of violence on television may not appear as compelling or as urgent as immunizations, the risk of AIDS for adolescents or the need for health insurance for all children. However, in terms of overall childhood morbidity and mortality, it breeds so many problems in our society that child health experts are very concerned. Although no one holds television responsible as the sole instigator of violence, the influence of television is a factor.
"The American Academy of Pediatrics states without hesitation that televised violence has a clear and reproducible effect on the behavior of children. Televised violence contributes to the unwholesome social environment in which we live, the frequency with which violence is used to resolve conflict, and the passivity with which violence is perceived. Both epidemiological and experimental studies have demonstrated a clear relationship in children between the viewing of televised violence and violent or aggressive behavior."
The National Association for the Education of Young Children
(NAEYC)
1509 16th St. NW
Washington, DC 20036-1426
202-232-8777 or 800-424-2460
http://www.naeyc.org
In 1996, the National Association for the Education of Young Children, an organization of over one hundred thousand early childhood educators, issued a position statement, "Violence in the Lives of Children," which, in part, states:
"The culture of violence is mirrored in and influenced by the media. As a result of the deregulation of the broadcasting industry, children's television and related toys have become more violent. Research is clear that the media, particularly television and films, contribute to the problem of violence in America. Research demonstrates that children who are frequent viewers of violence on television are less likely to show empathy toward the pain and suffering of others and more likely to behave aggressively."
The statement went on to call for early childhood educators " ... to generate a sense of public outrage that motivates actions that will eliminate violence in the lives of children, families, and communities, along with restricting the marketing of violence through linkup of media, toys, and licensed products."
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
(AACAP)
3615 Wisconsin Ave. NW
Washington, DC 20016
202-966-7300
http://www.aacap.org
This national organization, representing 6,900 psychiatrists who specialize in working with children and adolescents, produces policies and research reports on media violence. Their Media Committee periodically publishes reviews of children's films. Below is an excerpt from one of the "Facts for Families" taken from their Web site.
"American children watch an average of three to four hours of television daily. Television can be a powerful influence in developing valuing systems and shaping behavior. Ultimately, much of today's television programming is violent. Hundreds of studies of the effects of TV violence on children and teenagers have found that children may: (1) become 'immune' to the horror of violence; (2) gradually accept violence as a way to solve problems; (3) imitate the violence they observe on television; and (4) identify with certain characters, victims and/or victimizers.
"Extensive viewing of television violence by children causes greater aggressiveness. Sometimes, watching a single violent program can increase aggressiveness. Children who view shows in which violence is very realistic, frequently repeated or unpunished, are more likely to imitate what they see. Children with emotional, behavioral, learning or impulse control problems may be more easily influenced by TV violence. The impact of TV violence may be immediately evident in the child's behavior or may surface years later, and young people can even be affected when the family atmosphere shows no tendency toward violence. "
The National Parent/Teacher Association (National PTA)
330 North Wabash Ave., Suite 2100
Chicago, IL 60611
800-307-4782
FAX: 312-670-6783
http://www.pta.org
The National Parent/Teacher Association, representing 6.5 million members, plays a pivotal role in informing and educating us about media violence. Visiting their Web site, parents can find a wealth of helpful information, including information on the rating systems, practical ideas for critical viewing, and activity sheets for dealing with media violence. The National PTA has consistently issued strong statements against TV violence, video game violence, and video game sites.
In 1993, the Convention Resolutions Committee reviewed their resolution "Violence in TV Programming," adopted in 1975. It stands in effect today.
STATEMENT ON VIOLENCE IN TV PROGRAMMING
"Whereas, children spend countless unsupervised hours watching TV; and whereas, the choice of program offerings often is less desirable, with much emphasis on violence; and whereas, children are known to imitate observed behavior and actions; and whereas, statistics reveal an alarming increase in crime committed by younger and younger children; and whereas, the Surgeon General's report states that there can be a cause-and-effect relationship between watching violence on TV and aggressive behaviors in children and young people; and whereas, at this time TV programming is self-regulated by the broadcasting industry through the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) TV Code, a voluntary code not subscribed to by all stations and the provisions of which are repeatedly violated; be it therefore resolved, that the National PTA urge its state congresses, districts, councils and local units to observe and monitor TV programming and commercials in their areas; and where an excessive amount of violence in programming is seen to make known their views with documented reporting to sponsors of the program, with copies to the local TV stations, to the TV networks, to the NAB, to the Federal Communications Commission, and to their elected representatives; and be it further resolved, that the National PTA demand from the networks and local stations reduction in the amount of violence shown on television programs and commercials during the entire day, with particular attention to viewing hours between 2:00 P.M. and 10:00 P.M. and weekend morning hours, when impressionable children and young people are most likely to be watching; and be it further resolved, that the National PTA through its state congresses, districts, councils, and local units demand, if the self-regulation of programming and commercials by the broadcasting industry does not result in better TV programming with less emphasis on violence, that the Federal Communications Commission establish and enforce regulations limiting the number and percentage of programs of violence to be presented each day."
STATEMENT ON VIOLENCE IN VIDEO GAMES AND OTHER INTERACTIVE MEDIA (ADOPTED BY THE 1994 CONVENTION DELEGATES)
"Whereas, the term 'video games' is defined broadly to include any interactive computer game including all software and hardware and future developments in video game technology and interactive media; and whereas, research studies have found that, at least in the short term, children who play violent video games are significantly more aggressive afterwards than those who play less violent video games; and whereas, studies show that violent TV programs and video games have similar effects in raising children's subsequent levels of aggression; and whereas, research shows violent video games can suppress children's inclination towards engaging in pro-social behaviors; therefore be it resolved, that the National PTA, through its constituent bodies, work to educate and to increase awareness of the impact of violent video games and other interactive media; and be it further resolved, that the National PTA, through its constituent bodies, support federal legislation to provide for the development of ratings or other appropriate information systems by a commission independent of the industry to inform parents and consumers about the content of video games and other interactive media; and be it further resolved, that the National PTA and its constituent bodies actively support efforts to end the violence in video games and other interactive media that desensitize consumers to the value of life, human or animal."
STATEMENT ON VIDEO GAME SITES (ADOPTED BY THE 1982 BOARD OF DIRECTORS; LAST REVIEW, 1998 BY THE CONVENTION RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE)
"National PTA is concerned about video game sites which may have an adverse effect on many of the young people who frequent such establishments. Initial studies have shown that game sites are often in close proximity to schools.
"In many cases there is not adequate control of access by school-age children during school hours, which compounds the problems of school absenteeism and truancy.
"Where little or no supervision exists, drug selling, drug use, drinking, gambling, increased gang activities, and other such behavior may be seen. Where there is diligent supervision and adequate lighting, however, the interest of the customers centers on the games and the quality of play seems to be the major concern of the youthful participants.
"State PTAs should encourage their units, councils and districts to become aware of and to educate their membership and the community regarding activities of young people at business establishment having video game machines and the impact these activities have on school attendance, alcohol and drug activity.
"PTAs should study the impact of video game arcades and other establishments where games are located. They should also work for the best possible solution that allows for reasonable use by children and youth, and at the same time does not encroach on the right of merchants to conduct their businesses."
A CHRONOLOGY OF MAJOR FINDINGS, STATEMENTS, AND ACTIONS ON MEDIA VIOLENCE, 1952-1999
Television and entertainment violence and its effects on children has been an issue since the middle of the century, although you'd barely know it. It seems that every time it captures the national consciousness, usually due to some horrendous act of schoolyard violence or a skyrocketing youth aggravated assault rate, it is presented as if it's never been discussed before. Herewith, a chronology of major findings, statements, and actions regarding media violence from 1952 to the present day. Much, if not all, of this regards television, as opposed to film and video games. Collectively, this places our fight in context, for without understanding the history of this issue, we will forever be starting over when confronting it.
1952: The U.S. House of Representatives conducts the first House committee hearings on TV violence and its impact on children. These are the first of many hearings to occur over the following decades.
1954: The U.S. Senate conducts the first Senate committee hearings on the role of television in juvenile crime.
1961: Federal Communications Commission chairman Newton N. Minow tells the National Association of Broadcasters that American TV is a "vast wasteland."
1969: The National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence cites TV violence as a contributor to violence in our society.
1972: The surgeon general's office issues a report citing a link between TV/movie violence and aggressive behavior.
1975: The National Parent/Teacher Association adopts a resolution demanding that networks and local TV stations reduce the amount of violence in programs and commercials.
1976: The House of Delegates of the American Medical Association adopts a resolution "to actively oppose TV programs containing violence, as well as products and/or services sponsoring such programs," in "recognition of the fact that TV violence is a risk factor threatening the health and welfare of young Americans, indeed our future society."
1979: Parents of a fifteen-year-old convicted of murdering a neighbor initiate the first known lawsuit against TV networks (Zamora v. CBS, et al.), for inciting their son to violence. The suit is unsuccessful.
1982: The National Institute of Mental Health issues an extensive report stating that there is a clear consensus on the strong link between TV violence and aggressive behavior.
1984: The attorney general's Task Force on Family Violence states that evidence is overwhelming that TV violence contributes to real violence.
Leonard Eron and L. Rowell Huesmann, in a twenty-two-year study that tracked 875 boys and girls from ages eight to thirty, find that those who watched more violent television as children are more likely as adults to commit serious crimes and to use violence to punish their own children.
The American Academy of Pediatrics' Task Force on Children and Television cautions physicians and parents that TV violence promotes aggression.
1985: The American Psychological Association's Commission on Youth and Violence cites research showing a link between TV violence and real violence.
1987: Canadian broadcasters institute a voluntary code on TV violence that discourages broadcasting violent programming early in the evening.
1989: The National PTA again calls for the TV industry to reduce the amount of violence in programs.
1990: The Television Violence Act (TVA) gives three major networks (ABC, CBS, and NBC) an antitrust exemption so they can formulate a joint policy on violence.
1991: Former FCC chairman Newton Minow declares: "In 1961 I worried that my children would not benefit much from television, but in 1991 I worry that my children will actually be harmed by it."
1992: The Journal of the American Medical Association publishes Dr. Brandon Centerwall's study concluding that "the introduction of television into the United States in the 1950s caused a subsequent doubling of the homicide rate," and "if, hypothetically, television technology had never been developed, there would today be 10,000 fewer murders each year in the United States, 70,000 fewer rapes, and 700,000 fewer injurious assaults."
The American Psychological Association report "Big World, Small Screen" concludes that the forty years of research on the link between TV violence and real-life violence has been ignored. It goes on to state that the "scientific debate is over," and calls for federal policy to protect society.
Days before the House of Representatives hearings on TV violence, and having been forced to do so by the 1990 Television Violence Act, the broadcast industry releases a set of "voluntary" industry guidelines (called "principles") on violence.
1993: In June, major TV networks announce their agreement to air parental advisories when shows deemed violent are aired.
The National Council for Families and Television holds the industrywide Leadership Conference on Violence in Television Programming.
The Departments of Justice, Education, and Health and Human Services sponsor a major conference, calling for TV networks to consider the social effects of media violence when designing programming.
1994: The Center for Media and Public Affairs conducts a study of television violence and finds that from 1992 to 1994, depictions of serious violence on television increased 67 percent.
1998: The National Television Violence Study concludes that 60 percent of all TV programs are violent and that "there are substantial risks of harmful effects from viewing violence throughout the television environment."
The publication of "Children and Media Violence: A Yearbook from the UNESCO International Clearinghouse on Children and Violence on the Screen." It reviews worldwide studies of media violence from twenty-five countries and outlines the world's concern about the "global aggressive culture" being formed by violent television, particularly violent U.S. television and film.
1999: President Clinton initiates a study by the FTA and the Attorney General of the strategies of marketing violent media to children.
WHERE TO VOICE YOUR CONCERNS
As its subtitle says, this book is a call to action. Here's where to call, write, fax, E-mail, and visit for action on this issue. We suggest contacting the following television broadcast and cable networks, major movie studios, theaters, pertinent organizations, government offices, and toy companies to voice your concerns about violent entertainment. But we also encourage you to let those people and organizations know when they're helping to make a positive difference.
TELEVISION STATIONS
(Note: The Telecommunications Act of 1996 requires television stations to make available a staff person to act as a liaison with viewers who want to comment on children's programs.)
ABC
Audience Information Dept.
77th West 66th St., 9th Floor
New York, NY 10023
212-456-7477
ABC Entertainment
2040 Avenue of the Stars
Los Angeles, CA 90067
310-557-5413 or 800-213-6222
A&F/Arts and Entertainment
235 East 45th St.
New York, NY 10017
212-210-1340
AMC/American Movie Classics
1111 Stewart Ave.
Bethpage, NY 11714
516-364-2222
CBS
Audience Services
530 West 57th St.
New York, NY 10019
212-975-3247
CNN
One CNN Center
Atlanta, GA 30348-5366
404-827-1500
COM/Comedy Central
Attention: Dennay Riley
1775 Broadway
New York, NY 10019
212-767-8600
Discovery Channel
7700 Wisconsin Ave., Suite 700
Bethesda, MD 20814
301-986-0444
Disney Channel
3800 West Alameda Ave.
Burbank, CA 91505
800-822-8648
FAX: 818-842-1024
ESPN
935 Middle St.
Bristol, CT 06010
860-585-2236
FOX Broadcast Studios
PO Box 900
Beverly Hills, CA 90213
310-369-1000
HBO/Home Box Office
1100 Avenue of the Americas
New York, NY 10036
212-512-1000
Lifetime
Viewer Services
309 West 49th St.
New York, NY 10019
212-424-7000
MTV (owns VH-1 and Nickelodeon)
Viewer Comments
1515 Broadway, 24th Floor
New York, NY 10036
212-258-8000
NBC
30 Rockefeller Plaza
New York, NY 10112
212-664-2333
NICK/Nickelodeon
1515 Broadway, 42nd Floor
New York, NY 10036
212-258-7500
PBS
Attention: Program Information
1320 Braddock PI.
Alexandria, VA 22314
703-739-5000
SHO/Showtime
1633 Broadway
New York, NY 10019
212-708-1600
TNN (The Nashville Network)
2806 Opryland Drive
Nashville, TN 37214
615-883-7000
TNT/Turner Network TV
1050 Techwood Drive NW
Atlanta, GA 30318
404-885-4538
USA Network
Viewer Response
1230 Avenue of the Americas
New York, NY 10020
212-408-9100
VH-1/Contemporary Music Videos
1515 Broadway
New York, NY 10036
212-258-7800
MAJOR STUDIOS: MOTION PICTURES, HOME VIDEOS, TV MOVIES
Columbia Pictures Entertainment Company, or
Sony Pictures Entertainment, Inc., or
Tri-Star Pictures
10202 West Washington Blvd.
Culver City, CA 90232
310-244-4000
MGM Communications Co.
Attention: William Mitchell
2500 Broadway St.
Santa Monica, CA 90404-3061
310-449-3000
Paramount Communications, Inc.
Publicity Department
1515 Broadway
New York, NY 10036
212-846-4320
Paramount Pictures and Home Videos
Bluhdorn Building
5555 Melrose Ave.
Hollywood, CA 90038-3917
323-956-5000
The Samuel Goldwyn Company
10203 Santa Monica Blvd.
Los Angeles, CA 90067-6403
310-552-2255
The Samuel Goldwyn Company
Attention: Publicity Department
1133 Broadway
New York, NY 10010
212-367 -9435
Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation
10201 West Pico Blvd.
Los Angeles, CA 90035
310-369-1000
Universal Pictures
100 Universal City Plaza
Universal City, CA 91608
818-777-1000
The Walt Disney Company
500 South Buena Vista St.
Burbank, CA 91521
818-560-1581
Warner Brothers, Inc. (a division of Time Warner, Inc.)
4000 Warner Blvd.
Burbank, CA 91522
818-954-6000
THEATERS
Cineplex Odeon Corporation
1303 Yonge St.
Toronto, Ontario
Canada M4T 2Y9
416-323-6600
General Cinema Corporation
Director of Operations
1280 Boylston St.
Chestnut Hill, MA 02467
800-992-0084
For comments on the film rating system:
Motion Picture Association of America, Inc.
Jack Valenti, President
1600 Eye St. NW
Washington, DC 20006
202-293-1966
For comments on the video and computer game rating system:
Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB)
845 3rd Ave.
New York, NY 10022
800-771-3772
http://www.ersb.org
VIDEO RENTAL COMPANIES
Blockbuster Videos
Corporate Office
1201 Elm St.
Dallas, TX 75270
214-854-3000
Tower Records/Video
Customer Comments/Video Rental
MTS, Inc.
2500 Del Monte St., Building C
West Sacramento, CA 95691-9001
916-373-2500 or 800-541-0070
VIDEO AND COMPUTER GAMES
Nintendo of America, Inc.
Corporate Communication Manager
4820 150th Ave. NE
Redmond, WA 98052
425-882-2040
FAX: 425-882-3585
Sega of America
650 Townsend St., Suite 650
San Francisco, CA 94065
415-701-6000
To voice your opinion about a coin-operated video game parental advisory system, contact:
American Amusement Machine Association (AAMA)
450 East Higgins Rd., Suite 201
Elk Grove Village, IL 60007
847-290-9088
http://www.com-op.org
The AAMA is a nonprofit trade association that represents approximately 120 manufacturers, distributors, and parts suppliers of coin-operated amusement equipment.
International Association of Family Entertainment Centers
(IAFEC)
36 Symonds Rd.
Hillsborough, NH 03244
603-464-6498
E-mail: IAFECnh@ao1.com
GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS
Federal Communications Commission
Mass Media Bureau
Complaints/Enforcement Division
Political Programming Branch, Room 3443
445 12th St. SW
Washington, DC 20554
202-418-1430
The President of the United States
The White House
1600 Pennsylvania Ave.
Washington, DC
202-456-1414
TOY MANUFACTURERS AND RETAILERS
Lewis Galoob Toys
500 Forbes Blvd.
San Francisco, CA 94080
650-952-1678
Hasbro Toy Group
1027 Newport Ave.
Pawtucket, RI 02862
401-431-8697
Mattel Toys
333 Continental Blvd.
El Segundo, CA 90245
310-252-2000
Saban Entertainment
400 West Alameda Ave.
Burbank, CA 91505
818-972-4800
Toys R Us Corporate Office
CEO Robert Nakasone
461 From Rd.
Paramus, NJ 07652
210-262-7800
MEDIA LITERACY AND VIOLENCE PREVENTION ORGANIZATIONS
We're not alone out there. There are several worthwhile watchdog groups that have been fighting the good fight for years. The following is a list of media literacy and violence prevention organizations, along with their statements of purpose.
Americans for Responsible Television
(The Dove Foundation)
4521 Broadmoor SE
Grand Rapids, MI 49512
616-514-5000 or 800-968-8437
http://www.dove.org
Established to encourage and promote the creation, production, and distribution of wholesome family entertainment, the Dove Foundation, free from commercial pressures, awards a blue-and-white Dove Seal to any movie or video that is rated "family friendly" by its film review board.
Atrium Society Publications
PO Box 816
Middlebury, VT 05753
800-848-6021
http://www.atriumsoc.org
The Atrium Society offers understanding about the conditioned mind, "which has brought us to a state of unparalleled conflict and devastation that we experience in the world today." Its intent is to bring the issue of conditioning, and the tremendous conflict conditioning creates, to the forefront of awareness and consideration. Resources include a series of books for youth on understanding and handling violence; books for parents, such as Growing Up Sane: Understanding the Conditioned Mind; audio/videotapes; teacher training workshops; and seminars to address the primary causes of conflict.
Canadians Concerned About Violence in Entertainment
(C-CAVE)
416-961-0853
FAX: 416-929-2720
E-mail: rdyson@oise.utoronto.ca
Founded in 1983 in collaboration with the U.S.-based National Coalition on Television Violence, Canadians Concerned About Violence in Entertainment provides public education on the results of media violence research and believes the public has a right to know that the overwhelming weight of research points toward harmful effects. The organization functions primarily as a working group through media interviews and the provision of information to journalists and other members of the media. CCAVE maintains links with a broad coalition of groups, both nationally and internationally.
Center for Media Literacy
4727 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 403
Los Angeles, CA 90010
800- 226- 9494
FAX: 323-931-4474
http://www.medialit.org
The Center for Media Literacy distributes a broad range of media literacy education books, kits, and videos for parents and teachers, including the highly acclaimed Beyond Blame: Challenging Violence in the Media. This kit applies the principles of media literacy education to violence reduction and prevention. It contains lesson plans, ready-to-use handouts, and audio/video resources for all age groups. A comprehensive catalog of all resources offered is available.
Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence
Institute for Behavorial Sciences
University of Colorado, Boulder
Campus Box 442
Boulder, CO 80309-0442
303-492-8147
The Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence provides guidance on research, effective programs, and policy actions that improve the effectiveness of antiviolence interventions. Among the reports available is What Works in Reducing Adolescent Violence: An Empirical Review of the Field by Patrick Tolan and Nancy Guerra.
Center for Successful Parenting
1917 East 116th Street
Carmel, IN 46032
317-581-5355
Fax: 317-581-5399
E-mail: sstoughton@stoughtongroup.com.
Founded in 1997, the Center for Successful Parenting is presently focused on media violence because the founders believe that protecting children from the negative impact of media violence is key for adults of the next generation to be mentally and socially healthy. The group is organizing the ever-growing body of research demonstrating the negative effects of media violence, along with a national parent awareness campaign.
Committee for Children
2203 Airport Way S., Suite 500
Seattle, WA 98134
800-634-4449
The Committee for Children is an international nonprofit organization whose mission is to promote the safety, well-being, and social development of children by creating quality educational programs for educators, families, and communities. The prekindergarten-to-grade 9 violence prevention curriculum, Second Step, teaches children prosocial skills and includes a companion program for parent education at the elementary level. Second Step implementation has taken place in approximately ten thousand schools across North America. A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (May 27, 1997) demonstrates Second Step's effectiveness in changing children's behavior.
Cultural Environment Movement (CEM)
PO Box 40285
Philadelphia, PA 19106
E-mail: CEM@libertynet.org
The Cultural Environment Movement is a nonprofit coalition of independent organizations and individual supporters in every state of the United States and in fifty-seven other countries on six continents, united in working for freedom, fairness, gender equity, general diversity, and democratic decision-making in media ownership, employment, and representation. The organization supports, and if necessary organizes, local and national media councils, study groups, citizen groups, minority and professional groups, and other forums of public discussion, policy development, representation, and action. Not waiting for a blueprint, it creates and experiments with methods of community and citizen participation in local, national, and international media policy-making.
The Fathers' Network
PO Box 800-SH
San Anselmo, CA 94979
415-453-2839
http://www.menstuff.org
The goal of this organization is to increase fathers' involvement in parenting and to promote fulfilling relationships between fathers and children. Much useful information can be found on their Web site for men who want to make a difference in a child's life.
GrowSmartBrains
PO Box 311
Redmond, WA 98073-0311
206-654-2994
http://www.GrowSmartBrains.com
Author Gloria DeGaetano and her staff of highly trained educators and consultants offer research-based, application-rich workshops across the United States and Canada for corporations, school districts, social service, and parent organizations. Emphasis is on the impact of screen technologies on brain development and the problematic effects of violent entertainment on children's learning and behavior. GrowSmartBrains provides manuals (in English and Spanish) and educational audio- and videotapes, including Maximizing Your Child's Potential: Healthy Brain Development in a Media Age, a forty-minute video for parents of young children.
Heavy Freight Films
811 First Avenue, Suite 425
Seattle, WA 98104
Contacts:
Richard Hazzard, M.Ed.
206-755-3118
FAX: 206-621-1193
Sandy Cioffi
206-322-1332
FAX: 206-322-1341
Two of Washington State's leading media literacy specialists founded Heavy Freight Films with the intention of creating unique opportunities for individual and social change through media education, addressing issues such as violence prevention, youth leadership, and community involvement. Their projects include consulting with school districts for adopting media literacy standards, extensive teacher training programs, conducting innovative film schools for youth, and community film projects with professional filmmakers mentoring youth in film production. One video production, Terminal 187, produced by and for youth, is an excellent, compelling examination of the consequences of violence for anyone who cares about kids.
Institute on Violence and Destructive Behavior
1265 University of Oregon
Eugene, OR 97403-1265
541-346-3591
http://interact.uoregon.edulivdb/ivdb.html
The Institute on Violence and Destructive Behavior is doing some of the most seminal research in the area of violence prevention today. Its mission is to empower schools and social service agencies to address violence and destructive behavior, at the point of school entry and beyond, in order to ensure safety and to facilitate the academic achievement and healthy social development of children and youth. Key target areas addressed are antisocial behavior, school failure, delinquency, violence, gang membership, and at-risk conditions. Call for a list of publications and research studies currently available.
Lion and the Lamb Project
4300 Montgomery Ave., Suite 104
Bethesda, MD 20814
301-654-3091
FAX: 301-718-8192
http://www.lionlamb.org
The Lion and the Lamb Project provides information about the effects of violent entertainment, toys, and games on children's behavior for parents, teachers, day-care providers, social workers, psychologists, grandparents, and others -- anyone interested in teaching values of nonviolence to children. They offer four different types of workshops, along with a Parent Action Kit, which provides suggestions for selecting age-appropriate, nonviolent toys and games, and tips for resolving family conflicts peacefully at home and on the playground.
Media Awareness Network
1500 Merivale Rd., 3rd Floor
Nepean, ON
Canada K2E 6Z5
613-224-7721
FAX: 613-224-1958
E-mail: info@media-awareness.ca
http://www.media-awareness.ca
The Media Awareness Network (MNet) is a nonprofit organization promoting media education among children and young people. MNet's award-winning Web site is one of the largest educational Web sites in Canada. It provides parents, educators, and community leaders with free, copyright-cleared on-line resources and information on a variety of issues related to children and the media, including media violence, advertising to children, and children and the Internet.
Media Education Foundation
26 Center St.
Northampton, MA 01060
413-584-8500
E-mail: mediaed@mediaed.org
http://www.igc.org/mef
video orders: 800-897-0080
Directed by well-known media scholar and author Sut Jhally, this foundation produces and distributes award-wining resources for students of media literacy, educators, parents, and community leaders. The Killing Screens: Media and the Culture of Violence is an educational video that examines the psychology, sociology, and politics of media violence. In the video, paced for high school and college students, Dr. George Gerbner addresses the issue of living and growing within a cultural environment of pervasive violent representation. Social critic Neil Postman says of this video: "If every American could see The Killing Screens there would ensue a revolution in the content of popular media."
Mediascope, Inc.
12711 Ventura Blvd., Suite 440
Studio City, CA 91604
818-508-2080
http://www.mediascope.org
Mediascope is a national, nonprofit research and public policy organization working to raise awareness about the influence of media on society. Founded in 1992, the organization works with the entertainment industry to encourage responsible depictions of health and social issues, particularly as they relate to children and adolescents. They address such topics as media violence, ratings, teen sexuality, effects of video games, artists' rights and responsibilities, and substance abuse. Mediascope's resources and services are used by screenwriters, journalists, researchers, producers, media critics, educators, lawyers, media executives, legislators, government officials, advocacy groups, and students.
MediaWise
PO Box 6145
Kansas City, KS 66106
913-831-3221
FAX: 913-831-0262
Media Wise operates through a broad-based coalition of community groups to reduce the impact and incidence of violence in the media through public awareness, education, and community action without invading First Amendment rights. They provide programs and services to help children, youth, and adults become discriminating media consumers by learning how to analyze, evaluate, and interpret the messages and images delivered by the various forms of media in our society. They offer MediaSmarts, an innovative video-based media literacy and antiviolence curriculum for use in middle schools or by youth-serving agencies.
Mothers Against Violence in America (MAVIA)
105-14th Ave., Suite 2A
Seattle, WA 98122
206-323-2303
800-897-7697
FAX: 206-323-2132
http://www.mavia.org
Mothers Against Violence in America is a national, nonprofit, nonpartisan educational organization dedicated to reducing violence by and against children. Founded in 1994, with over thirty-five thousand members, MAVIA encourages prevention investment in young people before they are affected by violence, and advocates for changes that support a safer environment. MAVIA's innovative programs, such as Students Against Violence Everywhere (SAVE) and violent video game legislative initiatives, have been praised by President and Mrs. Clinton as exemplary models of grassroots activism.
National Alliance for Non-Violent Programming (NANP)
122 North Elm St., Suite 300
Greensboro, NC 27401
336-370-0392
FAX: 336-370-0407
E-mail: NA4NVP@aol.com
A network of national not-for-profit organizations including the American Medical Women's Association, Jack and Jill of America, Jewish Women International, the National Association of Women Business Owners, National Council of LaRaza, and Soroptimist of the Americas, the National Alliance for Non-Violent Programming's reach into communities extends to over two million citizens at the grassroots level. NANP researches and recommends noncensorial resources, workshops, and educational materials appropriate for children and youth, parents, teachers, caregivers, service organizations, violence prevention efforts, and the faith community. Once a community initiative is launched, NANP provides technical assistance and support to ensure sustainability.
National Coalition on Television Violence (NCTV)
51332 Newport Ave.
Bethesda, MD 20816
E-mail: nctvmd@aol.com
http://www.nctvv.org
Since 1980 the National Coalition on Television Violence has been providing useful information regarding the amount of TV violence, the accuracy of rating systems, and practical tips for citizen advocacy. Directed by MaryAnn Banta, the organization responds to E-mail and acts as a clearinghouse to direct inquires to the most helpful resources available nationwide.
National Institute on Media and the Family
606 24th Ave. S., Suite 606
Minneapolis, MN 55454
888-672-5437
FAX: 612-672-4113
http://www.mediafamily.org
The National Institute son Media and the Family is a nonprofit organization whose mission is to maximize the benefits and minimize the harm of media on children and families through research, education, and advocacy. The organization provides a range of educational resources for parents, teachers, and community leaders, including a comprehensive alternative rating system for violent media and Media Wise, a multimedia resource kit that provides innovative, action-oriented solutions to the question "What can we do about the powerful influence of media on our children's lives?" Visit their Web site for current lists of the most violent and dangerous as well as the best video and computer games for our kids.
Teachers Resisting Unhealthy Children's Entertainment (TRUCE)
PO Box 441261
Somerville, MA 02144
Teachers Resisting Unhealthy Children's Entertainment is a national group of educators deeply concerned about how children's entertainment and toys are affecting the play and behavior of children in the classroom. TRUCE publishes a valuable newsletter and works to raise public awareness about the negative effects of violent and stereotyped toys and media on children, families, schools, and society.
Turn Off the TV
800-949-8688
http://www.turnoffthetv.com
The mission of Turn Off the TV is to bring people together by encouraging families and friends to turn off the television and spend time playing, learning, and communicating. A catalog of resources is available by calling the above toll-free number. By visiting their Web site, parents will find loads of fun ideas for children in all stages of development who say, "I'm bored; there's nothing to do."
A DEFINITION OF MEDIA VIOLENCE
The following is a definition of media violence. Not the only one, mind you, but one that we find gives fairly clear guidelines on a complicated issue. Let it act as a useful lens for viewing any type of entertainment or playing the hundreds of video games that exist on the market.
Violence is the intentional use of force to harm a human being or animal. Its outcome is injury -- physical or psychological, fatal or nonfatal. It is true that violence is a part of the real world. However, we do not take our children to see autopsies performed as entertainment, nor do we invite someone into our living room to kill, brutally beat, or rape another person for our children to witness for their amusement.
Therefore, portrayals of violence in the media that glamorize and/or sensationalize violent acts toward other human beings or animals and show them as acceptable behavior provide a socially aberrant environment in which it is difficult to raise emotionally healthy children. Also, the prevalence of violence on television in itself imparts an implicit acceptability to the vicarious experience of violence and pushes the boundaries of cultural norms into the realm of social deviancy. From a synthesis of the research we find that harmful media violence includes:
• Plots that are driven by quick-cut scenes of gratuitous violent acts delivered in a rapid-fire frequency with graphic, salient technical effects.
• Graphic, sadistic revenge, torture techniques, inhumane treatment of others in a context of humor, trivialization, glibness and/or raucous "fun."
• Explicitly depicted violent acts shown through special effects, camera angles, background music, or lighting to be glamorous, heroic, "cool," and worthy of imitation.
• Depictions of people holding personal and social power primarily because they are using weapons, or using their bodies as weapons, and dominating other people through the threat of violence or through actual violence.
• Extraneous, graphic, gory, detailed violent acts whose intent is to shock.
• Violent acts shown as an acceptable way to solve problems or presented as the primary problem-solving approach.
• News programs that explicitly detail murder and rape, with information and graphic images not necessary for understanding the central message.
It should be noted, however, that any form of aggression on the screen has the potential to make children more aggressive. The more graphic and horrific the violence, the more likely the negative effects. Research clearly demonstrates that sensational media violence causes children and teens to become more aggressive and mean, creating fear, a lack of sensitivity to all forms of violence, and an increased appetite for violence -- in real life and on the screen. An early preference for violent programming is a strong indicator of aggressive and antisocial behavior as an adult. Sensational portrayals, then, offer children a justification for violent acts in real life and perpetuate socially dangerous attitudes, behaviors, and values.
VOICES OF CONCERN ABOUT ON-SCREEN VIOLENCE
Throughout this book we have cited the work of many organizations that have contributed to the scholarship on the subject of violent entertainment and its negative effects on children. While we do not have the room to name every group that has commented on the issue, we present here a list of the major organizations -- as well as how to contact them, and the specifics on the stands they take -- that have set the tone and lent strong backing to our argument.
The American Medical Association (AMA)
515 North State St.
Chicago, IL 60610
312-464-5563
http://www.ama-assn.org
In 1952, an editorial in the Journal of the American Medical Association raised the topic of TV violence as a health issue. The editorial ran during the first Congressional hearings on the impact of television on delinquency.
At its 1976 meeting, the American Medical Association adopted a policy supporting research on the impact of TV violence. Also adopted at that meeting was a resolution that declared the AMA's "recognition of the fact that TV violence is a risk factor threatening the health and welfare of young Americans, indeed our future society."
In 1982, the AMA reaffirmed " ... its vigorous opposition to television violence and its support for efforts designed to increase the awareness of physicians and patients that television violence is a risk factor threatening the health of young people."
In 1996, the AMA developed a guidebook for physicians with the goal of helping their patients understand the harmful effects of media violence. A portion of the summary in that guidebook reads:
"Television and other forms of visual media play an enormous role in everyday life, particularly in the lives of children and adolescents. While television serves in the education and socialization of children, there are also a number of health problems associated with the excessive watching of television, independent of content. In addition, an extensive body of research amply documents a strong correlation between children's exposure to media violence and a number of behavioral and psychological problems, primarily increased aggressive behavior. The evidence further shows that these problems are caused by the exposure itself. Physicians have important roles to play in diminishing children's involvement with violent media by serving as educators, advisors, and advocates .... There is an established body of evidence documenting the troubling behavioral effects of repeated exposure to media violence .... This guide offers physicians an overview of the health consequences of such exposure and how to understand the findings in relation to general societal violence, child development, and learning."
The American Psychological Association (APA)
750 First St. NE
Washington, DC 20002-4242
202-336-5500
http://www.apa.org
The American Psychological Association is the nation's largest scientific and professional organization representing psychology and the world's largest association of psychologists. The APA's membership includes more than 102,000 researchers, educators, clinicians, consultants, and students.
In 1993, the APA's Commission on Violence and Youth stated: "There is absolutely no doubt that higher levels of viewing violence on television are correlated with increased acceptance of aggressive attitudes and increased aggressive behavior. Three major national studies ... reviewed hundreds of studies to arrive at the irrefutable conclusion that viewing violence increases violence. In addition, prolonged viewing of media violence can lead to emotional desensitization toward violence .... We call upon the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to review, as a condition for license renewal, the programming and outreach efforts and accomplishments of television stations in helping to solve the problem of youth violence. This recommendation is consistent with the research evidence indicating television's potential to broadcast stations to 'serve the educational and informational needs of children,' both in programming and in outreach activities designed to enhance the educational value of programming. We also call on the FCC to institute rules that would require broadcasters, cable operators and other telecasters to avoid programs containing an excessive amount of dramatized violence during 'child viewing hours' between 6 A.M. and 10 P.M."
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
141 Northwest Point Blvd.
Elk Grove Village, IL 60009-0927
847-981-7873
http://www.apa.org
In 1997 the American Academy of Pediatrics presented the following statement to the U.S. Senate:
"The American Academy of Pediatrics, an organization of 53,000 pediatricians, offers this statement on behalf of the children and adolescents of this country. The level of violence to which they are exposed through the media has reached such horrific proportions, health professionals, parents, legislators and educators agree that something has to be done. The problem of violence on television may not appear as compelling or as urgent as immunizations, the risk of AIDS for adolescents or the need for health insurance for all children. However, in terms of overall childhood morbidity and mortality, it breeds so many problems in our society that child health experts are very concerned. Although no one holds television responsible as the sole instigator of violence, the influence of television is a factor.
"The American Academy of Pediatrics states without hesitation that televised violence has a clear and reproducible effect on the behavior of children. Televised violence contributes to the unwholesome social environment in which we live, the frequency with which violence is used to resolve conflict, and the passivity with which violence is perceived. Both epidemiological and experimental studies have demonstrated a clear relationship in children between the viewing of televised violence and violent or aggressive behavior."
The National Association for the Education of Young Children
(NAEYC)
1509 16th St. NW
Washington, DC 20036-1426
202-232-8777 or 800-424-2460
http://www.naeyc.org
In 1996, the National Association for the Education of Young Children, an organization of over one hundred thousand early childhood educators, issued a position statement, "Violence in the Lives of Children," which, in part, states:
"The culture of violence is mirrored in and influenced by the media. As a result of the deregulation of the broadcasting industry, children's television and related toys have become more violent. Research is clear that the media, particularly television and films, contribute to the problem of violence in America. Research demonstrates that children who are frequent viewers of violence on television are less likely to show empathy toward the pain and suffering of others and more likely to behave aggressively."
The statement went on to call for early childhood educators " ... to generate a sense of public outrage that motivates actions that will eliminate violence in the lives of children, families, and communities, along with restricting the marketing of violence through linkup of media, toys, and licensed products."
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
(AACAP)
3615 Wisconsin Ave. NW
Washington, DC 20016
202-966-7300
http://www.aacap.org
This national organization, representing 6,900 psychiatrists who specialize in working with children and adolescents, produces policies and research reports on media violence. Their Media Committee periodically publishes reviews of children's films. Below is an excerpt from one of the "Facts for Families" taken from their Web site.
"American children watch an average of three to four hours of television daily. Television can be a powerful influence in developing valuing systems and shaping behavior. Ultimately, much of today's television programming is violent. Hundreds of studies of the effects of TV violence on children and teenagers have found that children may: (1) become 'immune' to the horror of violence; (2) gradually accept violence as a way to solve problems; (3) imitate the violence they observe on television; and (4) identify with certain characters, victims and/or victimizers.
"Extensive viewing of television violence by children causes greater aggressiveness. Sometimes, watching a single violent program can increase aggressiveness. Children who view shows in which violence is very realistic, frequently repeated or unpunished, are more likely to imitate what they see. Children with emotional, behavioral, learning or impulse control problems may be more easily influenced by TV violence. The impact of TV violence may be immediately evident in the child's behavior or may surface years later, and young people can even be affected when the family atmosphere shows no tendency toward violence. "
The National Parent/Teacher Association (National PTA)
330 North Wabash Ave., Suite 2100
Chicago, IL 60611
800-307-4782
FAX: 312-670-6783
http://www.pta.org
The National Parent/Teacher Association, representing 6.5 million members, plays a pivotal role in informing and educating us about media violence. Visiting their Web site, parents can find a wealth of helpful information, including information on the rating systems, practical ideas for critical viewing, and activity sheets for dealing with media violence. The National PTA has consistently issued strong statements against TV violence, video game violence, and video game sites.
In 1993, the Convention Resolutions Committee reviewed their resolution "Violence in TV Programming," adopted in 1975. It stands in effect today.
STATEMENT ON VIOLENCE IN TV PROGRAMMING
"Whereas, children spend countless unsupervised hours watching TV; and whereas, the choice of program offerings often is less desirable, with much emphasis on violence; and whereas, children are known to imitate observed behavior and actions; and whereas, statistics reveal an alarming increase in crime committed by younger and younger children; and whereas, the Surgeon General's report states that there can be a cause-and-effect relationship between watching violence on TV and aggressive behaviors in children and young people; and whereas, at this time TV programming is self-regulated by the broadcasting industry through the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) TV Code, a voluntary code not subscribed to by all stations and the provisions of which are repeatedly violated; be it therefore resolved, that the National PTA urge its state congresses, districts, councils and local units to observe and monitor TV programming and commercials in their areas; and where an excessive amount of violence in programming is seen to make known their views with documented reporting to sponsors of the program, with copies to the local TV stations, to the TV networks, to the NAB, to the Federal Communications Commission, and to their elected representatives; and be it further resolved, that the National PTA demand from the networks and local stations reduction in the amount of violence shown on television programs and commercials during the entire day, with particular attention to viewing hours between 2:00 P.M. and 10:00 P.M. and weekend morning hours, when impressionable children and young people are most likely to be watching; and be it further resolved, that the National PTA through its state congresses, districts, councils, and local units demand, if the self-regulation of programming and commercials by the broadcasting industry does not result in better TV programming with less emphasis on violence, that the Federal Communications Commission establish and enforce regulations limiting the number and percentage of programs of violence to be presented each day."
STATEMENT ON VIOLENCE IN VIDEO GAMES AND OTHER INTERACTIVE MEDIA (ADOPTED BY THE 1994 CONVENTION DELEGATES)
"Whereas, the term 'video games' is defined broadly to include any interactive computer game including all software and hardware and future developments in video game technology and interactive media; and whereas, research studies have found that, at least in the short term, children who play violent video games are significantly more aggressive afterwards than those who play less violent video games; and whereas, studies show that violent TV programs and video games have similar effects in raising children's subsequent levels of aggression; and whereas, research shows violent video games can suppress children's inclination towards engaging in pro-social behaviors; therefore be it resolved, that the National PTA, through its constituent bodies, work to educate and to increase awareness of the impact of violent video games and other interactive media; and be it further resolved, that the National PTA, through its constituent bodies, support federal legislation to provide for the development of ratings or other appropriate information systems by a commission independent of the industry to inform parents and consumers about the content of video games and other interactive media; and be it further resolved, that the National PTA and its constituent bodies actively support efforts to end the violence in video games and other interactive media that desensitize consumers to the value of life, human or animal."
STATEMENT ON VIDEO GAME SITES (ADOPTED BY THE 1982 BOARD OF DIRECTORS; LAST REVIEW, 1998 BY THE CONVENTION RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE)
"National PTA is concerned about video game sites which may have an adverse effect on many of the young people who frequent such establishments. Initial studies have shown that game sites are often in close proximity to schools.
"In many cases there is not adequate control of access by school-age children during school hours, which compounds the problems of school absenteeism and truancy.
"Where little or no supervision exists, drug selling, drug use, drinking, gambling, increased gang activities, and other such behavior may be seen. Where there is diligent supervision and adequate lighting, however, the interest of the customers centers on the games and the quality of play seems to be the major concern of the youthful participants.
"State PTAs should encourage their units, councils and districts to become aware of and to educate their membership and the community regarding activities of young people at business establishment having video game machines and the impact these activities have on school attendance, alcohol and drug activity.
"PTAs should study the impact of video game arcades and other establishments where games are located. They should also work for the best possible solution that allows for reasonable use by children and youth, and at the same time does not encroach on the right of merchants to conduct their businesses."
A CHRONOLOGY OF MAJOR FINDINGS, STATEMENTS, AND ACTIONS ON MEDIA VIOLENCE, 1952-1999
Television and entertainment violence and its effects on children has been an issue since the middle of the century, although you'd barely know it. It seems that every time it captures the national consciousness, usually due to some horrendous act of schoolyard violence or a skyrocketing youth aggravated assault rate, it is presented as if it's never been discussed before. Herewith, a chronology of major findings, statements, and actions regarding media violence from 1952 to the present day. Much, if not all, of this regards television, as opposed to film and video games. Collectively, this places our fight in context, for without understanding the history of this issue, we will forever be starting over when confronting it.
1952: The U.S. House of Representatives conducts the first House committee hearings on TV violence and its impact on children. These are the first of many hearings to occur over the following decades.
1954: The U.S. Senate conducts the first Senate committee hearings on the role of television in juvenile crime.
1961: Federal Communications Commission chairman Newton N. Minow tells the National Association of Broadcasters that American TV is a "vast wasteland."
1969: The National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence cites TV violence as a contributor to violence in our society.
1972: The surgeon general's office issues a report citing a link between TV/movie violence and aggressive behavior.
1975: The National Parent/Teacher Association adopts a resolution demanding that networks and local TV stations reduce the amount of violence in programs and commercials.
1976: The House of Delegates of the American Medical Association adopts a resolution "to actively oppose TV programs containing violence, as well as products and/or services sponsoring such programs," in "recognition of the fact that TV violence is a risk factor threatening the health and welfare of young Americans, indeed our future society."
1979: Parents of a fifteen-year-old convicted of murdering a neighbor initiate the first known lawsuit against TV networks (Zamora v. CBS, et al.), for inciting their son to violence. The suit is unsuccessful.
1982: The National Institute of Mental Health issues an extensive report stating that there is a clear consensus on the strong link between TV violence and aggressive behavior.
1984: The attorney general's Task Force on Family Violence states that evidence is overwhelming that TV violence contributes to real violence.
Leonard Eron and L. Rowell Huesmann, in a twenty-two-year study that tracked 875 boys and girls from ages eight to thirty, find that those who watched more violent television as children are more likely as adults to commit serious crimes and to use violence to punish their own children.
The American Academy of Pediatrics' Task Force on Children and Television cautions physicians and parents that TV violence promotes aggression.
1985: The American Psychological Association's Commission on Youth and Violence cites research showing a link between TV violence and real violence.
1987: Canadian broadcasters institute a voluntary code on TV violence that discourages broadcasting violent programming early in the evening.
1989: The National PTA again calls for the TV industry to reduce the amount of violence in programs.
1990: The Television Violence Act (TVA) gives three major networks (ABC, CBS, and NBC) an antitrust exemption so they can formulate a joint policy on violence.
1991: Former FCC chairman Newton Minow declares: "In 1961 I worried that my children would not benefit much from television, but in 1991 I worry that my children will actually be harmed by it."
1992: The Journal of the American Medical Association publishes Dr. Brandon Centerwall's study concluding that "the introduction of television into the United States in the 1950s caused a subsequent doubling of the homicide rate," and "if, hypothetically, television technology had never been developed, there would today be 10,000 fewer murders each year in the United States, 70,000 fewer rapes, and 700,000 fewer injurious assaults."
The American Psychological Association report "Big World, Small Screen" concludes that the forty years of research on the link between TV violence and real-life violence has been ignored. It goes on to state that the "scientific debate is over," and calls for federal policy to protect society.
Days before the House of Representatives hearings on TV violence, and having been forced to do so by the 1990 Television Violence Act, the broadcast industry releases a set of "voluntary" industry guidelines (called "principles") on violence.
1993: In June, major TV networks announce their agreement to air parental advisories when shows deemed violent are aired.
The National Council for Families and Television holds the industrywide Leadership Conference on Violence in Television Programming.
The Departments of Justice, Education, and Health and Human Services sponsor a major conference, calling for TV networks to consider the social effects of media violence when designing programming.
1994: The Center for Media and Public Affairs conducts a study of television violence and finds that from 1992 to 1994, depictions of serious violence on television increased 67 percent.
1998: The National Television Violence Study concludes that 60 percent of all TV programs are violent and that "there are substantial risks of harmful effects from viewing violence throughout the television environment."
The publication of "Children and Media Violence: A Yearbook from the UNESCO International Clearinghouse on Children and Violence on the Screen." It reviews worldwide studies of media violence from twenty-five countries and outlines the world's concern about the "global aggressive culture" being formed by violent television, particularly violent U.S. television and film.
1999: President Clinton initiates a study by the FTA and the Attorney General of the strategies of marketing violent media to children.
WHERE TO VOICE YOUR CONCERNS
As its subtitle says, this book is a call to action. Here's where to call, write, fax, E-mail, and visit for action on this issue. We suggest contacting the following television broadcast and cable networks, major movie studios, theaters, pertinent organizations, government offices, and toy companies to voice your concerns about violent entertainment. But we also encourage you to let those people and organizations know when they're helping to make a positive difference.
TELEVISION STATIONS
(Note: The Telecommunications Act of 1996 requires television stations to make available a staff person to act as a liaison with viewers who want to comment on children's programs.)
ABC
Audience Information Dept.
77th West 66th St., 9th Floor
New York, NY 10023
212-456-7477
ABC Entertainment
2040 Avenue of the Stars
Los Angeles, CA 90067
310-557-5413 or 800-213-6222
A&F/Arts and Entertainment
235 East 45th St.
New York, NY 10017
212-210-1340
AMC/American Movie Classics
1111 Stewart Ave.
Bethpage, NY 11714
516-364-2222
CBS
Audience Services
530 West 57th St.
New York, NY 10019
212-975-3247
CNN
One CNN Center
Atlanta, GA 30348-5366
404-827-1500
COM/Comedy Central
Attention: Dennay Riley
1775 Broadway
New York, NY 10019
212-767-8600
Discovery Channel
7700 Wisconsin Ave., Suite 700
Bethesda, MD 20814
301-986-0444
Disney Channel
3800 West Alameda Ave.
Burbank, CA 91505
800-822-8648
FAX: 818-842-1024
ESPN
935 Middle St.
Bristol, CT 06010
860-585-2236
FOX Broadcast Studios
PO Box 900
Beverly Hills, CA 90213
310-369-1000
HBO/Home Box Office
1100 Avenue of the Americas
New York, NY 10036
212-512-1000
Lifetime
Viewer Services
309 West 49th St.
New York, NY 10019
212-424-7000
MTV (owns VH-1 and Nickelodeon)
Viewer Comments
1515 Broadway, 24th Floor
New York, NY 10036
212-258-8000
NBC
30 Rockefeller Plaza
New York, NY 10112
212-664-2333
NICK/Nickelodeon
1515 Broadway, 42nd Floor
New York, NY 10036
212-258-7500
PBS
Attention: Program Information
1320 Braddock PI.
Alexandria, VA 22314
703-739-5000
SHO/Showtime
1633 Broadway
New York, NY 10019
212-708-1600
TNN (The Nashville Network)
2806 Opryland Drive
Nashville, TN 37214
615-883-7000
TNT/Turner Network TV
1050 Techwood Drive NW
Atlanta, GA 30318
404-885-4538
USA Network
Viewer Response
1230 Avenue of the Americas
New York, NY 10020
212-408-9100
VH-1/Contemporary Music Videos
1515 Broadway
New York, NY 10036
212-258-7800
MAJOR STUDIOS: MOTION PICTURES, HOME VIDEOS, TV MOVIES
Columbia Pictures Entertainment Company, or
Sony Pictures Entertainment, Inc., or
Tri-Star Pictures
10202 West Washington Blvd.
Culver City, CA 90232
310-244-4000
MGM Communications Co.
Attention: William Mitchell
2500 Broadway St.
Santa Monica, CA 90404-3061
310-449-3000
Paramount Communications, Inc.
Publicity Department
1515 Broadway
New York, NY 10036
212-846-4320
Paramount Pictures and Home Videos
Bluhdorn Building
5555 Melrose Ave.
Hollywood, CA 90038-3917
323-956-5000
The Samuel Goldwyn Company
10203 Santa Monica Blvd.
Los Angeles, CA 90067-6403
310-552-2255
The Samuel Goldwyn Company
Attention: Publicity Department
1133 Broadway
New York, NY 10010
212-367 -9435
Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation
10201 West Pico Blvd.
Los Angeles, CA 90035
310-369-1000
Universal Pictures
100 Universal City Plaza
Universal City, CA 91608
818-777-1000
The Walt Disney Company
500 South Buena Vista St.
Burbank, CA 91521
818-560-1581
Warner Brothers, Inc. (a division of Time Warner, Inc.)
4000 Warner Blvd.
Burbank, CA 91522
818-954-6000
THEATERS
Cineplex Odeon Corporation
1303 Yonge St.
Toronto, Ontario
Canada M4T 2Y9
416-323-6600
General Cinema Corporation
Director of Operations
1280 Boylston St.
Chestnut Hill, MA 02467
800-992-0084
For comments on the film rating system:
Motion Picture Association of America, Inc.
Jack Valenti, President
1600 Eye St. NW
Washington, DC 20006
202-293-1966
For comments on the video and computer game rating system:
Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB)
845 3rd Ave.
New York, NY 10022
800-771-3772
http://www.ersb.org
VIDEO RENTAL COMPANIES
Blockbuster Videos
Corporate Office
1201 Elm St.
Dallas, TX 75270
214-854-3000
Tower Records/Video
Customer Comments/Video Rental
MTS, Inc.
2500 Del Monte St., Building C
West Sacramento, CA 95691-9001
916-373-2500 or 800-541-0070
VIDEO AND COMPUTER GAMES
Nintendo of America, Inc.
Corporate Communication Manager
4820 150th Ave. NE
Redmond, WA 98052
425-882-2040
FAX: 425-882-3585
Sega of America
650 Townsend St., Suite 650
San Francisco, CA 94065
415-701-6000
To voice your opinion about a coin-operated video game parental advisory system, contact:
American Amusement Machine Association (AAMA)
450 East Higgins Rd., Suite 201
Elk Grove Village, IL 60007
847-290-9088
http://www.com-op.org
The AAMA is a nonprofit trade association that represents approximately 120 manufacturers, distributors, and parts suppliers of coin-operated amusement equipment.
International Association of Family Entertainment Centers
(IAFEC)
36 Symonds Rd.
Hillsborough, NH 03244
603-464-6498
E-mail: IAFECnh@ao1.com
GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS
Federal Communications Commission
Mass Media Bureau
Complaints/Enforcement Division
Political Programming Branch, Room 3443
445 12th St. SW
Washington, DC 20554
202-418-1430
The President of the United States
The White House
1600 Pennsylvania Ave.
Washington, DC
202-456-1414
TOY MANUFACTURERS AND RETAILERS
Lewis Galoob Toys
500 Forbes Blvd.
San Francisco, CA 94080
650-952-1678
Hasbro Toy Group
1027 Newport Ave.
Pawtucket, RI 02862
401-431-8697
Mattel Toys
333 Continental Blvd.
El Segundo, CA 90245
310-252-2000
Saban Entertainment
400 West Alameda Ave.
Burbank, CA 91505
818-972-4800
Toys R Us Corporate Office
CEO Robert Nakasone
461 From Rd.
Paramus, NJ 07652
210-262-7800
MEDIA LITERACY AND VIOLENCE PREVENTION ORGANIZATIONS
We're not alone out there. There are several worthwhile watchdog groups that have been fighting the good fight for years. The following is a list of media literacy and violence prevention organizations, along with their statements of purpose.
Americans for Responsible Television
(The Dove Foundation)
4521 Broadmoor SE
Grand Rapids, MI 49512
616-514-5000 or 800-968-8437
http://www.dove.org
Established to encourage and promote the creation, production, and distribution of wholesome family entertainment, the Dove Foundation, free from commercial pressures, awards a blue-and-white Dove Seal to any movie or video that is rated "family friendly" by its film review board.
Atrium Society Publications
PO Box 816
Middlebury, VT 05753
800-848-6021
http://www.atriumsoc.org
The Atrium Society offers understanding about the conditioned mind, "which has brought us to a state of unparalleled conflict and devastation that we experience in the world today." Its intent is to bring the issue of conditioning, and the tremendous conflict conditioning creates, to the forefront of awareness and consideration. Resources include a series of books for youth on understanding and handling violence; books for parents, such as Growing Up Sane: Understanding the Conditioned Mind; audio/videotapes; teacher training workshops; and seminars to address the primary causes of conflict.
Canadians Concerned About Violence in Entertainment
(C-CAVE)
416-961-0853
FAX: 416-929-2720
E-mail: rdyson@oise.utoronto.ca
Founded in 1983 in collaboration with the U.S.-based National Coalition on Television Violence, Canadians Concerned About Violence in Entertainment provides public education on the results of media violence research and believes the public has a right to know that the overwhelming weight of research points toward harmful effects. The organization functions primarily as a working group through media interviews and the provision of information to journalists and other members of the media. CCAVE maintains links with a broad coalition of groups, both nationally and internationally.
Center for Media Literacy
4727 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 403
Los Angeles, CA 90010
800- 226- 9494
FAX: 323-931-4474
http://www.medialit.org
The Center for Media Literacy distributes a broad range of media literacy education books, kits, and videos for parents and teachers, including the highly acclaimed Beyond Blame: Challenging Violence in the Media. This kit applies the principles of media literacy education to violence reduction and prevention. It contains lesson plans, ready-to-use handouts, and audio/video resources for all age groups. A comprehensive catalog of all resources offered is available.
Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence
Institute for Behavorial Sciences
University of Colorado, Boulder
Campus Box 442
Boulder, CO 80309-0442
303-492-8147
The Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence provides guidance on research, effective programs, and policy actions that improve the effectiveness of antiviolence interventions. Among the reports available is What Works in Reducing Adolescent Violence: An Empirical Review of the Field by Patrick Tolan and Nancy Guerra.
Center for Successful Parenting
1917 East 116th Street
Carmel, IN 46032
317-581-5355
Fax: 317-581-5399
E-mail: sstoughton@stoughtongroup.com.
Founded in 1997, the Center for Successful Parenting is presently focused on media violence because the founders believe that protecting children from the negative impact of media violence is key for adults of the next generation to be mentally and socially healthy. The group is organizing the ever-growing body of research demonstrating the negative effects of media violence, along with a national parent awareness campaign.
Committee for Children
2203 Airport Way S., Suite 500
Seattle, WA 98134
800-634-4449
The Committee for Children is an international nonprofit organization whose mission is to promote the safety, well-being, and social development of children by creating quality educational programs for educators, families, and communities. The prekindergarten-to-grade 9 violence prevention curriculum, Second Step, teaches children prosocial skills and includes a companion program for parent education at the elementary level. Second Step implementation has taken place in approximately ten thousand schools across North America. A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (May 27, 1997) demonstrates Second Step's effectiveness in changing children's behavior.
Cultural Environment Movement (CEM)
PO Box 40285
Philadelphia, PA 19106
E-mail: CEM@libertynet.org
The Cultural Environment Movement is a nonprofit coalition of independent organizations and individual supporters in every state of the United States and in fifty-seven other countries on six continents, united in working for freedom, fairness, gender equity, general diversity, and democratic decision-making in media ownership, employment, and representation. The organization supports, and if necessary organizes, local and national media councils, study groups, citizen groups, minority and professional groups, and other forums of public discussion, policy development, representation, and action. Not waiting for a blueprint, it creates and experiments with methods of community and citizen participation in local, national, and international media policy-making.
The Fathers' Network
PO Box 800-SH
San Anselmo, CA 94979
415-453-2839
http://www.menstuff.org
The goal of this organization is to increase fathers' involvement in parenting and to promote fulfilling relationships between fathers and children. Much useful information can be found on their Web site for men who want to make a difference in a child's life.
GrowSmartBrains
PO Box 311
Redmond, WA 98073-0311
206-654-2994
http://www.GrowSmartBrains.com
Author Gloria DeGaetano and her staff of highly trained educators and consultants offer research-based, application-rich workshops across the United States and Canada for corporations, school districts, social service, and parent organizations. Emphasis is on the impact of screen technologies on brain development and the problematic effects of violent entertainment on children's learning and behavior. GrowSmartBrains provides manuals (in English and Spanish) and educational audio- and videotapes, including Maximizing Your Child's Potential: Healthy Brain Development in a Media Age, a forty-minute video for parents of young children.
Heavy Freight Films
811 First Avenue, Suite 425
Seattle, WA 98104
Contacts:
Richard Hazzard, M.Ed.
206-755-3118
FAX: 206-621-1193
Sandy Cioffi
206-322-1332
FAX: 206-322-1341
Two of Washington State's leading media literacy specialists founded Heavy Freight Films with the intention of creating unique opportunities for individual and social change through media education, addressing issues such as violence prevention, youth leadership, and community involvement. Their projects include consulting with school districts for adopting media literacy standards, extensive teacher training programs, conducting innovative film schools for youth, and community film projects with professional filmmakers mentoring youth in film production. One video production, Terminal 187, produced by and for youth, is an excellent, compelling examination of the consequences of violence for anyone who cares about kids.
Institute on Violence and Destructive Behavior
1265 University of Oregon
Eugene, OR 97403-1265
541-346-3591
http://interact.uoregon.edulivdb/ivdb.html
The Institute on Violence and Destructive Behavior is doing some of the most seminal research in the area of violence prevention today. Its mission is to empower schools and social service agencies to address violence and destructive behavior, at the point of school entry and beyond, in order to ensure safety and to facilitate the academic achievement and healthy social development of children and youth. Key target areas addressed are antisocial behavior, school failure, delinquency, violence, gang membership, and at-risk conditions. Call for a list of publications and research studies currently available.
Lion and the Lamb Project
4300 Montgomery Ave., Suite 104
Bethesda, MD 20814
301-654-3091
FAX: 301-718-8192
http://www.lionlamb.org
The Lion and the Lamb Project provides information about the effects of violent entertainment, toys, and games on children's behavior for parents, teachers, day-care providers, social workers, psychologists, grandparents, and others -- anyone interested in teaching values of nonviolence to children. They offer four different types of workshops, along with a Parent Action Kit, which provides suggestions for selecting age-appropriate, nonviolent toys and games, and tips for resolving family conflicts peacefully at home and on the playground.
Media Awareness Network
1500 Merivale Rd., 3rd Floor
Nepean, ON
Canada K2E 6Z5
613-224-7721
FAX: 613-224-1958
E-mail: info@media-awareness.ca
http://www.media-awareness.ca
The Media Awareness Network (MNet) is a nonprofit organization promoting media education among children and young people. MNet's award-winning Web site is one of the largest educational Web sites in Canada. It provides parents, educators, and community leaders with free, copyright-cleared on-line resources and information on a variety of issues related to children and the media, including media violence, advertising to children, and children and the Internet.
Media Education Foundation
26 Center St.
Northampton, MA 01060
413-584-8500
E-mail: mediaed@mediaed.org
http://www.igc.org/mef
video orders: 800-897-0080
Directed by well-known media scholar and author Sut Jhally, this foundation produces and distributes award-wining resources for students of media literacy, educators, parents, and community leaders. The Killing Screens: Media and the Culture of Violence is an educational video that examines the psychology, sociology, and politics of media violence. In the video, paced for high school and college students, Dr. George Gerbner addresses the issue of living and growing within a cultural environment of pervasive violent representation. Social critic Neil Postman says of this video: "If every American could see The Killing Screens there would ensue a revolution in the content of popular media."
Mediascope, Inc.
12711 Ventura Blvd., Suite 440
Studio City, CA 91604
818-508-2080
http://www.mediascope.org
Mediascope is a national, nonprofit research and public policy organization working to raise awareness about the influence of media on society. Founded in 1992, the organization works with the entertainment industry to encourage responsible depictions of health and social issues, particularly as they relate to children and adolescents. They address such topics as media violence, ratings, teen sexuality, effects of video games, artists' rights and responsibilities, and substance abuse. Mediascope's resources and services are used by screenwriters, journalists, researchers, producers, media critics, educators, lawyers, media executives, legislators, government officials, advocacy groups, and students.
MediaWise
PO Box 6145
Kansas City, KS 66106
913-831-3221
FAX: 913-831-0262
Media Wise operates through a broad-based coalition of community groups to reduce the impact and incidence of violence in the media through public awareness, education, and community action without invading First Amendment rights. They provide programs and services to help children, youth, and adults become discriminating media consumers by learning how to analyze, evaluate, and interpret the messages and images delivered by the various forms of media in our society. They offer MediaSmarts, an innovative video-based media literacy and antiviolence curriculum for use in middle schools or by youth-serving agencies.
Mothers Against Violence in America (MAVIA)
105-14th Ave., Suite 2A
Seattle, WA 98122
206-323-2303
800-897-7697
FAX: 206-323-2132
http://www.mavia.org
Mothers Against Violence in America is a national, nonprofit, nonpartisan educational organization dedicated to reducing violence by and against children. Founded in 1994, with over thirty-five thousand members, MAVIA encourages prevention investment in young people before they are affected by violence, and advocates for changes that support a safer environment. MAVIA's innovative programs, such as Students Against Violence Everywhere (SAVE) and violent video game legislative initiatives, have been praised by President and Mrs. Clinton as exemplary models of grassroots activism.
National Alliance for Non-Violent Programming (NANP)
122 North Elm St., Suite 300
Greensboro, NC 27401
336-370-0392
FAX: 336-370-0407
E-mail: NA4NVP@aol.com
A network of national not-for-profit organizations including the American Medical Women's Association, Jack and Jill of America, Jewish Women International, the National Association of Women Business Owners, National Council of LaRaza, and Soroptimist of the Americas, the National Alliance for Non-Violent Programming's reach into communities extends to over two million citizens at the grassroots level. NANP researches and recommends noncensorial resources, workshops, and educational materials appropriate for children and youth, parents, teachers, caregivers, service organizations, violence prevention efforts, and the faith community. Once a community initiative is launched, NANP provides technical assistance and support to ensure sustainability.
National Coalition on Television Violence (NCTV)
51332 Newport Ave.
Bethesda, MD 20816
E-mail: nctvmd@aol.com
http://www.nctvv.org
Since 1980 the National Coalition on Television Violence has been providing useful information regarding the amount of TV violence, the accuracy of rating systems, and practical tips for citizen advocacy. Directed by MaryAnn Banta, the organization responds to E-mail and acts as a clearinghouse to direct inquires to the most helpful resources available nationwide.
National Institute on Media and the Family
606 24th Ave. S., Suite 606
Minneapolis, MN 55454
888-672-5437
FAX: 612-672-4113
http://www.mediafamily.org
The National Institute son Media and the Family is a nonprofit organization whose mission is to maximize the benefits and minimize the harm of media on children and families through research, education, and advocacy. The organization provides a range of educational resources for parents, teachers, and community leaders, including a comprehensive alternative rating system for violent media and Media Wise, a multimedia resource kit that provides innovative, action-oriented solutions to the question "What can we do about the powerful influence of media on our children's lives?" Visit their Web site for current lists of the most violent and dangerous as well as the best video and computer games for our kids.
Teachers Resisting Unhealthy Children's Entertainment (TRUCE)
PO Box 441261
Somerville, MA 02144
Teachers Resisting Unhealthy Children's Entertainment is a national group of educators deeply concerned about how children's entertainment and toys are affecting the play and behavior of children in the classroom. TRUCE publishes a valuable newsletter and works to raise public awareness about the negative effects of violent and stereotyped toys and media on children, families, schools, and society.
Turn Off the TV
800-949-8688
http://www.turnoffthetv.com
The mission of Turn Off the TV is to bring people together by encouraging families and friends to turn off the television and spend time playing, learning, and communicating. A catalog of resources is available by calling the above toll-free number. By visiting their Web site, parents will find loads of fun ideas for children in all stages of development who say, "I'm bored; there's nothing to do."